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<ul class="summary-list"><li>If you have stage IV breast cancer, the cancer has spread to areas like your bones, lungs, or liver.</li><li>This cancer can't be cured, but many women live for five to 10 years after receiving this diagnosis.</li></ul>If you or a loved one have received a diagnosis of <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/breast-cancer-stages">stage IV breast cancer</a>, this means the cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body beyond the breast. This migration is called metastasis, which is why this stage also goes by the name <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/metastatic-breast-cancer">metastatic breast cancer</a>. Stage IV is breast cancer's most severe and life-threatening form.It's natural to feel sad, angry, or frightened after receiving such a serious diagnosis. But while there's no cure for stage IV breast cancer, you could still have a few years ahead of you. Roughly <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27628191/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">13% of women</a> with this type of cancer survive at least a decade after their diagnosis. Understanding more about your condition can help you get a sense of your current situation and what to expect going forward. Note: Most breast cancer statistics focus on people assigned female at birth, but people of any gender can get this type of cancer. That said, men get it much more rarely, since they typically don't have much breast tissue. The odds of a man getting breast cancer in his lifetime are <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer-in-men/about/key-statistics.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 in 833</a>, compared to <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 in 8</a> for women.<h2>Symptoms</h2>Although stage IV breast cancer has spread beyond the breast, you may still experience <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-cancer-signs-and-symptoms.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">breast cancer signs and symptoms</a> like:<ul><li>A new lump in your breast: Cancerous tumors are often hard and bumpy but otherwise painless.</li><li>Swelling in nearby lymph nodes: The lymph nodes near your armpit and collarbone may swell, even before the tumor becomes large enough to feel.</li><li>Skin changes: Your nipple or breast skin may become darker, thicken, or flake. </li><li>Skin dimpling: Your skin may pucker, as if you poked it and the tissue stayed bent.</li><li>Nipple retraction: Your nipple may turn inside out.</li><li>Nipple discharge: Your nipple may leak clear or bloody liquid, even though you aren't breastfeeding.</li></ul>Additional symptoms in stage IV breast cancer depend a lot on where else the cancer cells have spread. According to one <a href="https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-6311-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener">study</a>, the most common sites for breast cancer metastasis are:<ul><li>Bones: 39.8%</li><li>Lungs: 10.9%</li><li>Liver: 7.3%</li><li>Brain: 1.5%</li></ul>These symptoms of breast cancer and metastasis are the same regardless of sex, according to <a href="https://doctors.baptisthealth.net/provider/Lauren+Carcas/868088" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. Lauren Carcas</a>, a cancer doctor at <a href="https://cancer.baptisthealth.net/miami-cancer-institute" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Miami Cancer Institute</a> who specializes in breast cancer care.About a <a href="https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-6311-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener">third</a> of people with stage IV breast cancer will experience multiple metastasis, where the cancer spreads to multiple sites across the body. Multiple metastasis can cause more symptoms and a lower survival rate.Here is a list of potential cancer symptoms associated with each site:<ul><li>Bones: Breast cancer cells are most likely to invade the bones near your breasts, like your <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/bone-metastasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ribs, spine, and pelvis</a>. You may also get cancer in the long bones of your arms and legs. Cancer in your bones <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/bone-metastasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">can cause</a> bone fractures, spinal cord compression, and high <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/diet-nutrition/foods-high-in-calcium">calcium</a> levels. You may experience numbness and muscle weakness and have difficulty passing urine or <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/chronic-constipation">stool</a>. Other symptoms include <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/why-am-i-so-tired">fatigue</a>, <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/home-remedies-for-nausea">nausea</a>, and loss of appetite. </li><li>Lungs: Breast cancer cells <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.723396/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">almost always</a> invade one lung at a time. Some people <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/lung-metastasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">have no symptoms</a>, but you may experience symptoms that resemble respiratory conditions like the <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/cold-vs-flu">common cold</a>. For instance, you may develop a cough that won't go away or brings up bloody mucus. Other signs include shortness of breath and pain or discomfort in your lungs. </li><li>Liver: Generally, liver metastasis <a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/cancer/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer/types-of-breast-cancer/metastatic-breast-cancer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">doesn't cause symptoms</a>. When issues do occur, they may include <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/how-to-tell-if-my-stomach-pain-is-serious">pain on the right side of your abdomen</a>, <a href="https://www.insider.com/woman-yellow-eyes-abdominal-pain-diagnosed-stomach-cancer-symptoms-2022-12">yellowing eyes or skin</a> ( jaundice), muscle weakness, and a poor appetite. </li><li>Brain: Cancers that migrate to the brain can cause a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26909695/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wide range of health issues</a>, including <a href="https://www.insider.com/causes-of-frequent-headaches-2019-4">headaches</a>, nausea and vomiting, weakness on one side of the body, and <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/what-causes-seizures">seizures</a>. You may also notice your <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/blurry-vision-in-one-eye">vision getting blurrier</a>. </li></ul><h2>Outlook</h2>The prognosis for stage IV breast cancer varies widely from person to person. The median survival time is <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(22)00012-8/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener">26 months</a> after diagnosis. This means that of all the different life expectancies, 26 months falls in the middle. Some people may live for a much shorter or longer period.Certain factors may improve your prognosis, including:<ul><li>Being female: Women have <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">higher five-year survival rates</a> for all stages of breast cancer. Among people with metastasis beyond the immediate chest area, women have a five-year survival rate of <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">29%</a>, compared to <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer-in-men/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">19%</a> for men.</li><li>Younger age: The vast majority of women with breast cancer get diagnosed <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">after age 45</a>. Those on the younger side of the age range have a better chance of long-term survival after a stage IV diagnosis. Women between ages 41 and 50 have a 10-year survival rate of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27628191/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">14.9%</a>. Meanwhile, women between ages 51 and 70 have a 10-year survival rate of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27628191/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">11.7%</a>. </li><li>Hormone-positive subtype: Some types of breast cancer cells have hormone receptors, or little gates that allow them to interact with <a href="https://www.insider.com/woman-asthma-short-breath-lung-fluid-metastatic-breast-cancer-symptoms-2022-12">estrogen and progesterone</a> hormones. Hormone-positive cancer cells <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-hormone-receptor-status.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">grow more slowly</a> and respond to more treatments than hormone-negative cells..</li><li>Bone metastasis: According to <a href="https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-6311-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener">research</a> comparing survival odds three years after diagnosis, people with bone metastasis have a 50.5% survival rate, while people with brain metastasis have a 19.9% survival rate. Those with multiple metastasis sites have an average three-year survival rate of 27.4%. </li></ul><h3>Recurrent versus new diagnosis</h3><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(22)00012-8/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Three out of four</a> people with a diagnosis of stage IV breast cancer have recurrent cancer, or cancer that returned. For instance, you may have received treatment for a milder form of cancer and stopped having symptoms for a time. However, some cancer cells could have survived treatment and quietly "escaped" to regrow in other parts of the body <a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/cancer/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer/types-of-breast-cancer/metastatic-breast-cancer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">months or years later</a>. <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(22)00012-8/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Research suggests</a> the odds of survival for recurrent stage IV breast cancer are equal to those of de novo — aka newly discovered — stage IV breast cancer. In other words, drugs or therapies you received for cancer in the past likely won't improve the outcome of your current case. That said, your response to those treatments could give you a head start in figuring out which drugs or therapies you'll respond best to.<h2>Treatment options</h2>Although stage IV breast cancer isn't curable, treatment can still offer <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-breast-cancer-by-stage/treatment-of-stage-iv-advanced-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a lot of benefits</a>, including:<ul><li>Shrinking tumors or slowing their growth</li><li>Reducing symptoms like nausea and pain</li><li>Increasing your life expectancy</li></ul>Options for managing your symptoms include: <h3>Systemic treatments</h3>Because stage IV breast cancer has spread beyond your breast, <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-breast-cancer-by-stage/treatment-of-stage-iv-advanced-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systemic drug therapies</a> are often the main approach. These treatments address your whole body rather than one specific area. They include:<ul><li>Chemotherapy: These drugs kill tumor cells directly. They're the <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-breast-cancer-by-stage/treatment-of-stage-iv-advanced-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">preferred treatment</a> for hormone-negative breast cancers.</li><li>Hormone therapy: These treatments stop estrogen and progesterone from bonding to cancer cells, which slows the cancer's growth. They work well for <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hormone-positive breast cancers</a>.</li><li>Immunotherapy: These medicines <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/immunotherapy.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coach your immune system</a> to recognize and destroy breast cancer cells more effectively.</li><li>Targeted therapy: These drugs target a specific protein on breast cancer cells to slow their growth or kill them. Targeted therapy is helpful for breast cancers caused by <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-breast-cancer-by-stage/treatment-of-stage-iv-advanced-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">certain gene mutations</a>.</li></ul>People with hormone-positive tumors will receive the same hormone therapies, regardless of gender, according to Carcas. "Treatment decisions for metastatic breast cancer are based on the characteristics of the tumor itself and not based on the sex of the patient," Carcas says.<h3>Local treatments </h3><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-breast-cancer-by-stage/treatment-of-stage-iv-advanced-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Local treatments</a> focus on a specific area to offer symptom relief or address complications. For example, if cancer is pressing on your spinal cord, doctors may want to address your pain and nerve damage right away rather than waiting for systemic drugs to take effect.Examples of local treatments include:<ul><li>Surgery to physically cut the tumor out of your body</li><li>Radiation therapy, which uses high-energy rays to kill tumor cells</li><li>Regional chemotherapy to deliver chemo drugs to a limited area, like the fluid around your brain</li></ul><h2>End-of-life care</h2>Treatments may work for a time, but breast cancer is a stubborn disease, and <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-breast-cancer-by-stage/treatment-of-stage-iv-advanced-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">it often finds ways to progress</a>. When typical treatments no longer work, you have two options: <ul><li>You can pursue more intensive treatment that may come with more severe side effects. </li><li>You can quit treatment and focus on managing your symptoms as the cancer progresses.</li></ul>Choosing to stop treatment for cancer and focus on managing your symptoms of the disease is a personal and often difficult decision, according to <a href="https://siteman.wustl.edu/doctor/peterson-lindsay/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. Lindsay Peterson</a>, a doctor on the breast cancer specialist team at <a href="https://siteman.wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Siteman Cancer Center</a>.It often comes down to choosing quality of life over quantity of life, Peterson says. This decision is entirely yours — there's no "correct" choice. You and your care team may believe further treatment will cause more harm than benefit. Or, you may want to prioritize your remaining time by spending it with family and friends rather than doctor appointments, she says.If you do choose to end cancer treatment, you can still receive medical support as you transition to this new stage. <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/end-of-life-issues#section-palliative-care-for-metastatic-breast-cancer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hospice care</a> can support you in your final days, weeks, or months by:<ul><li>Helping you get support with daily tasks like bathing and cooking</li><li>Managing symptoms such as pain, fatigue, and nausea</li><li>Providing psychological and spiritual counseling for you and your loved ones</li></ul>Depending on your situation, you can receive hospice care at a center or in your own home. Most health insurance companies cover hospice care for the <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/end-of-life-issues#section-palliative-care-for-metastatic-breast-cancer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">last six months</a> of life. <h2>Insider's takeaway</h2>A diagnosis of stage IV breast cancer means your cancer has spread, or metastasized, to other parts of the body besides the breast. Your bones, lungs, liver, and brain are the most common sites. Your symptoms and life expectancy can vary widely depending on where the cancer appears in your body.After a diagnosis of stage IV breast cancer, the median life expectancy is between 2-3 years, although some people live for a decade after diagnosis, if not longer. Breast cancer treatments are constantly evolving, and you may have the opportunity to participate in clinical trials for experimental treatments. Your doctor can always offer more personalized guidance on the best way to treat your cancer.

Stage IV breast cancer can't be cured, but you still have options to treat your cancer

In what could be for the first time in the history, an international team led by scientists from Johns Hopkins University has found the reason behind the spread of <keyword id="6355291" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Cancer">cancer</keyword>, as well as the measure to slow it down. The study is important since 90% of cancer deaths are caused because of <keyword id="31892" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="cancer-cells">cancer cells</keyword> breaking off from the origin and starting to spread in the body. As of now, there are no existing drugs for stopping <keyword id="1144704" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="metastasis">metastasis</keyword>, which is the spread of cancer. As per the researchers, when cancer cells secrete two proteins on getting densely packed, which then deliver a stark message to other cancerous cells to go away. This makes the cancer cells to break off from the pack and get into the blood stream to float to the other parts of the body. "It's like waiting for a table in a severely overcrowded restaurant and then getting a message that says you need to take your appetite elsewhere," said lead author Hasini Jayatilaka, who hails from Sri Lanka. "We found it was not the overall size of a primary tumor that caused cancer cells to spread, but how tightly those cells are jammed together when they break away from the tumor." For stopping the spread, Jayatilaka and her colleagues have found a medication mix which would prevent this microscopic message from being delivered. The treatment has, as of yet, been tested in animal models and not on humans. This treatment can inhibit metastasis which would improve cancer patient outcomes. Two existing drugs, viz., Tocilizumab and Reparaxin, have been found to prevent cancer cells from getting these orders. While Tocilizumab is an approved medication for rheumatoid arthritis and is being tried for use in ovarian cancer cases, Reparaxin is presently being tried as a possible treatment for breast cancer. "In our eight-week experiment, when we used these two drugs together, the growth of the primary tumor itself was not stopped, but the spread of the cancer cells was significantly decreased," Jayatilaka said. "We discovered a new signaling pathway that, when blocked, could potentially curb cancer's ability to metastasize." (Image source News Republica)

US Scientists may have finally found the reason why cancer spreads

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="11937473" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="breast-cancer" source="Orion">Breast cancer</keyword> that's metastasized has spread to the bones, brain, lungs, or other parts of the body.</li><li>Symptoms can depend on where the cancer is in your body, but pain, weakness, and fatigue are common. </li><li>Treatments include hormone and radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and palliative, or supportive, care.</li></ul>Metastatic, or stage IV, breast cancer is an <a href="https://www.insider.com/breast-cancer-stages" target="_blank" rel="noopener">advanced stage</a> of breast cancer. It involves cancer that has spread away from the initial site of the breast to other parts of the body. About <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast?gclid=Cj0KCQiAzMGNBhCyARIsANpUkzMfkZ0WcHMQsBrBdrtQc8IgJrGu3mmUDnN0KqnLSoQylesuzX8FHn0aAl0dEALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noopener">30%</a> of people with breast cancer develop metastatic breast cancer. While metastatic breast cancer is a serious form of advanced cancer, treatment can still help improve survival odds. <h2>Signs of metastatic breast cancer</h2>General symptoms of metastatic breast cancer can include appetite loss, weight loss, and fatigue. Other symptoms typically depend on where the cancer has spread, aka metastasized, and how much of it is in your body.The <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast?gclid=Cj0KCQiAzMGNBhCyARIsANpUkzMfkZ0WcHMQsBrBdrtQc8IgJrGu3mmUDnN0KqnLSoQylesuzX8FHn0aAl0dEALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noopener">most common</a> sites of metastasis include the brain, liver, bones, and lungs. <h3>1. Brain</h3>If breast cancer spreads to your brain, you <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/metastic/brain">might experience</a>: <ul><li>Headache</li><li>Vision changes</li><li>Speech changes</li><li>Memory issues</li></ul>Some symptoms may come on gradually, but others can be <a href="https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/brain-metastases/brain-metastases-symptoms.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sudden</a>, like changes in mood or personality. Abrupt changes in mood may suggest that breast cancer has spread to the brain.<h3>2. Bones</h3>When breast cancer metastasizes, it <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31456182/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">most commonly spreads to the bones</a>, which you might experience as new, sudden pain in your bones.Other <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-metastasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370191" target="_blank" rel="noopener">potential signs</a> include:<ul><li>Broken bones</li><li>Weakness in your arms and legs</li><li>Confusion, nausea and vomiting, and constipation due to excess calcium in your blood </li></ul><h3>3. Liver</h3>Metastatic breast cancer that spreads to the liver may not always cause symptoms, but you could experience: <ul><li>Abdominal discomfort</li><li>Weakness</li><li>Fatigue </li><li>Appetite loss</li><li>Weight loss</li></ul><h3>4. Lungs </h3>Metastasis to the lungs <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/metastic/lung" target="_blank" rel="noopener">doesn't usually cause symptoms</a>, though you may often feel short of breath. Other possible symptoms include:<ul><li>Chronic cough</li><li>Pain </li><li>Discomfort in the chest area</li></ul><h2>Getting a diagnosis</h2>Most of the time, a diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer follows a history of breast cancer. Though in some cases — about <a href="https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-020-07449-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5% to 10%</a> — diagnosis doesn't happen until cancer has spread."Typically, that's someone with a more aggressive type of breast cancer, or maybe someone who hasn't had a mammogram for several years and doesn't necessarily do <a href="https://www.insider.com/breast-cancer-symptoms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">self-exams</a>, so by the time they realize there's something wrong, it's more advanced," says <a href="https://www.providence.org/doctors/profile/851282-stavroula-anastasia-otis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stravoula A. Otis, MD</a>, an oncologist with Providence St. Joseph Hospital.She adds that <a href="https://www.insider.com/triple-negative-breast-cancer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">triple-negative breast cancer</a> is one example of an aggressive form that comes on suddenly without prior symptoms and commonly affects younger people without a history of breast cancer. Doctors who suspect metastatic cancer will start with a scan and confirm the diagnosis with a biopsy, which you should get back within <a href="https://breastcancernow.org/about-us/news-personal-stories/waiting-breast-biopsy-results-can-be-scary-time" target="_blank" rel="noopener">about 7 to 10 days</a>. Though if additional testing is needed, it can take longer. Doctors can tell if the cancer has spread, or metastasized, by determining whether cells in other organs contain <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast?gclid=Cj0KCQiAzMGNBhCyARIsANpUkzMfkZ0WcHMQsBrBdrtQc8IgJrGu3mmUDnN0KqnLSoQylesuzX8FHn0aAl0dEALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noopener">breast cancer cells</a>.For example, breast cancer that spreads to the lungs will consist of breast cancer cells, not lung cancer cells. If you have a history of breast cancer and suspect it may have progressed to stage IV, your doctor will perform a new biopsy. "There's always a risk that those cells may change a little bit from the primary breast cancer," says <a href="https://www.northwell.edu/find-care/find-a-doctor/hematology/dr-anna-wanda-komorowski-md-11373663" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anna Komorowski, MD</a>, Medical Director of Hematology and Medical Oncology at Northwell Cancer Institute at Phelps Hospital, which could affect treatment decisions.<h2>Options for treatment</h2>Treatment generally depends on the <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types" target="_blank" rel="noopener">type of breast cancer</a> you have, but many treatment options are oftentimes well-tolerated and can extend a person's life for many years, says Otis.While treatment can't eliminate cancer, it can significantly boost a person's quality of life. "I have multiple patients with stage IV breast cancer working, traveling, being family members," says Komorowski. Often, treating metastatic breast cancer is a team effort, involving palliative care professionals, oncologists, and, in some cases, surgeons — all of whom work together to use a combination of treatment options described below.<h3>Hormone therapy </h3><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/breast-hormone-therapy-fact-sheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hormone therapies</a> work by reducing certain hormone levels in your body to keep them from attaching to cancer cells, which can cause the cancer to grow. This is typically the <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/options/hormonal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">first-line treatment</a> for a type of cancer called <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/in-depth/breast-cancer/art-20045654" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer</a>. You'll need to take these medicines (in pill form or via injection) <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/options/hormonal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">long-term</a>, until the cancer stops responding to them. Note: Hormone therapy medications don't work for hormone receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer. <h3>Targeted therapy </h3><a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/options/targeted" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Targeted therapy drugs</a> are designed to target specific attributes of cancer cells. For example, they may target breast cancer cells' ability to quickly proliferate, helping to slow down cancer growth and spread. Different targeted therapy drugs may be suitable for treating various types of metastatic breast cancer. For example, a doctor may recommend the drug <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/options/targeted" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ibrance</a> for HER2-negative, hormone-receptor-positive stage IV breast cancer cases.<h3>Chemotherapy</h3>Chemotherapy drugs help destroy cancer cells. In the case of metastatic breast cancer, chemotherapy is typically <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/options/chemo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">used alongside targeted therapy drugs</a> for maximum effect. Chemo drugs are the <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-breast-cancer-by-stage/treatment-of-stage-iv-advanced-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">first treatment of choice</a> for hormone receptor-negative cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer. It's important to note that chemotherapy is hard on the body. Possible side effects include hair loss, nausea and vomiting, increased risk of infection, fatigue, and appetite loss. <h3>Surgery</h3>Doctors rarely perform surgery as a first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer, with the <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/options/surgery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">exception</a> of people who receive a stage IV diagnosis when first diagnosed with breast cancer. If that's the case for you, your treatment team may recommend removing the initial growth. In other instances, surgery may act as a palliative measure, meaning it may help reduce pain or other symptoms but not completely eliminate them. In other words, it won't cure your cancer, but it may help make you more comfortable. <h3>Radiation therapy </h3>This treatment uses targeted radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/radiation/metastatic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">may help</a> reduce symptoms and control cancer growth in a specific part of the body. In some cases, symptoms will worsen before they get better, since radiation <a href="https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/radiation/effects-on-different-parts-of-body.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">can cause swelling and pain</a> before tumors begin to shrink. Other common side effects include fatigue, skin irritation, and hair loss. Radiation therapy to the brain may also cause long-term symptoms such as memory loss. <h3>Clinical trials</h3>There are also numerous <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/clinical-trials/mets-trial-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ongoing clinical trials</a> exploring novel treatments for advanced-stage breast cancer. If you have metastatic breast cancer, you're likely a <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-treatment-pdq#_TrialSearch_1452_sid_7_toc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">candidate</a> for clinical trials. Your doctor can offer more information on available clinical trials in your area.<h2>Supportive approaches</h2>Having the support of family and other loved ones can <a href="https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/advanced-cancer/coping.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">significantly boost your overall well-being</a> if you have breast cancer. Many people living with cancer also find <a href="https://www.komen.org/support-resources/support/support-groups/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">support groups</a> helpful. Additionally, you may want to consider discussing palliative care options with your treatment team. Palliative care focuses on improving your quality of life and managing symptoms of your disease and the side effects of treatment. You might also wonder, what happens when treatment no longer seems to help? This timeline is different for everyone, since it can depend on where the cancer has spread. Your care team can offer more guidance on when it might be time to begin considering your options for hospice care and transition into discussing end-of-life support with your loved ones. <h2>Insider's takeaway</h2>Metastatic breast cancer is an advanced stage of breast cancer where cancer cells have metastasized, or spread from the initial cancer site. While metastatic breast cancer is a serious diagnosis, treatment can help manage and control symptoms, allowing you to live longer. "I think we want patients to know that it's ultimately their decision. Our job is to make sure they make an informed decision. And then our job is to support them regardless of the decision they make," says Otis.

What to know about metastatic breast cancer, or breast cancer that's spread elsewhere in your body

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="11937473" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="breast-cancer" source="Orion">Breast cancer</keyword> has five stages indicating how severe the cancer is and how much it has spread.</li><li>Stage 0 breast cancer is the least severe whereas stage IV is usually the most concerning.</li><li>Staging breast cancer helps doctors communicate the severity of the condition and choose treatment.</li></ul>Breast cancer is categorized into five stages, from zero to four. Generally, stage zero is the least concerning and stage four is the most severe, where the cancer has grown and spread.Related Article Module: Follow this 5-step guide to check for breast cancer at homeIn the US, women have a 1 in 8 chance of developing breast cancer, according to the<a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> American Cancer Society</a>. But fortunately, breast cancer is usually diagnosed as stage I, "because we use mammograms and other imaging tools to diagnose it before a lot of women are even aware that they have something going on," says<a href="https://www.uofmhealth.org/profile/33085/norah-lynn-henry-md-phd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Norah Lynn Henry</a>, MD, breast oncology disease lead at the Rogel Cancer Center at the University of Michigan. But in other countries where this type of technology is not as common, breast cancer is diagnosed at a higher stage, she says. <h1>Why breast cancer is staged </h1>Breast cancer stages are used to guide therapy, says <a href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/yolanda-bryce" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Yolanda Bryce</a>, MD, a radiologist at<a href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/yolanda-bryce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center</a>. They help oncologists communicate about and help patients understand the type and severity of cancer they have, Henry says. Different stages have different survival rates, but it's important not to get too hung up on the statistics, because situations vary depending on the individual, Bryce says. "There's so much innovation and so much advancement in the field that [a patient's] clinical picture doesn't necessarily look like the published numbers," she says.How quickly breast cancer progresses from one stage to the next varies widely. Some cancers can take a few months to progress, and others can take years, Bryce says. Here's a guide on the different stages of breast cancer and what each stage may mean for you.<h1>Stage 0 breast cancer </h1>Stage 0 is the earliest stage of breast cancer, also called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It refers to cancer that is <a href="https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-stage-0-and-stage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">present</a> in the milk duct but has not spread outside of the ducts or lobules into the surrounding breast tissue. You can think of it like little flecks of cancer that haven't formed into a tumor yet, Bryce says. In stage 0, you typically have no symptoms - you can't see or feel a mass yet, she says. For stage 0, the five-year survival rate, meaning the percent of people who live at least five years after the cancer is found, <a href="https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-stage-0-and-stage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">is 100%</a>. <h1>Stage I breast cancer </h1>In Stage I, the cancer cells have spread to surrounding breast tissue, but they are still contained in a small area. Stage I is divided into <a href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast/diagnosis/stages-breast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stages IA and IB</a>.In stage IA:<ul><li>The tumor measures up to 20 millimeters (mm).</li><li>Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.</li></ul>In stage IB:<ul><li>No tumor or a small tumor (less than 20 mm) is in the breast.</li><li>Small clusters of cancer cells are in the lymph nodes.</li></ul>Many people with stage I cancer have no symptoms, but some women feel a mass, Henry says. "For most women, it's found on [a] mammogram," she says. The five-year survival rate is<a href="https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 98% to 100%</a> for stage I. Because cancer caught at this stage has a high survival rate, this underscores the importance of getting mammograms, Bryce says. And a sizable number of women do not. In 2018, an estimated 63% of US women 45 and older were up to date with breast cancer screening, according to a 2021 American Cancer Society<a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-facts-and-figures/2021-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> report</a>. <h1>Stage II breast cancer </h1>In <a href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast/diagnosis/stages-breast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stage II</a> breast cancer, the cancer has grown larger but is still in a limited region of the breast. Like stage I, stage II is broken up into two substages:Stage IIA involves one of the following:<ul><li>There is no tumor or a small tumor (up to 20 mm) in the breast, plus cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. </li><li>Or there is a tumor of 20 to 50 mm in the breast, but cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.</li></ul>Stage IIB involves one of the following:<ul><li>A tumor of 20 to 50 mm is in the breast, and cancer has spread to between one and three nearby lymph nodes.</li><li>Or the tumor is larger than 50 mm, but cancer has not spread to any lymph nodes. </li></ul>Women with stage II breast cancer often feel a mass in their breast, and if they have more cancer in their lymph nodes, they may feel a mass under their arm, Henry says. But they still may not feel anything. Other possible symptoms<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/symptoms.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> include</a>:<ul><li>Thickening or swelling of part of the breast</li><li>Irritated, dimpled, red, or flaky skin on the breast</li><li>Pulling in or inversion of the nipple</li><li>Nipple discharge other than breast milk, sometimes bloody</li><li>Any change in the size or the shape of the breast</li><li>Pain in the breast</li></ul>Although pain may be a symptom, it's not common, Bryce says. The five-year survival rate for stage II is<a href="https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 90-99%</a>. <h1>Stage III breast cancer </h1>In <a href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast/diagnosis/stages-breast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stage III</a>, the cancer has spread farther in the breast, or the tumor is larger. This stage includes three subcategories: Stage IIIA involves one of the following:<ul><li>Cancer is found in four to nine nearby lymph nodes, with or without a tumor in the breast.</li><li>A breast tumor is larger than 50 mm, and the cancer has spread to between one and three nearby lymph nodes.</li></ul>In stage IIIB, the tumor has spread to the chest wall behind the breast, and:<ul><li>Cancer may have spread to the skin, causing swelling or inflammation.</li><li>Cancer may have broken through the skin, causing a wound.</li><li>Cancer may have spread to as many as nine lymph nodes under the arm or nodes near the breastbone.</li></ul>In stage IIIC, with or without a tumor in the breast, the cancer has spread to one of the following places:<ul><li>Ten or more underarm lymph nodes</li><li>Lymph nodes near the collarbone</li><li>Some underarm lymph nodes and lymph nodes near the breastbone</li><li><a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/diagnosis/staging#stage3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The skin of the breast</a></li></ul>In stage III, the patient may experience similar symptoms as stage II, listed earlier. The five-year survival rate for stage III breast cancer is<a href="https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 66% to 98%</a>.Note: For stages 0 to III, the goal is to cure the cancer and to keep it from coming back, Henry says. "The higher the stage, the more likely the cancer is to come back."<h1>Stage IV breast cancer </h1><a href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast/diagnosis/stages-breast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stage IV</a>, also called metastatic, is the most advanced stage of breast cancer. In this stage, the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, brain, or bones. If the cancer has spread to the bone, patients may have bone pain or back pain, and if it has spread to the liver, patients may have pain on the right side of their abdomen, Bryce says. Some of the changes in the skin and nipple listed earlier under stage II may also occur in stage IV. When the cancer has spread to other, distant parts of the body, the five-year survival rate is<a href="https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 28%</a>. "With the treatments that we have available to us today, most patients, unfortunately, are not cured of their cancer" if it is stage IV, Henry says. But, she adds, "We can still treat, we can still manage, we can still help people feel good for as long as possible." Also, many new treatments are emerging. "People are living longer even with stage IV disease," Bryce says. A 2018<a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.31638" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> study</a> found that the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment on survival increased substantially from 1975 to 2015. <h1>Other information about staging</h1>Along with the numerical stages, breast cancer is classified using the American Joint Committee on Cancer<a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/stages-of-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> TNM system</a>, which takes into account: <ul><li>The size of the tumor (T), </li><li>Spread to nearby lymph nodes (N), </li><li>Spread or metastasis to distant sites (M), </li><li>Estrogen receptor (ER) status, </li><li>Progesterone receptor (PR) status, </li><li>Status called Her2 protein (Her2),</li><li>The grade of the cancer (G), or how much the cells look like normal cells </li></ul>"The grade for breast cancer is how aggressive it looks under the microscope," Henry says. The grade is also assigned a number, with one being the least aggressive and three being the most. Since both the stage and grade are numbered systems, patients sometimes confuse the two, she says. When meeting with a breast cancer patient, Henry says she talks about the stage, the grade, and other factors to advise the best form of treatment. <h1>Insider's takeaway </h1>Breast cancer is classified into five different stages, in part to make it easier for <keyword id="11894571" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="health" source="Orion">health</keyword> care providers and patients to communicate about and understand the type of cancer. "Usually, the most common presentation is nothing. You don't feel anything at all. And I think it's important to stress that that's why mammogram is necessary," Bryce says.If you've been diagnosed with breast cancer, don't be afraid to ask your oncologist questions, Henry says. Patients may not fully understand the risks and benefits of a treatment, especially "in the stress and the overwhelming nature of first getting diagnosed with cancer," she says. For other sources of information on breast cancer, Henry recommends the American Society of Clinical Oncology's<a href="https://www.cancer.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> cancer.net</a> and Susan G. Komen's<a href="https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> breast cancer</a> website.<a data-type="6169e8b6f3705a12d564cc82">How to recognize the signs and symptoms of breast cancer, according to OB-GYNs</a><a data-type="5fd3d03a935fea37110209c5">Yes, men can get breast cancer - here are the symptoms to watch for</a><a data-type="5fd3eb96bca41b3a4c77fa32">Dense breasts increase the risk of breast cancer - here's how to tell if you're among the 50% of people who have them</a><a data-type="5e6a63f7235c182009576b84">How to treat vaginismus through dilation training and counseling</a>

A complete guide to the five stages of breast cancer and how to recognize each stage

A total of 7.9 per cent of all cancer cases between 2012-19 were found in children below 14 years, a report prepared by the <keyword id="6364555" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Council-of-Medical-Research" source="Orion">Indian Council of Medical Research</keyword> said. "Clinicopathological Profile of Cancers in India: A Report of the Hospital-Based Cancer Registries, 2021", consolidates data collected during the period across 96 hospital-based cancer registries under the <keyword id="421743" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="national-cancer-registry-programme" source="Orion">National Cancer Registry Programme</keyword> (NCRP). The data pertains to all diagnosed and treated cases of confirmed malignancies reported to these centres across the country The country registered 13,32,207 cases of cancer during 2012-19. Of these, 6,10,084 were included for analysis, based on the completeness and quality of data. Childhood cancers rank ninth as a leading cause of childhood diseases at the global level, accounting for 11.5 million of the <keyword id="8118522" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years" source="Orion">Disability Adjusted Life Years</keyword> (DALYs). In India, according to a recent NCRP report, the proportion of childhood cancers (0-19 years), relative to cancers in all age groups, was found to range from 1 per cent to 4.9 per cent. Delhi reported the highest age-adjusted incidence rate (AAR) of 203.1 per million in boys and 125.4 per million in girls. Leukaemia accounted for nearly half of all the childhood cancers in both genders in the 0-14 years age group (46.4 per cent in boys and 44.3 per cent in girls). The other common childhood cancer in boys was lymphoma (16.4 per cent), while in girls, it was malignant bone tumour (8.9 per cent). Childhood cancers are presented for two age groups: 0-14 years and 0-19 years to enable national and international comparison, and classified according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. Apart from childhood cancer, the <keyword id="6958288" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ICMR-report" source="Orion">ICMR report</keyword> says that cancers in sites associated with tobacco use comprised 48.7 per cent of cancers among males and 16.5 per cent among females. The relative proportion of site-specific cancers was higher in males than females except for thyroid cancer (2.5 per cent in females versus 1 per cent in males) and gall bladder cancer (3.7 per cent in females versus 2.2 per cent in males). Among all the cancers, the highest proportion of distant metastasis at presentation was seen in patients with lung cancer (49.2 per cent males and 55.5 per cent females), followed by gall bladder cancer (40.9 per cent males and 45.7 per cent females) and prostate cancer (42.9 per cent). The <keyword id="6364396" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ICMR" source="Orion">ICMR</keyword> reports suggested that chemotherapy was still the most typical treatment modality for many cancers, regardless of the clinical extent of disease at presentation, including cancers of the liver, gall bladder, stomach, lung, and childhood cancers. SEE ALSO <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/highlights-of-prime-minister-narendra-modis-speech-at-the-unga-today/articleshow/86510462.cms">Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi makes his points on China, Afghanistan and Pakistan at the United Nations General Assembly</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/freshworks-ceo-girish-mathrubootham-shares-someone-said-i-will-be-nothing-but-a-rickshaw-puller/articleshow/86507840.cms">WATCH: "Someone said I am good enough to be a rickshaw puller," shares Freshworks CEO Girish Mathrubootham in a candid chat</a>

Out of all cancer cases, 7.9% were found in children below 14 years, reveals ICMR report

<div style="display:none;" id="kalturavideoplaceholder">kalturavideoplaceholder</div>Around 90% of deaths from cancer are caused by metastasis - when cancer cells change and move to other parts of the body. This research could mark a sea change in cancer research.
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Scientists In Belgium May Have Just Figured Out How To Stop Cancer From Spreading

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A Duke University professor has won the ACM Prize in Computing for her work with algorithms.</li><li>Amanda Randles creates virtual simulations that incorporate data from patients' wearable devices.</li></ul>Amanda Randles is shaping the future of medicine with her award-winning research.Not so long from now, Randles envisions a world where <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/happier-healthier-without-apple-watch-no-longer-wear-2024-2">your smartwatch</a>, or similar device, would constantly feed data into a virtual simulation of your entire body, allowing doctors to closely monitor your health on a personalized level, unlike anything we have today."The long-term vision is building, essentially, your virtual human, your digital twin," Randles told Business Insider.To that end, Randles, a professor of biomedical sciences at Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering, spends her time building some of those <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-vision-pro-spinal-operations-surgery-hospital-2024-3">virtual simulations</a>.In particular, she focuses on simulating <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/one-minute-squat-exercise-boost-focus-brain-health-2023-11">blood flow</a> and cell movement throughout the body. Her work recently won her the Association for Computing Machinery's $250,000 Prize in Computing."Her innovative techniques will not only deepen our understanding of diseases but also herald a new era of biomedical simulation," Salil Parekh, CEO of Infosys, which provides funding for the award, said in a <a target="_blank" href="https://awards.acm.org/about/2023-acm-prize">statement</a>.<h2>Putting your Apple Watch data to work</h2>Today's standard fitness <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fitness-tracker-step-counter-calorie-tracker-health-data-downside-2023-9">wearables can track</a> a person's heartbeat during their daily routines. However, if they could also follow changes to blood flow in real-time, then that could help doctors move from "reactive care to the proactive," Randles said.In other words, it could help doctors identify signs of potentially fatal conditions like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microplastics-risks-heart-attack-stroke-study-2024-3">heart disease</a> much sooner, which could lead to better treatment. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US, accounting for one in five deaths each year.While there are <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/metaverse-silicon-valley-tech-data-collection-regulation-laws-need-updating-2021-12">privacy concerns</a>, a virtual twin that tracks your health daily would be revolutionary for healthcare. However, one of the hurdles folks like Randles face is data overload.Since your heart beats 100,000 times a day, that's an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-data-centers-energy-grid-electricity-virginia-2023-8">enormous amount of data</a>. Randles and her team are working on figuring out how to take snapshots of moments and apply them to larger scenarios.If you're sitting at your computer for a couple of hours every morning for a week, for example, the model might not need to incorporate every second.<div type="image" title="An image of software of a woman showing her circulatory system with bluish images showing her performing different activities and how they affect blood flow to her heart" height="525" width="768" msid="109763857" hostid="261" sizebytes="34774"></div>Once you have that personalized baseline, "we have to have ways of calibrating when have you gone off the rails and it's not matching any longer," Randles said.The model would be able to pick up if <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-causes-a-heart-attack-2019-3">plaque is developing</a> in the heart, for example.While she's hopeful that regular wearables will provide good enough data for the model, Randles said some heart disease patients may need medical-grade devices.These sort of wearable-driven blood maps could be on the horizon, Randles said. "It's not decades away," she said. "I think we will see it in the next five to seven years."Right now, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-are-hypertension-heart-disease-and-stroke-related">circulatory system</a> is just one piece of the whole human body, and Randles is interested in incorporating the brain and other systems into the concept of a virtual twin. That technology is at least a decade away, she said.In the meantime, Randles's simulations are already helping doctors in other ways.<h2>A personalized 3D map of your circulatory system</h2>Using Randles' simulations, doctors can determine when a patient <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-happens-if-you-have-heart-attack-on-cruise-ship-2023-9">needs a stent</a> to improve blood flow in their heart in a noninvasive way. The traditional method is to insert a guide wire into the coronary artery to measure the pressure."Using the virtual models, we don't have to put the guide wire in the patient," Randles said.Randles is working on allowing doctors to virtually try different treatment options, like the placement of the stent, to see which best fits the patient before they go into the operating room.Right now it takes a lot of computing power, so her lab is incorporating machine learning to make the process faster.<h2>Tracking cancer cells</h2>When <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/men-can-get-breast-cancer-stage-4-survivor-ignored-lump-2023-10">cancer cells circulate</a> through the bloodstream, they can sometimes acclimate in a different part of the body and form new tumors, which is known as metastasis.For another part of her research, Randles is examining how a cancer cell moves. In her simulations, Randles changes different parameters, like how the size of the cell's nucleus affects its movement.Once there's enough data on the characteristics of different cells and how they move, doctors may be better able to predict how and where certain cancer cells metastasize."What is it about the cancer cells that are making them more likely to go to the brain or to the breast," she said. "If we can understand what it is about the cell that's causing it to go in that direction, that can inform treatments," she said.

A young Duke professor won $250,000 for her algorithms that could find symptoms of heart disease when they start

<ul class="summary-list"><li>High-fructose <keyword id="13007147" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="corn-syrup" source="Orion">corn syrup</keyword>, on its own, isn't bad for you.</li><li>However, corn syrup is added to a lot of processed food, which boosts the total calorie count.</li><li>Eating too many calories from <keyword id="11911109" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="sugar" source="Orion">sugar</keyword> is linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.</li></ul><a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/high-fructose-corn-syrup-questions-and-answers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">According to the FDA</a>, there is no evidence that foods with high-fructose corn syrup are less safe than foods containing similar amounts of other types of sugar. The concern is the amount of sugar you are eating, not what kind of sugar, says <a href="https://www.stratanutrition.com/about-kylie/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kyle Fagnanon</a>, MS, RDN, a registered dietician and founder of Strata Nutrition. The negative <keyword id="11894571" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="health" source="Orion">health</keyword> effects of consuming too much <keyword id="13007146" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="added-sugar" source="Orion">added sugar</keyword> are well known, but whether HFCS poses additional risks is debatable. Find out more about the health concerns connected to high fructose corn syrup. <h2>High fructose corn syrup and obesity</h2>A widely cited <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/79/4/537/4690128" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004 study</a> launched the notion that HFCS was a key culprit in the US obesity epidemic. However, more recent data has suggested otherwise. According to a <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/139/6/1219S/4670460" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2009 review</a>, the use of HFCS peaked in 1999 and has since dropped, while the obesity rates have remained high. Although the research is mixed, "the thing that seems consistent is that added sugars of all types should be limited," says Fagnanon. That's where HFCS can be more of an issue than natural sugar, because it's less expensive to produce and, therefore, is a common additive in many popular foods including soda, juice, and candy, as well as less obvious foods like tomato sauce and salad dressing.And, in fact, chemically-speaking, HFCS and table sugar are similar: <ul><li>Table sugar is molecules of fructose and glucose bound together in a one-to-one ratio, forming sucrose. </li><li>HFCS is a mix of unbound fructose and glucose molecules, made from combining water and cornstarch. HFCS is sweeter than table sugar but both are considered added sugars since they aren't naturally present in foods. </li></ul><h2>Health concerns</h2>Eating a lot of sugar, of any kind, comes with multiple <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/added-sugar/art-20045328" target="_blank" rel="noopener">health risks</a>: <ul><li>Nutritional deficiency: Sugar-heavy foods tend not to be the most nutritious, so you are likely missing out on important vitamins and minerals. </li><li>Weight gain: Foods with added sugars are frequently high in calories, which can lead to weight gain. Foods with naturally occurring sugars, like fruit, tend to be lower in calories. </li><li>Dental trouble: And, of course, sugar is bad for your teeth and can cause decay and cavities. </li><li>Heart disease: <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/added-sugar/art-20045328" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Excessive sugar increases levels of triglycerides</a>, a type of fat, which can put you at risk for heart disease. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/482027a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fructose in particular can lead to hypertension</a> because it increases uric acid, which raises blood sugar. </li></ul>That's not all the havoc that excess added sugars like HFCS can wreak.<h3>Diabetes</h3>One major risk from a diet high in fructose is insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673878/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A 2009 study</a> looked at the effects of consuming fructose vs. glucose in overweight patients between the ages of 40 and 72. For 10 weeks, participants drank a sweetened beverage — either with glucose or fructose — alongside their regular diet.At the end of the 10 weeks, the researchers found that insulin sensitivity did not change in the group consuming glucose-sweetened drinks, but decreased 17% in the group consuming fructose-sweetened drinks. Decreased insulin sensitivity can lead to insulin resistance, a factor of type 2 diabetes. <h3>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease </h3>Fructose can take a toll on your liver. Fructose is metabolized in your liver, and consuming too much fructose — in the form of HFCS or another added sugar— can overwork it making it harder for your liver to function properly. And that's important since your liver is responsible for <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/detoxing-your-liver-fact-versus-fiction#:~:text=Your%20liver%20represents%20the%20human,of%20its%20most%20important%20proteins." target="_blank" rel="noopener">converting toxins</a> in your blood into waste products and producing bile to break down fats, says Fagnanon. But how much fructose is too much? <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168827808001645" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A 2008 study</a> compared patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to a control group and found the NAFLD group consumed two to three times more fructose (365 calories/day) than the control group (170 calories/day). <h3>Cancer</h3>Fructose consumption may also put you at risk for certain types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer and small intestine cancer, according to a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22922366/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2012 </a>review. Research also shows that fructose may indirectly increase tumor growth by enhancing protein synthesis, and it is associated with more aggressive cancer behavior, including metastasis, or the spread of cancer.<h3>Glyphosate</h3>Because HFCS is made from corn, there is concern about contamination with glyphosate, an herbicide, says Fagnanon. Glyphosate is toxic to human cells, according to a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969719358036" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020 review</a>, but epidemiological studies looking at the effect of glyphosate exposure on individuals are contradictory. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5515989/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In 2015</a>, the World Health Organization's cancer agency, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), labeled glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic" for consumers, but risk assessment is ongoing. Although glyphosate is used on corn crops, that doesn't mean it is always present in corn syrup.<h2>Insider's takeaway</h2>High-fructose corn syrup is often seen as a "red flag" on ingredient labels due to its reported connection to heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, and certain types of cancer.While high-fructose corn syrup has some serious health risks, it's important to remember that just because HFCS gets a lot of attention, it's not the only sugar that is cause for concern, says Fagnanon. All sources of added sugar should be limited to the daily recommended intake level, as one type of sugar isn't necessarily better for you than another. Many of the health risks associated with HFCS are linked to consuming high amounts of added sugar, in general. Some health risks, such as diabetes, liver disease, and cancer, may be related to fructose consumption specifically. As with any added sugar, HFCS should be consumed in moderation.

Why high-fructose corn syrup isn't causing America's obesity epidemic and what's really at fault

Matcha can pack as much caffeine as your morning espresso, plus plenty of other health benefits

<ul class="summary-list"><li>High fructose corn syrup has a reputation for contributing to the growing obesity epidemic, but recent data indicate that excess sugar in all forms is to blame, not just HFCS. </li><li>A major risk related to a diet high in excess sugar is insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes.</li><li>While diabetes, liver disease, and cancer may be related to fructose consumption specifically, all added sugars, including high fructose corn syrup, should be consumed in moderation.</li><li>This article was <a href="https://www.insider.com/insider-medical-review-board" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medically reviewed</a> by <a href="https://www.samanthacassetty.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Samantha Cassetty</a>, MS, RD, nutrition and wellness expert with a private practice based in New York City.</li></ul><a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/high-fructose-corn-syrup-questions-and-answers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">According to the FDA</a>, there is no evidence that foods with high-fructose corn syrup are less safe than foods containing similar amounts of other types of sugar. The concern is the amount of sugar you are eating, not what kind of sugar, says <a href="https://www.stratanutrition.com/about-kylie/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kyle Fagnanon</a>, MS, RDN, a registered dietician and founder of Strata Nutrition. The negative <keyword id="6354750" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="health">health</keyword> effects of consuming too much added sugar are well known, but whether HFCS poses additional risks is debatable. Find out more about the health concerns connected to high fructose corn syrup. <h2>High Fructose Corn Syrup and Obesity</h2>A widely cited <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/79/4/537/4690128" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004 study</a> launched the notion that HFCS was a key culprit in the US obesity epidemic. However, more recent data has suggested otherwise. According to a <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/139/6/1219S/4670460" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2009 review</a>, the use of HFCS peaked in 1999 and has since dropped, while the obesity rates have remained high. Although the research is mixed, "the thing that seems consistent is that added sugars of all types should be limited," says Fagnanon. That's where HFCS can be more of an issue than natural sugar, because it's less expensive to produce and, therefore, is a common additive in many popular foods including soda, juice, and candy, as well as less obvious foods like tomato sauce and salad dressing.And, in fact, chemically-speaking, HFCS and table sugar are similar: <ul><li>Table sugar is molecules of fructose and glucose bound together in a one-to-one ratio, forming sucrose. </li><li>HFCS is a mix of unbound fructose and glucose molecules, made from combining water and cornstarch. HFCS is sweeter than table sugar but both are considered added sugars since they aren't naturally present in foods. </li></ul><h2>Health concerns</h2>Eating a lot of sugar, of any kind, comes with multiple <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/added-sugar/art-20045328" target="_blank" rel="noopener">health risks</a>: <ul><li>Nutritional deficiency: Sugar heavy foods tend not to be the most nutritious, so you are likely missing out on important vitamins and minerals. </li><li>Weight gain: Foods with added sugars are frequently high in calories, which can lead to weight gain. Foods with naturally occurring sugars, like fruit, tend to be lower in calories. </li><li>Dental trouble: And, of course, sugar is bad for your teeth and can cause decay and cavities. </li><li>Heart disease: <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/added-sugar/art-20045328" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Excessive sugar increases levels of triglycerides</a>, a type of fat, which can put you at risk for heart disease. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/482027a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fructose in particular can lead to hypertension</a> because it increases uric acid, which raises blood sugar. </li></ul>That's not all the havoc that excess added sugars like HFCS can wreak.<h3>Diabetes</h3>One major risk from a diet high in fructose is insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673878/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A 2009 study</a> looked at the effects of consuming fructose vs. glucose in overweight patients between the ages of 40 and 72. For 10 weeks, participants drank a sweetened beverage — either with glucose or fructose — alongside their regular diet.At the end of the 10 weeks, the researchers found that insulin sensitivity did not change in the group consuming glucose-sweetened drinks, but decreased 17% in the group consuming fructose-sweetened drinks. Decreased insulin sensitivity can lead to insulin resistance, a factor of type 2 diabetes. <h3>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease </h3>Fructose can take a toll on your liver. Fructose is metabolized in your liver, and consuming too much fructose — in the form of HFCS or another added sugar— can overwork it making it harder for your liver to function properly. And that's important since your liver is responsible for <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/detoxing-your-liver-fact-versus-fiction#:~:text=Your%20liver%20represents%20the%20human,of%20its%20most%20important%20proteins." target="_blank" rel="noopener">converting toxins</a> in your blood into waste products and producing bile to break down fats, says Fagnanon. But how much fructose is too much? <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168827808001645" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A 2008 study</a> compared patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to a control group and found the NAFLD group consumed two to three times more fructose (365 calories/day) than the control group (170 calories/day). <h3>Cancer</h3>Fructose consumption may also put you at risk for certain types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer and small intestine cancer, according to a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22922366/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2012 </a>review. Research also shows that fructose may indirectly increase tumor growth by enhancing protein synthesis, and it is associated with more aggressive cancer behavior, including metastasis, or the spread of cancer.<h3>Glyphosate</h3>Because HFCS is made from corn, there is concern about contamination with glyphosate, an herbicide, says Fagnanon. Glyphosate is toxic to human cells, according to a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969719358036" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020 review</a>, but epidemiological studies looking at the effect of glyphosate exposure on individuals are contradictory. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5515989/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In 2015</a>, the World Health Organization's cancer agency, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), labeled glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic" for consumers, but risk assessment is ongoing. Although glyphosate is used on corn crops, that doesn't mean it is always present in corn syrup.<h2>Takeaways</h2> High-fructose corn syrup is often seen as a "red flag" on ingredient labels due to its reported connection to heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, and certain types of cancer.While high-fructose corn syrup has some serious health risks, it's important to remember that just because HFCS gets a lot of attention, it's not the only sugar that is cause for concern, says Fagnanon. All sources of added sugar should be limited to the daily recommended intake level, as one type of sugar isn't necessarily better for you than another. Many of the health risks associated with HFCS are linked to consuming high amounts of added sugar, in general. Some health risks, such as diabetes, liver disease, and cancer, may be related to fructose consumption specifically. As with any added sugar, HFCS should be consumed in moderation. <h2>Related articles from <a href="https://www.insider.com/health-reference" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Health Reference</a>:</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/is-gluten-bad-for-you" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gluten isn't bad for most people — here's why a gluten-free diet may actually be worse for your health</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/whole-wheat-vs-whole-grain" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Whole wheat vs. whole grain: Which is more nutritious according to dietitians</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/green-tea-benefits" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 benefits of green tea and how it can help your memory, skin, and bones</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/magnesium-deficiency" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to recognize the symptoms of magnesium deficiency and effectively treat it</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/vitamins-for-eye-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The 4 best vitamins for eye health and which foods — besides carrots — may improve vision</a></li></ul>

High fructose corn syrup: Stop vilifying HFCS and start limiting sugar of all types

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>British tech startup Hadean has built a simulation engine that it says could handle a battle royale-style fight with 10,000 concurrent players.</li><li>It will put its Aether Engine to the test in March to hold a massive space fight with 10,000 players.</li><li>The company has just raised $9.1 million to build out its "operating system for the cloud."</li><li>The company says its software has much bigger applications than gaming, and could help developers write and ship applications at scale and aid medical research.</li></ul>British startup Hadean claims to have created a new simulation engine that would allow thousands of gamers to participate in a battle royale-style fight simultaneously.Hadean will put its Aether Engine to the test on 9 March, and has partnered with Eve Online maker CCP Games to host a massive space fight involving 10,000 players.The company has posted a demo of a 10,000-person dogfight on YouTube, though some of the footage is rendered:CCP Games currently holds the record for the largest number of players in a single battle, at 6,142 players through EVE Online.Underlying Aether Engine is Hadean's core product, a cloud operating system called HadeanOS. Aether Engine isn't a game engine to rival Unity or Unreal, but plugs into these third-party engines and handles the simulation side of games. Game engines handle the graphics side, among other functions.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/unity-improbable-feud-ends-2019-1?r=US&amp;IR=T">High-flying gaming startups Unity and Improbable have ended their feud peacefully after a very public battle that involved the creator of 'Fortnite'</a>Some of this may sound familiar given rival UK startup Improbable offers SpatialOS, another platform for running huge simulated worlds. Improbable is backed by SoftBank, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/improbable-is-now-worth-2-billion-after-netease-investment-2018-7">has partnered with Chinese gaming giant NetEase</a>, and has at least one deal with the US military. But the startup ran into some trouble in January after gaming engine provider Unity <a href="https://www.businessinsider.my/improbable-dispute-with-unity-spatialos-game-license-2019-1/">complained that SpatialOS violated its terms of service</a>.<h2>Hadean raises $9.1 million</h2>While Aether Engine could make sense for game studios looking to create seamless, massively multiplayer online games, Hadean believes its software will eventually have much bigger applications than gaming. It's worth noting that the startup is at an early stage and, according to LinkedIn, currently has fewer than 30 employees.Hadean says its software is good not just for simulations, but for building applications that might require processing huge amounts of data. It says Aether Engine is used for handling simulation, and that it's compatible with Unity and any other gaming engine, which render the graphics.The startup has just raised £7 million ($9.1 million) in a fresh round of funding led by Draper Esprit, with Aster, London Venture Partners, Luminous Ventures, and Entrepreneur First all participating.And it is already working with biomedical research centre the Francis Crick Institute to simulate cancer cells undergoing metastasis. The idea is to understand how cancer cells migrate to different parts of the body."Technology companies today are hampered by their ability to scale their platforms to meet demand and exploit data," said Hadean CEO Craig Beddis in a statement. "Our technology, which was derived from first principles, eliminates the significant manpower and time wasted on engineering and DevOps. I am excited to have an investor of the calibre of Draper Esprit on board, with its proven track record in deep tech investment leading this round."<div></div> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-not-paying-taxes-trump-bezos-2018-4">Amazon will pay $0 in federal taxes this year - here's how the $793 billion company gets away with it</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

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