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<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctic-flowering-plant-growth-signals-climate-crisis-impact-study-2022-2">Antarctica</a> and the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ancient-arctic-sea-sponges-survive-by-eating-worm-fossils-2022-2">Arctic</a> suffered <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/4-ways-extreme-heat-negatively-impacts-economy-2021-8">heat waves</a> in the past week, reaching 70 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit above normal.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-thwaites-glacier-ice-shelf-will-shatter-scientists-say-2021-12">poles</a> are in opposite seasons, but atmospheric rivers carried moisture and warm air to them.</li></ul>Heat waves blanketed the planet's poles in unseasonably warm temperatures over the past week.In parts of the <keyword id="11905238" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="arctic" source="Orion">Arctic</keyword>, temperatures soared to about 50 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius) above average on Friday, according to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-colorado-arctic-antarctica-eda9ea8704108bdab2480fa2cd4b6e34?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&amp;utm_campaign=9faf4287e9-briefing-dy-20220321&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-9faf4287e9-45928806">The Associated Press</a>. The same day, on the other end of the planet, <keyword id="12266096" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="antarctica" source="Orion">Antarctica</keyword>'s Dome C research station registered a record <keyword id="11930978" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="temperature" source="Orion">temperature</keyword> of 13.8 degrees, about 70 degrees above average. Vostok station, sitting 2 miles high on the Antarctic plateau, registered a similarly extreme temperature of 0.1 degrees.As of Tuesday, the Antarctic <keyword id="11947988" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="heat-wave" source="Orion">heat wave</keyword> was subsiding, but temperatures remained about 50 degrees above normal, according to Robert Rodhe, lead scientist at the environmental data nonprofit Berkeley Earth."This event is rewriting record books and our expectations about what is possible in Antarctica," Rodhe <a href="https://twitter.com/RARohde/status/1505867257104187403">said</a> on Twitter. "Is this simply a freakishly improbable event, or is it a sign of more to come? Right now, no one knows."<div type="image" title="two penguins stand on melting iceberg on rocky shelf" height="1648" width="2199" msid="90404839" hostid="261"></div>The poles are in opposite seasons — it's fall in Antarctica, just starting to chill, while the Arctic is emerging from the dark depths of winter. But the mechanisms driving their respective heat records are the same. Atmospheric rivers — long, flowing columns of water vapor, like rivers in the sky — carried large amounts of moisture and warm air to both poles, causing the double-whammy polar heat wave. In Antarctica, a high-pressure system called a "heat dome" also moved in and sat over the eastern side of the continent, trapping heat and moisture there, according to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2022/03/18/antarctica-heat-wave-climate-change/?utm_campaign=Daily%20Briefing&amp;utm_content=20220321&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=Revue%20newsletter">The Washington Post</a>."Are these two heat waves linked? We don't know yet, and it's most likely a coincidence," Antarctica researchers Dana Bergstrom, Sharon Robinson, and Simon Alexander <a href="https://theconversation.com/record-smashing-heatwaves-are-hitting-antarctica-and-the-arctic-simultaneously-heres-whats-driving-them-and-how-theyll-impact-wildlife-179659">wrote</a> in The Conversation on Tuesday.Still, they added: "Modeling suggests large-scale climate patterns are [becoming] more variable. This means this seemingly one-off heat wave may be a harbinger for the future under <keyword id="11896311" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change" source="Orion">climate change</keyword>."<h2>The poles are warming faster than the rest of the planet</h2><div type="image" title="penguin stands on iceberg in ocean" height="1666" width="2222" msid="90404841" hostid="261"></div>While scientists can't directly attribute these warming events to climate change, it's possible that later studies will allow them to do so. Just a week after a record heat wave killed hundreds of people across the Pacific Northwest last June, World Weather Attribution published a <a href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/NW-US-extreme-heat-2021-scientific-report-WWA.pdf">study</a> that concluded the event would have been "virtually impossible" without human-caused climate change.Global temperatures are rising as humans add more heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the poles are warming faster than the rest of the planet.Periods of warmth during the winter are a natural part of the Arctic climate, but <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2605/arctic-winter-warming-events-becoming-more-frequent-longer-lasting/">research</a> shows they're happening more frequently and lasting longer as the planet warms. In Antarctica, a lack of historical records makes it difficult to contextualize this weather.<div type="image" title="water drips from iceberg" height="1651" width="2201" msid="90404843" hostid="261"></div>"The first of the precise temperature records start in the late 1950s, so it's really hard to work out what's remarkable and what's not," Matt King, director of the Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">Science</keyword>, told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/21/extremes-of-40c-above-normal-whats-causing-extraordinary-heating-in-polar-regions">The Guardian</a>. "Sometime down the track, depending on what we do with our carbon emissions, we might see these types of temperatures much more regularly."Alongside the heat wave, and possibly because of it, Arctic <keyword id="13451070" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="sea-ice" source="Orion">sea ice</keyword> coverage dropped suddenly this month, according to data from the <a href="https://cryo.met.no/en/sea-ice-index-sval">Norwegian Meteorological Institute</a>.At the other pole, even before the heat wave, Antarctica was at its lowest sea ice coverage since records began, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/23/antarctic-sea-ice-falls-to-lowest-level-since-measurements-began-in-1979">The Guardian</a> reported in February.

Bizarre heat waves strike Arctic and Antarctic poles, raising them 50 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit above normal

<ul><li>1.43 lakh Metric Tonnes (MT) of garbage is generated in Indian cities every day. </li><li>1.1 lakh MT of this is generally dumped in open <keyword id="1235979" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="landfills">landfills</keyword>. </li><li>This is completely unprocessed and pollutes the surrounding land, air and groundwater. </li></ul>About 1.43 lakh Metric Tonnes (MT) of <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/75-of-municipal-garbage-in-india-dumped-without-processing/articleshow/65190477.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">garbage </a> is generated in the Indian cities every day. However, only about 35,600 MT, which is a quarter of the total garbage generated, undergoes processing every day. The remaining 1.1 lakh MT is generally dumped in open landfills, which overflows and pollutes the surrounding land, air and groundwater. Out of the 35 states, only eight process more than 50% of the garbage from the cities, including <keyword id="66" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Delhi">Delhi</keyword> (at 55%), and no state has been able to process all 100% of its waste until now. The state-wise data on the website of the Urban Affairs Ministry shows that some, like Arunachal Pradesh and Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli, don't process municipal garbage at all. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Jharkhand are stuck at less than 10%. Chhattisgarh tops the list with 74%, followed by Telangana (67%), Sikkim (66%) and Goa (62%). These are the only four states that process more than 60% of their daily garbage. <div type="image" title="3750-01" tempid="540989" msid="65196998" hostid="261"></div>

 On the plus side, 61,846, which is three-quarters of the 84,000 municipal wards in <keyword id="3658" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>, have been able to achieve 100% door-to-door waste collection. The Maharashtra Municipal Ward generates the most garbage daily at 22,570 MT, followed by Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat and Karnataka. However, the lack of proper disposal facilities nullifies the success. According to the <keyword id="6357976" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Centre-for-Science-and-Environment">Centre for Science and Environment</keyword> (<keyword id="6367898" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="CSE">CSE</keyword>) that is based in Delhi, the cities are now running out of lands to dump their waste on. Therefore, they have now switched to dumping it in the ‘backyards’ of smaller towns, suburbs and villages. The CSE backs segregation at source, recycling and reusing against the centralised approach of landfills. A change in the behaviour of citizens and an approach of local <keyword id="6359012" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="waste-management">waste management</keyword> solutions are needed to make it to the ideal of ‘Clean India’, says CSE.

Indian cities are failing miserably at garbage management

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A huge piece of ice broke off the Arctic's largest shelf, Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, in northeast Greenland, this year.</li><li>The broken section, known as the Spalte Glacier, now floats in pieces.</li><li>The event has been connected to <keyword id="6361617" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change">climate change</keyword> and record temperature rises in the region in the last couple of years.</li><li>Satellite images show how the Spalte Glacier shrank and weakened at alarming rates since at least 2013.</li></ul>A 42-square-mile slab of glacier has split off from an ice shelf in Greenland and is breaking into pieces.The dramatic split took place this summer, and represents a huge loss to the world's largest remaining ice shelf.Satellite images show where the huge chunk of ice has left the Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden shelf in northeast Greenland.<a href="https://eng.geus.dk/about/news/news-archive/2020/sep/glacier/">According to the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)</a>, the process is part of a progressive disintegration following several unusually warm years. 79N is a "tongue" of glacier around 50 miles long by 12.5 miles wide.It is the floating tip of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, where it flows off the edge of the land and onto the sea. A northern offshoot from the stream, known as the Spalte Glacier, is the part that has broken off. <div type="image" title="Spalte glacier gif n79 greenland ice sheet" height="742" width="742" msid="78107114" hostid="261"></div>The once-solid ice now floats in pieces. According to Prof Jason Box of GEUS, it will become a hotspot for the future warming of Greenland. "What makes 79N so important is the way it's attached to the interior ice sheet, and that means that one day — if the climate warms as we expect — this region will probably become one of the major centres of action for the deglaciation of Greenland."Scientists are connecting the event to climate change. Dr Jenny Turton, a researcher into the 79N glacier at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, said that the region's atmosphere has warmed by around 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) since 1980. There were record-breaking temperatures in the area in both 2019 and 2020, Dr Turton said. Since 1999, the 79N ice shelf has lost an area twice the size of Manhattan, according to GEUS.Dr Turton said the warmer summers accelerate the melting, as run-off water from the ice sheet causes rivers and pools on the surface of the "tongue" of the glacier.As they re-freeze in winter, they create additional pressure on the glacier. Warmer sea temperatures below the glacier also contribute to the effect, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54127279">according to the BBC</a>. <div type="image" title="79N greenland glacier detail rivers" height="1000" width="2000" msid="78107121" hostid="261"></div>

After decades of climate change, 42 square miles of ice broke away from the largest remaining Arctic shelf and shattered

India has been in denial when it comes to linking premature deaths to <a href="http://businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=air+pollution+&amp;sortorder=effectivedate">air pollution </a>in the absence of conclusive data, but according to a global report by two US-based institutes, we may now have to rethink. 
 According to the <keyword id="4177433" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="state-of-glob-al-air">State of Glob al Air</keyword> 2017 report, released in Boston, the country's worsening air pollution caused some 1.1 million premature deaths in 2015 and it now rivals China in having among the highest air pollution health burdens in the world. 
 
India accounts for the highest number of <a href="http://businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=premature+deaths&amp;sortorder=effectivedate">premature deaths</a> due to ozone pollution, its toll 13 times higher than <a href="http://businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=Bangladesh&amp;sortorder=effectivedate">Bangladesh</a>'s, and 21 times higher than <a href="http://businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=Pakistan&amp;sortorder=effectivedate">Pakistan</a>'s. 
 
According to a website on the report , 92% of the world's population lives in areas with unhealthy air. 
 "We are seeing increasing air pollution problems worldwide, and this new report and website details why that air pollution is a major contributor to early death. The trends we report show that we have seen progress in some parts of the world, but serious challenges remain," said Dan Greenbaum, president of the <keyword id="229245" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Health-Effects-Institute">Health Effects Institute</keyword> (HEI), the research institute that designed and carried out the study. 
 The report was put together by HEI in cooperation with the <keyword id="807732" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Institute-of-Health-Metrics-And-Evaluation">Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation</keyword> at the <keyword id="159176" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="University-of-Washington">University of Washington</keyword> and the <keyword id="156050" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="University-of-British-Columbia">University of British Columbia</keyword> and it involved more than 2,000 researchers. The report factored in the role of an extensive set of behavioural, dietary and environmental risk factors for more than 300 diseases in 195 countries from 1990 onwards. 
 Referring to the findings of the report, Anumita Roychowdhury of the <keyword id="6357976" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Centre-for-Science-and-Environment">Centre for Science and Environment</keyword>, said, "India can't afford to remain complacent or in denial. With so many people dying early and falling ill... due to particulate and ozone pollution, it is a state of health emergency. This demands nationwide intervention to ensure stringent mitigation and a roadmap to meet clean air standards".

India tops list of nations in ozone pollution deaths

At a time when the national capital needs more public transport alternatives with the odd-even days all ready to set in, at least 400 to 500 buses lie unutilised at depots at any given point owing to reasons like poor maintenance and missed trips. 
 According to an analysis by <keyword id="6357976" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Centre-for-Science-and-Environment">Centre for Science and Environment</keyword> (CSE), the number of passengers availing the <keyword id="780216" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="DTC-bus-service">DTC bus service</keyword> is stagnating. If DTC were to utilise its entire fleet, complete all scheduled trips and eliminate missed trips, it can carry at least 25 lakh additional passengers daily. 
 
"The odd-even formula is an opportunity to put in place a plan to improve public transport services to meet the additional commuting demand from halving of personal cars on roads, which can be sustained and carried forward even after the programme is over," says Anumita Roy Chowdhury, executive director, CSE. 
 
CSE's fleet utilisation of 83.99% during 2014-15 "is dismal and much worse than what other state transport undertakings in different cities have achieved - 95% in Bangalore and Chandigarh", says CSE. 
 
Only 79.65% of the daily trips are completed in Delhi against 85.76% in 2011-12. Worse, 3.3 lakh less passengers per day are using the service compared to 2012-13. 
 
(Image credit: BCCL)

As odd-even days kick in, nearly 500 buses idle at depots

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>A strong earthquake brought down <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/pictures-earthquake-impact-on-accumoli-amatrice-posta-and-arquata-del-tronto-in-italy-2016-8">buildings in mountainous central&#xa0;Italy&#xa0;early on Wednesday</a>, trapping residents and sending others fleeing into the streets.The Guardian and other outlets say <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2016/aug/24/italy-terremoto-earthquake-buildings-collapse-amatrice-rome-people-trapped">5 are confirmed dead</a>. However, as of 8.25 a.m. BST, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37171953">the BBC said the death toll has risen to 13.</a>The quake caused serious damage to a number of towns and villages but did not seem to have hit heavily populated areas.The worst hit towns were believed to be Accumoli, Amatrice, Posta and Arquata del Tronto, spokesman for the Italian fire department Luca Cari told Reuters. Helicopters would be sent up at first light to assess the damage, he said.The mayor of Accumoli said a number of buildings had been badly damaged."Four people are under the rubble, but they are not showing any sign of life. Two parents and two children," Mayor Stefano Petrucci told RAI television.RAI quoted police as saying two people were known to have died in the nearby village of Pescara del Tronto.The mayor of the small town of Amatrice reported extensive damage."Half the town is gone," Mayor of&#xa0;Amatrice Sergio Pirozzi told RAI. "There are people under the rubble... There's been a landslide and a bridge might collapse."Britain's foreign office released the following statement:"An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 struck Central Italy during the early hours of 24 August. The earthquake was also felt in Rome. If you are in the affected area, you should follow the advice of the local authorities. If you are in Italy, Civil Protection have activated a hotline 800840840 for information. To learn more about what to do before, during, and after an earthquake visit the <a href="http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/en/rischio_sismico.wp" data-link-name="in body link">Protezione Civile website</a>."Meanwhile, <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/facebook-activates-safety-check-central-italy-earthquake-amatrice-2016-8">Facebook has activated the safety check-in feature</a> in order to let people alert friends and family that they are safe:<div></div><h2>Devastation is widespread</h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_left float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>The earthquake caused damage to towns in three regions - Umbria, Lazio and Marche.The U.S. Geological Survey, which measured the quake at 6.2 magnitude, said it struck near the Umbrian city of Norcia, which has a picturesque historic centre and is a popular tourist site.Mayor Nicola Alemanno said no deaths have been reported deaths in Norcia."The anti-seismic structures of the town have held. There is damage to the historic heritage and buildings, but we do not have any serious injuries," he told Rai.Prime Minister Matteo Renzi's office said rescue teams were being sent to the worst-hit areas.&#xa0;Italy's civil protection agency said the earthquake was "severe"."It was so strong. It seemed the bed was walking across the room by itself with us on it," Lina Mercantini of Ceselli, Umbria, told Reuters.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Olga Urbani, in the nearby town of Scheggino, said: "Dear God it was awful. The walls creaked and all the books fell off the shelves."&#xa0;Television stations showed images of rubble-strewn streets in a number of towns. The facades of some old stone buildings had collapsed, leaving the inside rooms exposed.&#xa0;<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Residents of Rome, some 170 km (105 miles) from the epicentre, were woken by the quake, which rattled furniture and swayed lights in most of central&#xa0;Italy.&#xa0;There were 17 reported aftershocks in the three hours following the initial quake, the strongest measuring 5.5, the Italian seismic office said. It measured the original quake at 6.0.The last major earthquake to hit&#xa0;Italy&#xa0;struck the central city of L'Aquila in 2009, killing more than 300 people.&#xa0;

Several killed after strong earthquake hits central Italy

SYDNEY (Reuters) - An underwater volcano off Tonga was spewing ash high into the air on Tuesday, causing several carriers to suspend air travel to the South Pacific island nation and turning the surrounding ocean blood red, residents and officials said.
<div><div>
 <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
 
 Ash plume from underwater volcano off Tonga cancels flights and turns sea red <a href="http://t.co/CnzLttv09E">http://t.co/CnzLttv09E</a> - Guardian Australia (@GuardianAus) <a href="https://twitter.com/mims/statuses/554846776659038209">January 13, 2015</a>
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&#xa0;
The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai underwater volcano, located about 65 km (40 miles) north of the capital Nuku?alofa, was sending volcanic ash up to 4,500 meters (14,765 feet) into the air, the Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) said.
The volcano, which first erupted in 2009, had been rumbling in recent weeks before exploding violently in the past few days, The New Zealand Herald newspaper reported.
An Air New Zealand flight between Auckland and Nuku?alofa on Monday was diverted to Samoa and later returned to New Zealand because of the volcano, the airline said in a statement.
<div><div>
 <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
 
 Underwater volcano erupts off Tonga, turns water blood red <a href="http://t.co/j2xBs17KIH">http://t.co/j2xBs17KIH</a> <a href="http://t.co/Z3R9eEM3W3">pic.twitter.com/Z3R9eEM3W3</a> - Malay Mail Online (@themmailonline) <a href="https://twitter.com/mims/statuses/554843723624771584">January 13, 2015</a>
 </blockquote>
 
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A return service had been scheduled to fly on Tuesday, the airline said, but had been canceled because of volcanic activity. The volcano was not disrupting flights to other regions, it said.
Regional carrier Fiji Airlines also turned around a flight to Tonga on Monday, citing safety concerns, and domestic flights were grounded in Tonga.
Residents in Tonga described a spectacular sight, with the enormous plume from the volcano shooting high into the sky and a muddy discharge underwater turning areas of the sea off the island blood red.
"I feel it is healthily letting off steam but it is growing ... the base has doubled in size since December 24 when we first saw it again. And it's getting higher," resident Chris Egan told the Stuff.nz website.
"This one will not give up."
There was no damage reported and New Zealand's VAAC said the ash cloud was expected to dissipate by the end of Tuesday.

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(Editing by Paul Tait)

An Underwater Volcano Is Erupting Off A Tiny Island Turning The Sea Red And Delaying Flights

Two decades into the millennium and <keyword id="3658" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>’s technology landscape has evolved exponentially, with businesses reaching new heights in innovation and sustainable efficiency. We have witnessed how organisations from all sectors have recognized, adopted and implemented digital transformation strategies and solutions in response to the technical advancements that have changed every aspect of our lives – catalysed by ever-increasing smartphone usage and demands for app-based services, delivered at the speed of light. However, 2020 could very well be the year that steers us towards a next phase of growth and transformation. While adoption of core data centre technologies will no doubt continue, we predict that 2020 will be a turning point for transformation where we will see more businesses set their sights on what’s next – looking beyond digital transformation to the promise of new opportunities, innovation and growth that the next wave of ‘intelligent transformation’ holds. Here are, what I think, will be some of the defining trends and technologies that businesses will be looking to in order to drive intelligent transformation in 2020: Driving Efficiency with AR &amp; MR Augmented Reality (AR) is not a new concept, but its implementation will take a front seat when it comes to data centre management. AR enables real-time use of information in the form of graphics, texts, videos and other visualisations, integrated with real-world situations to enhance user experience. This will not only help to diagnose problems in a data centre, but also illustrate best practices to resolve issues. Mixed Reality (MR) takes these capabilities further by giving users the ability to interact with and manipulate surface objects though holograms. Use of AR-based, hands-free gesture controls and remote assistance also enables users to pin, interact and collaborate with 3D digital information in the real world, improving their contextual awareness and efficiency. Hybrid Cloud 2019 has been the tipping point for hybrid cloud, as it has become the norm for big data and analytics deployments. As more enterprises benefit from <keyword id="7314524" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Software-defined-infrastructure">software-defined infrastructure</keyword>, security and scalability, the introduction of pay-per-use infrastructure models will make this technology more accessible to SMEs enabling more types of businesses to benefit from them. Emergence of Edge Computing We are seeing the emergence of edge computing in addition to cloud deployments, to support mission-critical activities that require minimal delay in processing. IoT infrastructures are beginning to transition to the edge. We also see the data centers evolving from the ‘core-centric’ data center of today to an ‘edge-to-core’ data center in the near future. This will have two key parts – distributed edge IT or where the ‘local’ work happens; and core IT where the majority of business operation work happens, which is not just limited to the data center but also encompasses how an IT organization leverages private, multi-and hybrid cloud. We also believe that eventually everything will become software-defined – including both in the edge and in the cloud. Software Defined Data Centres Rapid virtualization through the adoption of cloud and IoT networks is quickly pushing out the use of physical data centres. This is moving data centres towards a transformation that changes the infrastructure from hardware to a software platform, giving rise to software defined data centres (SDDC). SDDC brings faster, more flexible infrastructure reconfiguration from a single console, improving performance of workloads and network traffic management. Data centre automation will also ensure better and hyper-efficient management of data flow. As data continues to grow along with infrastructure costs, enterprises will no doubt look to adopt Software Defined Infrastructure (SDI) for its more flexible and responsive data centre architecture. Smart solutions In order to derive maximum value from data, the next generation of smart integrated data solutions is emerging. At Lenovo, we are focusing heavily in this area with a focus on three core aspects of intelligent transformation: Smart IoT, Smart Infrastructure and Smart Verticals. Various industries have already adopted smart data centre solutions to collect, transfer and store their data volumes, but in 2020, we expect to see an increase in the rise of smart verticals in India – especially in industries like BFSI, healthcare, education and automotive. The rise of hyper automation 2019 has seen the rising adoption of <keyword id="3241386" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="robotic-process-automation">Robotic Process Automation</keyword> (RPA) across various industries like automotive, BFSI, healthcare and more. Intelligence infused in automation through data science and analytics is leading to an era of hyper automation that will enable optimisation and modernisation. However, though this is cost effective, it does pose new challenges and risks and in 2020, we expect to see more enterprises evaluating the risks and control mechanisms associated with hyper automation. Role of Practical Blockchain across Business Ecosystems It is possible that data explosion can also have a negative impact on businesses. Enterprises in 2020 will look to increase their focus on blockchain to combat this threat. Blockchain as a technology creates a more secure and transparent environment to process and monitor information. As its adoption increases across varied sectors, we can expect to see more talent acquiring expertise in implementation of blockchain solutions. Disclaimer: This article is written by <keyword id="244385" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Vivek-Sharma">Vivek Sharma</keyword>, managing director India of Lenovo <keyword id="4343933" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="data-centre-group">Data Centre Group</keyword>. The opinions expressed are entirely that of the author.

Trends that will drive Intelligent Transformation in 2020

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Swarms of <keyword id="1660797" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="locusts">locusts</keyword> in East African countries are threatening the food supply of more than 20 million people.</li><li>Now, experts are looking for creative solutions to deal with the pests — including eating them.</li><li>Desert locusts are the most destructive migratory pest in the world, and a swarm can eat the same amount of food in a day as 35,000 people.</li></ul>Swarms of locusts in East African countries are threatening the food supply of more than 20 million people at a time when food is already scarce because of the coronavirus pandemic.Now, experts are looking for creative solutions to deal with the pests — including eating them.Desert locusts are considered the most destructive migratory pest in the world. They usually live solitary lives in desert environments, but heavy rainfall allowed their eggs to survive in unprecedented numbers this season.The swarms first appeared in <keyword id="6360004" type="LOCATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="kenya">Kenya</keyword> in late December 2019, with a second wave following in April. The region is now bracing for a third, possibly bigger wave in the weeks ahead. Locusts haven't been seen at this scale, in these numbers, for 70 years.According to the United Nations, a locust swarm 1 square kilometer in size can eat the same amount of food in a day as 35,000 people, a devastating amount of destruction for local farmers."They have destroyed our maize, our pawpaw tree, so it has given us a hard time," Kenyan farmer Victor Juma told Reuters.Control methods for the swarms include traditional pesticides, which raise environmental concerns, newly developed biopesticides, which are more eco-friendly, and capturing the locusts with nets to turn them into food."Go to some of those remote areas where locust swarms are actually prevailing — a lot of people are eating them," said Chrystanus Tanga, a researcher with the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology in Nairobi."We think it's something to promote so that a lot more people will engage in this practice, rather than them shying away thinking that it is a primitive man's food."<div type="image" title="Locust Swarm Kenya " height="1333" width="2000" msid="77663221" hostid="261"></div>But eating locusts could come with health drawbacks if they've eaten plants that were sprayed with pesticides, Tanga said."If these animals are being killed by chemicals and they happen to be eaten by humans, it's definitely going to have an impact on their health," he told Reuters.So scientists at the insect research center are exploring other control options. Most recently, they figured out that a specific pheromone may trigger them to swarm. They've also found a fungus that can poison the locusts without killing other creatures in the environment.While several countries and NGOs have donated over $160 million to contain the swarms, making some progress, many fear the coming months will still be devastating."Within some time you just — all the trees are just naked," Kenyan locust scout Achilo Christopher told Reuters." Even they go inside the farms, they strip the farms, so it is a very big impact on the food security."

A swarm of locusts of biblical proportions is threatening the food supply of 20 million people in East Africa

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/glaciers-collapsing-melting-in-photos-2019-9">glacier</a> in the Italian <keyword id="32861" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Alps">Alps</keyword> is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watermelon-snow-is-making-glaciers-in-alaska-melt-faster-2017-9">turning pink</a> as <keyword id="55579" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="ALGAE">algae</keyword> eats away at its <keyword id="10265" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Snow">snow</keyword>.</li><li>Algae that changes the color of snow or ice causes it to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctic-glacier-on-way-to-irreversible-melt-2019-7">melt</a> faster, a process which drives glacier melt across the globe.</li><li>Glacier-eating algae could be seen more frequently as global temperatures rise.</li></ul>In the heart of the Italian Alps, a mountainside is blanketed in fields of watermelon-pink snow.Biagio Di Mauro, a researcher at the Institute of Polar Sciences at <keyword id="21474" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Italy">Italy</keyword>'s National Research Council, thinks the color change comes from a snow alga called Chlamydomonas nivalis. It's eating away at the mountain's Presena glacier.The plant is common in the Alps, but this year's bloom is "impressive," Di Mauro told <a href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/pink-snow-italy-glacier-algae-scli-intl-scn/index.html">CNN</a> on Monday.<div type="image" title="pink snow italy alps glacier melt algae bloom" height="1533" width="2044" msid="76898119" hostid="261"></div>He attributed the growth to low snowfall and high temperatures in the area this spring and summer — a sign that the warming climate may be giving rise to yet another threat to the world's <keyword id="6616544" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Glaciers">glaciers</keyword>."This creates the perfect environment for the algae to grow," Di Mauro said."It is for sure bad for the glacier," he added.<div type="image" title="alps pink snow italy glacier algae" height="1406" width="1875" msid="76898121" hostid="261"></div>That's because darker snow absorbs more heat from the sun. As the alga turns the snow pink, the glacier melts faster. When the ice melts, it provides water and oxygen to feed more algae, and the cycle accelerates. If the algae feed for long enough, the glacier could disappear.The Presena glacier has lost more than one-third of its volume since 1933, according to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/21/italian-team-covers-glacier-with-giant-white-sheets-to-slow-melting">Agence France-Presse</a>. Every summer, conservationists rush to cover the ice in reflective white tarps to protect it from the sun's warmth.<div type="image" title="glacier melt tarps italy alps snow protection presena" height="1597" width="2129" msid="76898123" hostid="261"></div><keyword id="6361617" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change">Climate change</keyword> is diminishing glaciers across the globe. In 2019, Greenland's glaciers melted at a rate some scientists <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/greenland-ice-melting-is-2070-worst-case-2019-8">hadn't expected until 2070</a>. Some glaciers worldwide are even at risk of hitting critical tipping points that could set them on an irreversible course of melting that leads them to disappear entirely. If that happens, especially in Greenland, catastrophic sea-level rise would <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/american-cities-disappear-sea-level-rise-2100-2019-3">swallow coastal cities</a> across the globe.Algal blooms on glaciers are regular seasonal occurrences. One species frequently turns Antarctic snow green. But as global temperatures rise, these algae could flourish more than usual and further accelerate ice melt.Di Mauro recently discovered another alga, called Ancylonema nordenskioeldii, in the Alps for the first time. The species usually grows on glaciers in Greenland, but its presence in the Alps shows that glaciers melting due to hungry algae is a "global process," he wrote in a study <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61762-0">published</a> in March."Pink snow due to algae is not uncommon (we have it every year in June in the Pyrenees)," Simon Gascoin, a hydrologist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, said of the Presena glacier on <a href="https://twitter.com/sgascoin/status/1280093085683331073">Twitter</a>. "The question is whether it gets more frequent due to climate change or other factors."

A glacier in the Italian Alps is turning pink as algae eats away the snow

The <keyword id="6375923" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Climate">climate</keyword> may be heating up less in response to greenhouse-gas emissions than was once thought. But that does not mean the problem is going away.
OVER the past 15 years air temperatures at the Earth’s surface have been flat while greenhouse-gas emissions have continued to soar. The world added roughly 100 billion tonnes of carbon to the atmosphere between 2000 and 2010. That is about a quarter of all the CO2 put there by humanity since 1750. And yet, as James Hansen, the head of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, observes, "the five-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade."
<table class="image-container float_right" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div>The EconomistChart 1. </td></tr></table>Temperatures fluctuate over short periods, but this lack of new warming is a surprise. Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, in Britain, points out that surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models (see chart 1). If they remain flat, they will fall outside the models’ range within a few years.
The mismatch between rising greenhouse-gas emissions and not-rising temperatures is among the biggest puzzles in climate science just now. It does not mean <keyword id="6366055" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="global-warming">global warming</keyword> is a delusion. Flat though they are, temperatures in the first decade of the 21st century remain almost 1°C above their level in the first decade of the 20th. But the puzzle does need explaining.
The mismatch might mean that--for some unexplained reason--there has been a temporary lag between more carbon dioxide and higher temperatures in 2000-10. Or it might be that the 1990s, when temperatures were rising fast, was the anomalous period. Or, as an increasing body of research is suggesting, it may be that the climate is responding to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in ways that had not been properly understood before. This possibility, if true, could have profound significance both for climate science and for environmental and social policy.
<h3>The insensitive planet</h3>
The term scientists use to describe the way the climate reacts to changes in carbon-dioxide levels is "climate sensitivity". This is usually defined as how much hotter the Earth will get for each doubling of CO2 concentrations. So-called equilibrium sensitivity, the commonest measure, refers to the temperature rise after allowing all feedback mechanisms to work (but without accounting for changes in vegetation and ice sheets).
Carbon dioxide itself absorbs infra-red at a consistent rate. For each doubling of CO2 levels you get roughly 1°C of warming. A rise in concentrations from preindustrial levels of 280 parts per million (ppm) to 560ppm would thus warm the Earth by 1°C. If that were all there was to worry about, there would, as it were, be nothing to worry about. A 1°C rise could be shrugged off. But things are not that simple, for two reasons. One is that rising CO2 levels directly influence phenomena such as the amount of water vapour (also a greenhouse gas) and clouds that amplify or diminish the temperature rise. This affects equilibrium sensitivity directly, meaning doubling carbon concentrations would produce more than a 1°C rise in temperature. The second is that other things, such as adding soot and other aerosols to the atmosphere, add to or subtract from the effect of CO2. All serious climate scientists agree on these two lines of reasoning. But they disagree on the size of the change that is predicted.
The Intergovernmental Panel on <keyword id="6361617" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Climate-Change">Climate Change</keyword> (IPCC), which embodies the mainstream of climate science, reckons the answer is about 3°C, plus or minus a degree or so. In its most recent assessment (in 2007), it wrote that "the equilibrium climate sensitivity…is likely to be in the range 2°C to 4.5°C with a best estimate of about 3°C and is very unlikely to be less than 1.5°C. Values higher than 4.5°C cannot be excluded." The IPCC’s next assessment is due in September. A draft version was recently leaked. It gave the same range of likely outcomes and added an upper limit of sensitivity of 6°C to 7°C.
A rise of around 3°C could be extremely damaging. The IPCC’s earlier assessment said such a rise could mean that more areas would be affected by drought; that up to 30% of species could be at greater risk of extinction; that most corals would face significant biodiversity losses; and that there would be likely increases of intense tropical cyclones and much higher sea levels.
<h3>New Model Army</h3>
Other recent studies, though, paint a different picture. An unpublished report by the Research Council of Norway, a government-funded body, which was compiled by a team led by Terje Berntsen of the University of Oslo, uses a different method from the IPCC’s. It concludes there is a 90% probability that doubling CO2 emissions will increase temperatures by only 1.2-2.9°C, with the most likely figure being 1.9°C. The top of the study’s range is well below the IPCC’s upper estimates of likely sensitivity.
This study has not been peer-reviewed; it may be unreliable. But its projections are not unique. Work by Julia Hargreaves of the Research Institute for Global Change in Yokohama, which was published in 2012, suggests a 90% chance of the actual change being in the range of 0.5-4.0°C, with a mean of 2.3°C. This is based on the way the climate behaved about 20,000 years ago, at the peak of the last ice age, a period when carbon-dioxide concentrations leapt. Nic Lewis, an independent climate scientist, got an even lower range in a study accepted for publication: 1.0-3.0°C, with a mean of 1.6°C. His calculations reanalysed work cited by the IPCC and took account of more recent temperature data. In all these calculations, the chances of climate sensitivity above 4.5°C become vanishingly small.
If such estimates were right, they would require revisions to the science of climate change and, possibly, to public policies. If, as conventional wisdom has it, global temperatures could rise by 3°C or more in response to a doubling of emissions, then the correct response would be the one to which most of the world pays lip service: rein in the warming and the greenhouse gases causing it. This is called "mitigation", in the jargon. Moreover, if there were an outside possibility of something catastrophic, such as a 6°C rise, that could justify drastic interventions. This would be similar to taking out disaster insurance. It may seem an unnecessary expense when you are forking out for the premiums, but when you need it, you really need it. Many economists, including William Nordhaus of Yale University, have made this case.
If, however, temperatures are likely to rise by only 2°C in response to a doubling of carbon emissions (and if the likelihood of a 6°C increase is trivial), the calculation might change. Perhaps the world should seek to adjust to (rather than stop) the greenhouse-gas splurge. There is no point buying earthquake insurance if you do not live in an earthquake zone. In this case more adaptation rather than more mitigation might be the right policy at the margin. But that would be good advice only if these new estimates really were more reliable than the old ones. And different results come from different models.
One type of model--general-circulation models, or GCMs--use a bottom-up approach. These divide the Earth and its atmosphere into a grid which generates an enormous number of calculations in order to imitate the climate system and the multiple influences upon it. The advantage of such complex models is that they are extremely detailed. Their disadvantage is that they do not respond to new temperature readings. They simulate the way the climate works over the long run, without taking account of what current observations are. Their sensitivity is based upon how accurately they describe the processes and feedbacks in the climate system.
The other type--energy-balance models--are simpler. They are top-down, treating the Earth as a single unit or as two hemispheres, and representing the whole climate with a few equations reflecting things such as changes in greenhouse gases, volcanic aerosols and global temperatures. Such models do not try to describe the complexities of the climate. That is a drawback. But they have an advantage, too: unlike the GCMs, they explicitly use temperature data to estimate the sensitivity of the climate system, so they respond to actual climate observations.
The IPCC’s estimates of climate sensitivity are based partly on GCMs. Because these reflect scientists’ understanding of how the climate works, and that understanding has not changed much, the models have not changed either and do not reflect the recent hiatus in rising temperatures. In contrast, the Norwegian study was based on an energy-balance model. So were earlier influential ones by Reto Knutti of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science in Zurich; by Piers Forster of the University of Leeds and Jonathan Gregory of the University of Reading; by Natalia Andronova and Michael Schlesinger, both of the University of Illinois; and by Magne Aldrin of the Norwegian Computing Centre (who is also a co-author of the new Norwegian study). All these found lower climate sensitivities. The paper by Drs Forster and Gregory found a central estimate of 1.6°C for equilibrium sensitivity, with a 95% likelihood of a 1.0-4.1°C range. That by Dr Aldrin and others found a 90% likelihood of a 1.2-3.5°C range.
It might seem obvious that energy-balance models are better: do they not fit what is actually happening? Yes, but that is not the whole story. Myles Allen of Oxford University points out that energy-balance models are better at representing simple and direct climate feedback mechanisms than indirect and dynamic ones. Most greenhouse gases are straightforward: they warm the climate. The direct impact of volcanoes is also straightforward: they cool it by reflecting sunlight back. But volcanoes also change circulation patterns in the atmosphere, which can then warm the climate indirectly, partially offsetting the direct cooling. Simple energy-balance models cannot capture this indirect feedback. So they may exaggerate volcanic cooling.
This means that if, for some reason, there were factors that temporarily muffled the impact of greenhouse-gas emissions on global temperatures, the simple energy-balance models might not pick them up. They will be too responsive to passing slowdowns. In short, the different sorts of climate model measure somewhat different things.
<h3>Clouds of uncertainty</h3>
This also means the case for saying the climate is less sensitive to CO2 emissions than previously believed cannot rest on models alone. There must be other explanations--and, as it happens, there are: individual climatic influences and feedback loops that amplify (and sometimes moderate) climate change.
Begin with aerosols, such as those from sulphates. These stop the atmosphere from warming by reflecting sunlight. Some heat it, too. But on balance aerosols offset the warming impact of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Most climate models reckon that aerosols cool the atmosphere by about 0.3-0.5°C. If that underestimated aerosols’ effects, perhaps it might explain the lack of recent warming.
Yet it does not. In fact, it may actually be an overestimate. Over the past few years, measurements of aerosols have improved enormously. Detailed data from satellites and balloons suggest their cooling effect is lower (and their warming greater, where that occurs). The leaked assessment from the IPCC (which is still subject to review and revision) suggested that aerosols’ estimated radiative "forcing"--their warming or cooling effect--had changed from minus 1.2 watts per square metre of the Earth’s surface in the 2007 assessment to minus 0.7W/m{+2} now: ie, less cooling.
One of the commonest and most important aerosols is soot (also known as black carbon). This warms the atmosphere because it absorbs sunlight, as black things do. The most detailed study of soot was published in January and also found more net warming than had previously been thought. It reckoned black carbon had a direct warming effect of around 1.1W/m{+2}. Though indirect effects offset some of this, the effect is still greater than an earlier estimate by the United Nations <keyword id="6356826" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="environment">Environment</keyword> Programme of 0.3-0.6W/m{+2}.
All this makes the recent period of flat temperatures even more puzzling. If aerosols are not cooling the Earth as much as was thought, then global warming ought to be gathering pace. But it is not. Something must be reining it back. One candidate is lower climate sensitivity.
A related possibility is that general-circulation climate models may be overestimating the impact of clouds (which are themselves influenced by aerosols). In all such models, clouds amplify global warming, sometimes by a lot. But as the leaked IPCC assessment says, "the cloud feedback remains the most uncertain radiative feedback in climate models." It is even possible that some clouds may dampen, not amplify global warming--which may also help explain the hiatus in rising temperatures. If clouds have less of an effect, climate sensitivity would be lower.
<table class="image-container float_left" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div>The Economist</td></tr></table>So the explanation may lie in the air--but then again it may not. Perhaps it lies in the oceans. But here, too, facts get in the way. Over the past decade the long-term rise in surface seawater temperatures seems to have stalled (see chart 2), which suggests that the oceans are not absorbing as much heat from the atmosphere.
As with aerosols, this conclusion is based on better data from new measuring devices. But it applies only to the upper 700 metres of the sea. What is going on below that--particularly at depths of 2km or more--is obscure. A study in Geophysical Research Letters by Kevin Trenberth of America’s National Centre for Atmospheric Research and others found that 30% of the ocean warming in the past decade has occurred in the deep ocean (below 700 metres). The study says a substantial amount of global warming is going into the oceans, and the deep oceans are heating up in an unprecedented way. If so, that would also help explain the temperature hiatus.
<h3>Double-A minus</h3>
Lastly, there is some evidence that the natural (ie, non-man-made) variability of temperatures may be somewhat greater than the IPCC has thought. A recent paper by Ka-Kit Tung and Jiansong Zhou in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences links temperature changes from 1750 to natural changes (such as sea temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean) and suggests that "the anthropogenic global-warming trends might have been overestimated by a factor of two in the second half of the 20th century." It is possible, therefore, that both the rise in temperatures in the 1990s and the flattening in the 2000s have been caused in part by natural variability.
So what does all this amount to? The scientists are cautious about interpreting their findings. As Dr Knutti puts it, "the bottom line is that there are several lines of evidence, where the observed trends are pushing down, whereas the models are pushing up, so my personal view is that the overall assessment hasn’t changed much."
But given the hiatus in warming and all the new evidence, a small reduction in estimates of climate sensitivity would seem to be justified: a downwards nudge on various best estimates from 3°C to 2.5°C, perhaps; a lower ceiling (around 4.5°C), certainly. If climate scientists were credit-rating agencies, climate sensitivity would be on negative watch. But it would not yet be downgraded.
Equilibrium climate sensitivity is a benchmark in climate science. But it is a very specific measure. It attempts to describe what would happen to the climate once all the feedback mechanisms have worked through; equilibrium in this sense takes centuries--too long for most policymakers. As Gerard Roe of the University of Washington argues, even if climate sensitivity were very high (above, say 7°C), its economic effects would be minuscule under any plausible discount rate because it operates over such long periods. So it is one thing to ask how climate sensitivity might be changing; a different question is to ask what the policy consequences might be.
For that, a more useful measure is the transient climate response (TCR), the temperature you reach after doubling CO2 gradually over 70 years. Unlike the equilibrium response, the transient one can be observed directly; there is much less controversy about it. Most estimates put the TCR at about 1.5°C, with a range of 1-2°C. Isaac Held of America’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently calculated his "personal best estimate" for the TCR: 1.4°C, reflecting the new estimates for aerosols and natural variability.
That sounds reassuring: the TCR is below estimates for equilibrium climate sensitivity. But the TCR captures only some of the warming that those 70 years of emissions would eventually generate because carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for much longer.
As a rule of thumb, global temperatures rise by about 1.5°C for each trillion tonnes of carbon put into the atmosphere. The world has pumped out half a trillion tonnes of carbon since 1750, and temperatures have risen by 0.8°C. At current rates, the next half-trillion tonnes will be emitted by 2045; the one after that before 2080.
Since CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere, this could increase temperatures compared with pre-industrial levels by around 2°C even with a lower sensitivity and perhaps nearer to 4°C at the top end of the estimates. Despite all the work on sensitivity, no one really knows how the climate would react if temperatures rose by as much as 4°C. Hardly reassuring.
Click <a href="http://www.economist.com/products/subscribe/CUR22/noreg">here</a> to subscribe to <keyword id="425741" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="The-Economist">The Economist</keyword>

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