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India has changed the Rules of Engagement (RoE) across the Line of Actual Control (LAC) after a barbaric attack was carried out by the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops on Indian soldiers in Galwan Valley in eastern Ladakh, killing 20 Indian soldiers. In the violent clash that took place on the night of June 15, China took 10 <keyword id="6354416" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Army">Indian Army</keyword> men, including officers, into custody and released them after three days. Sources said that Indian soldiers did not use weapons when the PLA troops attacked them. They were not allowed to do so as per the orders from their seniors and the confidence building measures pacts with China. As per the new Rules of Engagement, commanders deployed at LAC can give soldiers "complete freedom of action" to handle situations at the tactical level. The commanders can now use firearms and have full authority to respond to extraordinary situations using all resources at their disposal. Earlier, these were not part of the Rules of Engagements across the LAC. In a statement issued during an all-party meet on Friday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had said that India would respond firmly to any attempt to transgress the LAC. "In fact, he specifically emphasised that in contrast to the past neglect of such challenges, Indian forces now decisively counter any violation of LAC (‘unhe rokte hain, unhe tokte hain')," a statement issued by the PMO stated. The words of Prime Minister -- "those who tried to transgress our land were taught a befitting lesson by our brave sons of soil" -- succinctly summed up the ethos and the values of the armed forces. Modi further emphasised, "I want to assure you that our armed forces will leave no stone unturned to protect our borders." Many people questioned why soldiers did not use firearms or why they went unarmed. To this, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said that Indian Army troops, who were attacked and suffered fatal casualties on Monday night, were carrying weapons, however, they did not fire. He said, "All troops on border duty always carry arms, especially when leaving the post. Those in Galwan on June 15 did so. Long-standing practice (as per 1996 an2005 agreements) not to use firearms during faceoffs." Sources said Indian Army troopers were outnumbered by 1:5 ratio when they came under attack from the PLA soldiers at patrolling point 14 in along the LAC in eastern Ladakh. PLA troopers "savagely attacked" Indian Army personnel, according to sources in the government with knowledge of the details of the June 15 clash. "The numbers were stacked up against the Indian Army troopers. Yet, the Indian side decided to fight the PLA troopers. The Indian soldiers were outnumbered 1:5 by the Chinese troopers," the sources said. China is also said to have used thermal imaging drones to trace the Indian Army soldiers scattered on the treacherous terrain before brutally attacking them. "It was the deadliest attack carried on Indian Army personnel by the Chinese military personnel in our memory," the government sources said. "We were outnumbered," admitted an Indian Army officer, talking about the clash that reportedly went on for six to seven hours. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/indian-army-on-india-china-war-in-galwan-valley-soldiers-killed/articleshow/76402297.cms">‘Serious clashes’ between India and China⁠ in Galwan Valley — India says 'Chinese troops had planned this escalation'</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/india-hits-back-at-china-over-galwan-valley-claims/articleshow/76483301.cms">India’s hits back at China over Galwan Valley claim calling it 'exaggerated and untenable'</a>

Government allows soldiers to use firearms across LAC in extraordinary situations

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A hand-to-hand skirmish high in the Himalayas this month was the deadliest border clash between <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> and <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="China">China</keyword> in decades.</li><li>The two sides are working to ease tensions, but the showdown still has the potential to spark a broader war between two of the world's largest and well-equipped militaries — here's how those two forces stack up.</li></ul>A medieval-style brawl between Chinese and Indian soldiers on their border in <keyword id="26604" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="ladakh">Ladakh</keyword> this month turned a usually bloodless dispute into a potential cause for war between the world's two most populous countries.The brawl lasted six hours and killed 20 Indian soldiers. Chinese officials have not said how many of their soldiers were killed or wounded but have <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/jun/22/china-finally-admits-it-lost-less-than-20-soldiers-in-clash-with-india-2159915.html?fbclid=IwAR0pxiHVF-AmAV6iaEW9FKvYDeTejMoMMoSvrvLBvosmhH5R2sFX4svchig">admitted</a> to losing "less than 20" troops after India reportedly handed over 16 bodies.The clash is the biggest development in a standoff that began in early May and was the first time <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forgotten-in-fog-of-war-the-last-firing-on-the-india-china-border/article31827344.ece">since 1975</a> that the two nuclear-armed nations shed blood over their decades-long <keyword id="6417196" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="border-dispute">border dispute</keyword>.Both sides are <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/indian-and-chinese-military-agree-to-disengage-on-disputed-himalayan-border-idUSKBN23U115" target="_blank" rel="noopener">working to ease tensions</a> in the region, but the days since, both have deployed hundreds of thousands of soldiers. India and China have also <a href="https://www.opindia.com/2020/06/while-china-builds-new-fortifications-india-moves-its-jets-and-helicopters-to-forward-bases-along-lac-report/">moved</a> advanced air assets to forward operating bases in the region and begun building new fortifications.<h2>The world's 2 biggest militaries</h2><div type="image" title="Indian army soldiers" height="982" width="1500" msid="76580460" hostid="261"></div>China and India today are giants.The two countries together <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/19/health/india-china-world-population-intl-hnk/index.html#:~:text=China%2520and%2520India%2520currently%2520account,and%2520India%2520to%25201.3%2520billion.&amp;text=That%2520would%2520put%2520China's%2520population,1.5%2520billion%2520forecast%2520for%2520India.dia.">account</a> for about 37% of the world's population and are the second- and fifth-largest <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-5-largest-economies-in-the-world-and-their-growth-in-2020-2020-01-22">economies</a>, respectively. They are also the second- and third-largest <a href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/global-military-expenditure-sees-largest-annual-increase-decade-says-sipri-reaching-1917-billion">spenders</a> on defense and are <a href="https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp">ranked</a> fourth and fifth on the Global Firepower Index, which ranks potential military strength.China and India also have the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/militaries-most-active-duty-soldiers-troops-2018-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">two largest active-duty armies</a>, China with about 2.1 million active servicemen and India with roughly 1.4 million.<h2>China has a technological advantage</h2><div type="image" title="China army base Himalayas" height="1729" width="2500" msid="76580464" hostid="261"></div>On the whole, China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) is widely seen as more technologically advanced than India's military.In China's arsenal are stealth fighters, a larger number of nuclear submarines, more military <a href="https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database">satellites</a>, and a wider array of modern vehicles and small arms.Some of those weapon systems were built with places like the Himalayas in mind, such as the <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/type-15-meet-tank-china-could-use-fight-india%25E2%2580%2594or-launch-amphibious-invasion-119781">Type 15</a> light tank and a new 155 mm vehicle-mounted howitzer; both were <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EueZdJW_DM">recently featured</a> in televised drills in Tibet.<div type="image" title="China Chinese troops soldiers Tibet training" height="1809" width="2500" msid="76580474" hostid="261"></div>This technology gap "owes primarily to the fact that the Chinese have invested more resources into modernizing their military for a long time at a sustained and high level," Timothy Heath, a senior international and defense researcher at the Rand Corporation, told Insider.The PLA has gone through a massive modernization and restructuring effort since the 1990s, which has been one of the biggest priorities for its leaders, <a href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/ChinaPerspectives-10.pdf/">especially</a> President Xi Jinping.China has also shifted from buying advanced equipment from foreign suppliers to being able to produce its own domestic designs.<div type="image" title="India border soldier troops Himalayas" height="1667" width="2500" msid="76580482" hostid="261"></div>Conversely, India has had to rely on foreign suppliers for advanced equipment, and its domestic industries have not been able to produce the type of equipment in the numbers needed to rival China.Until recently, India had not been able to invest the amount of money in defense that countries like China, Russia, and the US do because of its smaller economy. India also needs to send resources to address more immediate threats."Part of the issue with India is that their security problem is much more fragmented," Heath said, noting India's long-time fight with insurgents and the constant challenge from Pakistan.<h2>The technology gap is smaller the Himalayas</h2><div type="image" title="Indian fighter jet Himalayas Ladakh" height="1667" width="2500" msid="76580492" hostid="261"></div>But none of this means that the <a href="https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/india-china-postures/China%2520India%2520Postures.pdf">outcome is preordained</a>. While the PLA has more advanced equipment, most of its best assets and units are focused in eastern and southern China, poised to face off against the US, Japan, or Taiwan.A war with India would be fought largely in the tough, mountainous terrain of the Himalayas, landscape that is radically different from what most of the PLA is trained to deal with. Moreover, India's military is a <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/imbalance-of-power">capable and well-equipped force</a>.In particular, the Indian Air Force's (IAF) Su-30MKI all-weather multirole air-superiority fighter is regarded as superior to the Chinese J-8, J-11, and Su-27 fighters stationed in the region.<div type="image" title="India Chinook helicopter Himalayas Ladakh" height="1666" width="2500" msid="76580501" hostid="261"></div>The IAF also has a number of US-made Apache attack helicopters and Chinook heavy-lift helicopters already deployed, and unlike the Chinese pilots, they have more dedicated experience flying in the region's <a href="https://www.drivespark.com/off-beat/why-planes-dont-fly-over-himayalas-tibet/articlecontent-pf84128-025108.html">very difficult conditions</a>.Further, India has more advanced air assets already in the region and closer to potential conflict zones, whereas China's air bases are fewer and further inland.India is also expecting its order of S-400 air-defense systems from Russia this fall. This will free up more IAF aircraft for ground-attack roles.<h2>India's army is modernizing</h2><div type="image" title="India Brahmos cruise missile" height="920" width="1400" msid="76580514" hostid="261"></div>India's army is going through a modernization process. It's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkxWgZZlHeU">replacing</a> its domestically made INSAS rifle and AK-47s with the modern AK-203 and SIG 716 assault rifles. It is also replacing the World War II-era Sterling submachine gun with Caracal CAR 816s and for the first time introducing dedicated sniper rifles like the Barret M95 and Scorpio TGT.In February, the army <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-us-sign-contract-for-additional-apache-attack-choppers/articleshow/74299279.cms">signed</a> a contract for six US-made Apache helicopter gunships and is expected to soon order a number of Indian-made HAL light combat helicopters, which are designed to operate in the Himalayas.When it comes to armor, India's T-90 and T-72 tanks should also be worthy adversaries to China's Type 99 and Type 96 tanks.India also has the Brahmos ram-jet supersonic cruise missile. Developed in a joint venture between India and Russia, it is capable of reaching Mach 3, making it one of the fastest missiles in the world. It can be launched from ground and naval launchers and was recently <a href="https://swarajyamag.com/insta/amid-mounting-tensions-with-china-iafs-brahmos-a-supersonic-cruise-missile-is-now-ready-for-combat-use">approved</a> for use by the Indian Air Force.<h2>Experience is a factor</h2><div type="image" title="Indian soldiers troops Himalayas Ladakh" height="1666" width="2500" msid="76580525" hostid="261"></div>The Indian army also has an edge in experience. India has fought numerous wars with Pakistan, most recently the Kargil War in 1999. It has also fought decades-long insurgencies in Jammu and Kashmir and was involved in the Sri Lankan Civil War.One Chinese analyst <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-has-largest-most-experienced-mountain-army-in-the-world-says-chinese-military-expert/story-4eR8hDrrshV7j59OHvfIYO.html">acknowledged</a> that India is "the world's largest and experienced country with plateau and mountain troops."Conversely, China has not fought a major war with anyone since its brief war with Vietnam in 1979 and has used <a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/what-motivates-chinese-peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping missions</a> as a way for its troops to gain experience.<div type="image" title="China Chinese troops soldiers Tibet training" height="1833" width="2500" msid="76580537" hostid="261"></div>However, as Heath <a href="https://www.rand.org/blog/2018/11/chinas-military-has-no-combat-experience-does-it-matter.html">points out</a>, "combat experience does not automatically translate into military advantage."In particular, the Chinese "are in a better position to concentrate and mass force than the Indians," Heath says. "It doesn't matter how good and experienced your troops are if you're outnumbered 10 to one."Moreover, China's ability to move forces means it may be able to quickly redeploy some of its best equipment and assets, like stealth fighters and ballistic-missile systems.<h2>A naval confrontation</h2><div type="image" title="Chinese China navy submarine" height="920" width="1400" msid="76580546" hostid="261"></div>While China and India don't share a maritime border, they both have vested interests in the Indian Ocean, particularly in the Strait of Malacca, the shipping channel that connects the Indian and Pacific oceans.The vast majority of China's oil imports flow through that strait, as does a large percentage of global trade.China is <a href="https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2019/08/26/the-malacca-dilemma-a-hindrance-to-chinese-ambitions-in-the-21st-century/">keenly aware</a> of its importance and is determined strengthen its presence in the Indian Ocean. China has established <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-troops-to-overseas-base-operational-security-concerns-for-us-2017-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a naval base in Djibouti</a>, may be <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/06/02/chinas-new-high-security-compound-in-pakistan-may-indicate-naval-plans/#7c1ce8631020">building</a> another in Pakistan, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html">controls</a> a port in Sri Lanka.The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has benefited greatly from investment and reforms. It is now one of the <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a27532437/china-now-has-more-warships-than-the-us/">largest and strongest</a> navies in the world and has advanced vessels like nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarines, guided-missile frigates and destroyers, and two aircraft carriers with more on the way.<div type="image" title="India navy Kalvari submarine" height="667" width="1000" msid="76580556" hostid="261"></div>India too has advanced naval assets and <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/indian-navy-to-build-24-submarines-including-six-nuclear-warships/story/392809.html">plans</a> to build more. It currently has one active aircraft carrier with another expected to start sea trials next year and has a number of advanced frigates and submarines, including two nuclear ones.But the Indian Navy is still outclassed. China's Southern Theater Command alone has more diesel-electric attack submarines and guided-missile frigates than the entire Indian fleet.However, India has the same advantage that China enjoys in the East China Sea: proximity to its mainland. Any fight with the PLAN would likely be in India's backyard, which means it can use land-based aircraft and coastal defenses against PLAN ships.<h2>Ballistic and nuclear missiles</h2><div type="image" title="India missile" height="1454" width="2200" msid="76580563" hostid="261"></div>The biggest fear, of course, is that any conflict between China and India will turn nuclear. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute <a href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/nuclear-weapon-modernization-continues-outlook-arms-control-bleak-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now">estimates</a> that China has 320 nuclear warheads while India has 150.Though China has more advanced delivery systems and warheads, the proximity of the two countries means that even conventional missiles and aircraft could still deliver massive destruction to Chinese and Indian cities.However, most observers don't believe that a conflict stemming from current border disputes will lead to nuclear war. Both countries have a "no first use" policy, meaning they will only use nuclear weapons in response to a nuclear attack.<div type="image" title="China soldiers India border guard" height="1094" width="2300" msid="76580571" hostid="261"></div>The mass use of ballistic missiles also runs the risk of unintended escalation and prolonging conflict, as they would likely only create stretches of no man's land.The disputes in question may not be seen as worth such destruction. As Heath put it: "risking such massive losses over a barren and desolate stretch of land up in the mountains — it's hard to see how that would be justified."Any war between China and India, then, will most likely see troops attempting to take and hold land in the harsh Himalayas, where air support will be limited, and Indian efforts to fend Chinese ships off of its mainland.

India and China's deadliest border clash in decades risks war between nuclear-armed rivals — here's how the world's 2 largest militaries stack up

<ul><li>The <keyword id="401917" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="India-China-border">India China border</keyword> row escalated with the news of soldiers being killed on both sides on June 15. </li><li>The two countries have overlapping lines claiming their territory in the Aksai Chin sector. </li><li>This week we bring you the books that help decode the relations between India and China — from border dispute to cultural exchanges and business ties. </li></ul>The India China border row escalated with the news of soldiers being killed on both sides on June 15⁠ ⁠— despite assurances of de-escalation from both sides⁠— in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh, near the Line of Actual Control. India inherited the disputed border with China during British colonial rule. The two countries have overlapping lines claiming their territory in the Aksai Chin sector, which is largely an uninhabitable region. Every week, Business Insider collates interesting books to read, giving an outlook on career and professional growth, setbacks and opportunities. However, this week we bring you the books that help decode the relations between India and China — from border dispute to cultural exchanges and business ties. Here are some of those books. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/India-China-Relations-Border-Issues/dp/8130911957">India China Relations: The Border Issues and Beyond</a> Written by Mohan Guruswamy and Zorawar Singh Daulet, the book outlines the Indian China border dispute from a ‘conflict resolution’ perspective. It entails the details about the areas of Himalayas that separate north-east India from Tibet. In the 1950s, China said that it would occupy Tibet but India refused to acknowledge that and sent a letter negotiating the matter. The former Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru then wrote a memorandum on revision of the maps of India — to show defined boundaries. Later, India agreed on China taking over Tibet. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/China-nepal-india-Triangle-Dark-Indo-nepal-Relations/dp/1984528904/ref=sr_1_8?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-8">China-Nepal-India Triangle: The Dark Side of Indo-Nepal Relations </a> Written by Shiva Hari Dahal, China-Nepal-India Triangle talks about the less explored side of the India-Nepal relations. That includes the triangular region between China, India and Nepal. The book analyses the history of these nations through the lens of colonialism, dependency, democratic peace, and governmentalism. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/China-India-Relations-Geo-political-Competition-Understanding/dp/3030444244/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-5">China-India Relations: Geo-political Competition, Economic Cooperation, Cultural Exchange and Business Ties</a> This book is written by Young Chan Kim and focuses on the relations between India and China with regard to the present business ties and competition. It also talks about the geo-political factors, such as religion that play a major role in shaping bilateral relations. It compares the networks of the two countries beyond just the border dispute. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fateful-Triangle-Shaped-U-S-India-Relations-ebook/dp/B07N8DRSQC/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-1">Fateful Triangle: How China Shaped US-India Relations During the Cold War</a> Written by Tanvi Madan, this book narrates how China shaped the India -US relations during the cold war. The US developed a separate relationship with the two Asian countries — India and China. The author argues the historical perspective of China’s influence globally and India US relations and their diplomatic history. <a href="https://www.amazon.in/India-China-Relations-Future-Perspectives/dp/9381411158">India China Relations: Future Perspectives</a> Authored by BR Deepak and DP Tripathi, the book outlines the history of cultural and material exchanges between India and China during the 20th century. In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi’s China visit led to the diplomatic relations between the two nations. The book is a collection of 18 researches by Indian and Chinese scholars and diplomats talking about the ‘multi-layered’ relationship with regard to 1950s ‘hindi cheeni bhai bhai’, the border dispute, defense and economic ties etc.

Here are the five books that will help you decode the India China relations — beyond just the border dispute

<ul><li>India and China have agreed to resolve the border dispute along <keyword id="9262087" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-line-of-actual-control">the Line of Actual Control</keyword> (LAC) through bilateral means. </li><li>The both sides held talks between senior level military officers on Saturday, June 6.</li><li>The negotiations took place at the Border Personnel Meeting Point in Maldo on the Chinese side of the Line of Actual Control in Chushul sector. </li></ul>Indian and Chinese military commanders agreed to peacefully resolve the <keyword id="9359015" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="current-border-issue">current border issue</keyword> in <keyword id="2572623" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="eastern-Ladakh">eastern Ladakh</keyword> in accordance with <keyword id="1103429" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="bilateral-pacts">bilateral pacts</keyword> as well as the agreement reached between leadership of the two countries, <keyword id="9284269" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-external-affairs-ministry">the External Affairs Ministry</keyword> said on Sunday. The two sides held high-level military talks on Saturday in an attempt to resolve the month-long bitter standoff in mountainous eastern Ladakh. "Both sides agreed to peacefully resolve the situation in the border areas in accordance with various bilateral agreements and keeping in view the agreement between the leaders that peace and tranquillity in the India-China border regions is essential for the overall development of bilateral relations, the MEA said in a brief statement. The military talks took place at the Border Personnel Meeting Point in Maldo on the Chinese side of the Line of Actual Control in Chushul sector. "Both sides also noted that this year marked the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries and agreed that an early resolution would contribute to the further development of the relationship," the MEA said. "Accordingly, the two sides will continue the military and diplomatic engagements to resolve the situation and to ensure peace and tranquillity in the border areas," it said. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/china-is-a-bully-says-us-representative-on-india-china-border-issue/articleshow/76147159.cms">China is a ‘bully’ says US Representative on India-China border issue</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/experts-believe-that-the-india-china-border-dispute-is-unlikely-to-turn-into-another-war-like-the-one-in-1962/articleshow/76128454.cms">India and China are testing each other at the Ladakh border— but it won’t be another war like in 1962, according to experts</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/india-china-border-dispute-beijing-sends-more-troops/articleshow/76060995.cms">China is reportedly adding troops on the Ladakh border⁠ and India is matching up to it</a>

India-China border dispute to be resolved through talks, says MEA

Amid tension at the borders, top Indian and Chinese military delegations will meet for the third time on Tuesday in Chushul in Leh district, sources said The meeting will begin at 10:30 a.m. on Tuesday morning. "This time the talks will be held in Chushul on the Indian side. The last two meetings were held in Moldo on the Chinese side," said sources, adding that the agenda of the meeting would be to take forward the proposals made by both the countries for disengagement. "All contentious areas during the current standoff will be discussed to stabilise the situation," sources added. The last two meetings at the Corp Commander level were held on June 6 and June 22. On June 22, talks took place between Indian and Chinese military delegates for around 11 hours. The dialogue was held in a cordial, positive and constructive atmosphere and there was "mutual consensus to disengage". "Modalities for disengagement from all friction areas in eastern Ladakh were discussed," the Indian Army had stated. The meeting between 14 Corps Commander Lieutenant General Harinder Singh and South Xinjiang Military District chief Major General Liu Lin happened on the lines of the one they held at the Chushul-Moldo border personnel meeting (BPM) point in eastern Ladakh on June 6. Also, Major General-level dialogue took place for three consecutive days after the violent clash at Patrolling Point 14 in Galwan Valley on June 15 left 20 Indian soldiers dead. The three-day talks were carried out to ease the tense situation and to get 10 Indian soldiers released, including four officers, who were in Chinese captivity. Major General Abhijit Bapat, who is the Commander of the 3 Division of the Indian Army, had raised several points with the Chinese with regard to the incident on the intervening night of June 15/16. The clash occurred at the South bank of Galwan river, which flows in an east-west direction before its confluence with Shayok river, in which 20 Indian soldiers were killed by the Chinese People's Liberation Army troops. Those were the first casualties faced by the Indian Army in a clash with the People's Liberation Army since 1975 when an Indian patrol was ambushed by Chinese troops in Arunachal Pradesh. Sources said that Indian Army troopers were outnumbered by 1:5 ratio when they came under attack from the PLA soldiers at Patrolling Point 14 along the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh. "The numbers were stacked up against the Indian Army troopers. Yet, the Indian side decided to fight the PLA troopers. The Indian soldiers were outnumbered 1:5 by the Chinese troopers," sources said. China is also said to have used thermal imaging drones to trace the Indian Army soldiers scattered on the treacherous terrain before brutally attacking them.

India-China military delegates meet for a third time to resolve border issues

After Pakistan, China is also creating a dispute at the border with India as if it was part of a "mission", Defence Minister <keyword id="6355121" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Rajnath-Singh">Rajnath Singh</keyword> said on Monday, as Indian and Chinese troops remain locked in a standoff in eastern Ladakh for over five months. The defence minister, speaking at an online event after inaugurating 44 bridges, said India is not only facing the situations along the frontiers resolutely, but it is also bringing in major development including in border areas. "You are well aware of the conditions created along our northern and eastern borders. First it was Pakistan, and now also by China, as if a border dispute is being created under a mission. We have a border of about 7,000 km with these countries where the tension continues," Singh said. The defence minister was speaking after inaugurating the bridges built in strategically key areas of Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. A majority of these bridges are expected to significantly improve movement of troops in areas along the border with China in Ladakh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh sectors, officials said. Both India and China held a series of diplomatic and military talks to resolve the border standoff. However, no breakthrough has been achieved to defuse the situation. Singh said in the challenging times of COVID-19 and despite the border tensions and disputes caused by Pakistan and China, the country was not only resolutely facing them but also bringing about historical changes in all sectors of development. The defence minister also laid the foundation stone for Nechiphu Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh. This 450 metre-long tunnel would ensure all-weather connectivity across Nechiphu pass. The bridges inaugurated by Singh included 10 in Jammu and Kashmir, eight in Ladakh, two in Himachal Pradesh, four each in Punjab and Sikkim and eight each in Uttarakhand and Arunachal Pradesh. In his address, Singh complimented the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) for their achievements in improving infrastructure in border areas and said that dedication of 44 bridges in one go in itself was a record. He said the annual budget of BRO that varied from Rs 3,300 crore to Rs 4,600 crore in years between 2008 and 2016, saw a substantial rise and is pegged at over Rs 11,000 crore in 2020-21. "There was no reduction of this budget despite COVID-19," he said Singh said construction of the bridges will benefit both the civilian population as well as the military in the areas. "Our armed forces personnel are deployed in large numbers in areas where transport is not available throughout the year," he said, noting improvement in border infrastructure will significantly help armed forces. "These roads are not only for strategic needs, but they also reflect equal participation of all stakeholders in the development of the nation," Singh said. The defence minister praised the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) for working tirelessly even during the coronavirus-triggered lockdown period. The defence ministry said despite unprecedented snowfall breaking a 60-year record, all strategic passes and roads were cleared for traffic about one month before their average yearly opening dates. "I am happy to know that over 2,200 kilometers of roads have been cut by the BRO during the last two years, using the latest technologies, and state-of-the-art equipment. Also, surfacing was carried out on about 4200 kms of roads," he added. Amid the border standoff with China, India is expediting work on several key projects including on a strategic road linking Darcha in Himachal Pradesh with Ladakh that will criss-cross a number of high-altitude snow-bound passes. The nearly 290-km-long road will be crucial for the movement of troops and heavy weaponry into the frontier bases of the Ladakh region and will provide a crucial link to the Kargil region. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/china-launches-earth-observation-satellite-amid-border-tensions-with-india/articleshow/78613147.cms">China launches Earth observation satellite amid border tensions with India</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/massive-power-cut-reported-across-mumbai-discom-points-finger-at-tatas/articleshow/78613787.cms">Massive power cut across Mumbai due to grid failure —electricity restored in certain areas</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/policy/economy/news/sitharaman-offers-states-12000-crore-interest-free-for-the-next-50-years-if-they-can-spend-it-on-capital-projects-by-march-2021/articleshow/78616741.cms">Sitharaman offers states ₹12,000 crore interest-free for the next 50 years if they can spend it on capital projects by March 2021</a>

India-China border dispute created as if part of a 'mission', says Indian Defence Minister

The world's three largest arms importers - India, China, and Pakistan - all share borders with one another, some of which are in dispute. These disagreements have occasionally led to armed conflict, like the ongoing dispute over the status of Kashmir, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War">1962 Sino-Indian war</a>.
These disputes, and a host of other regional factors, are fueling the world's biggest conventional arms race.<div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image">Jeremy BenderThe crosshatched sections on the map denote border disputes.</div></div>
India is currently the world's largest arms importer. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, its weapons imports <a href="http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/2014/AT_march_2014">rose by 111%</a> between the 2004-2008 and the 2009-2013 periods.
From 2009 to 2013, India accounted for 14% of all international arms imports. 
India's weapons imports are almost three times larger than that of its neighbors and rivals, Pakistan and China. China and Pakistan each account for an additional <a href="http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1403.pdf">5% of global arms imports</a>. Notably, Pakistan receives 54% of its arms from China. 
<div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image">Screenshot/<a href="http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1403.pdf">books.sipri.org</a></div></div>
India likely feels the need to arm itself in light of some of the long-simmering tensions it shares with its neighbors. India and Pakistan have taken steps to increase dialogue in recent years. But they have been at each other's throats for almost <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/06/2011615113058224115.html">their entire history</a> as independent nations over the undecided status of Kashmir. The unsettled border has played a large part in the three wars India and Pakistan have so far fought. Subsets of the Pakistani government also <a href="http://www.propublica.org/topic/mumbai-terror-attacks/">support militants</a> who have launched terrorist attacks inside of India, like the deadly <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/world/asia/27mumbai.html?pagewanted=all">2008 assault</a> on Mumbai.
India's relationship with China is also rocky. The two fought a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War">brief border war</a> in 1962 that China decisively won. Despite the outcome, the two countries continue to lay <a href="http://inef.uni-due.de/cms/files/report107.pdf">competing claims</a> over the Indian Himalayan province of Arunachal Pradesh, which China calls South Tibet. 
India and China are perhaps natural rivals - emerging superpowers that are right on each other's doorsteps. But India feels specifically threatened by a growing Chinese military presence throughout the Indian Ocean region. China has invested in military installations in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. Indian General Deepak Kapoor, a former Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, has <a href="http://www.sipri.org/media/blogs/eps-blog/china-india-and-the-three-cs">referred to these installations</a> as China's "string of pearls" surrounding India. 
India receives 75% of its arms imports from Russia. These imports in the 2009 to 2013 period have included a nuclear-powered submarine, 90 Su-30 MKI combat aircraft, an aircraft carrier, and 27 MiG-29K jets for use on that aircraft carrier. India is also a partner in Russia's development of a fifth-generation aircraft, <a href="https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-indians-hate-their-new-russian-made-stealth-fighter-d89b9ce721de">the T-50</a>.

The World's Three Largest Arms Importers All Border One Another

As anti-China sentiments grow in India after the ban on 59 apps and a public boycott of Chinese-made goods, <keyword id="10591" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Samsung">Samsung</keyword> Electronics is expected to increase its presence in the Indian smartphone market, industry analysts have said. The fluid market situation offers new opportunities for various smartphone makers, especially the non-Chinese ones, to realign their strategies and regain the lost market share in the face of fierce Chinese competition. 'Shipments of consumer goods that are against public sentiment will face difficulties. As Chinese smartphone makers are expected to suffer sales decline in India, Samsung is expected to take advantage of it,' Yonhap news agency quoted Lee Chang-min, an analyst at KB Securities, as saying. According to market tracker Counterpoint Research, four of the top five smartphone brands in the Indian smartphone market were from China in the first quarter of the year, with Samsung being the only non-Chinese company. Xiaomi led the way with 30 per cent, followed by its Chinese compatriot Vivo with 17 per cent. Realme and Oppo were ranked fourth and fifth in the Indian smartphone market with a share of 14 percent and 12 percent, respectively. Samsung came in third on the list with a 16 per cent market share, Counterpoint Research data showed. Analysts said the upbeat performance in India could push up Samsung's overall mobile business. 'For Samsung, India is a market that the company cannot give up,' said Roh Kyoung-tak, an analyst at Eugene Investment &amp; Securities. 'Samsung's long-term business strategy must have a plan for the Indian market'. In the first quarter (January-March) this year, Samsung's shipments were driven by its upgraded A and M series (A51, A20s, A30s, and M30s). According to Counterpoint Research, Samsung managed to hold third position in Q1 2020 due to launches across several price tiers, especially in the affordable premium segment (S10 Lite, Note 10 Lite). Tarun Pathak, Associate Director, Counterpoint Research, said that consumer sentiments are running high and a section of users will look for alternatives, benefitting global and Indian brands. The industry watchers said the second-quarter performance of Samsung's mobile business unit may not be worse than expected due to the economic reopening of major markets from end-May, though an earnings decline appears inevitable. Samsung will release the Galaxy Note 20 series and the Galaxy Fold 2 foldable smartphone next month to drive its handset sales in the second half of the year. According to Prabhu Ram, Head-Industry Intelligence Group, CyberMedia Research (CMR), for players like Samsung to succeed, they would need to build meaningful value propositions for consumers, both in terms of specs and pricing. 'Affordability will continue to be a major theme this year and brands will need to dovetail their offerings accordingly,' Ram told IANS.

Anti-China sentiment will help Samsung boost sales in India, say analysts

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Indian and Chinese troops clashed near their disputed border, leading to several injuries. </li><li>"Both sides immediately disengaged from the area," the Indian army said, per Reuters.</li></ul>Indian and Chinese soldiers clashed Friday near their disputed border in Arunachal Pradesh, a state in northeastern India.The clash led to minor injuries and "both sides immediately disengaged from the area," the Indian army said, according to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-chinese-troops-clashed-dec-9-minor-injuries-both-sides-ani-quoting-2022-12-12/">Reuters,</a> which also reported that the Indian commander in the area met with his Chinese counterpart following the fight. The Indian and Chinese embassies in Washington, DC, did not immediately respond to requests for comment from Insider. The reported clash marks the first such fight between the two countries along their disputed border since a brutal <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-troops-beat-indian-soldiers-batons-wrapped-in-barbed-wire-2020-6">hand-to-hand combat incident in June 2020</a>, which led to the deaths of at least 20 Indian and four Chinese troops.The June 2020 fight occurred in the Galwan Valley in the Ladakh region. At the time, a senior Indian military official <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53073338" rel=" nofollow">told the BBC</a> that Chinese troops "hit our boys on the head with metal batons wrapped in barbed wire," adding, "Our boys fought with bare hands."It's unclear what started the fight on Friday, and the exact number of troops injured remains unknown. But China and India — two nuclear-armed states and the most populous countries in the world — have been at odds over their border for years. China and India fought a war in 1962 over the dispute that ended with a tenuous truce, establishing a de facto 2,100-mile border known as the Line of Actual Control. Until June 2020, the tense border dispute between China and India had not led to any fatalities since 1975. "The skirmish is indicative of a complete breakdown of trust between the two sides. Peace along the Line of Actual Control is no more possible till the boundary issue is addressed," N.C. Bipindra, a defense analyst, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/indian-and-chinese-forces-clash-on-border-indian-army-says-11670869074?mod=lead_feature_below_a_pos1">told the Wall Street Journal</a> regarding Friday's border skirmish.

Indian and Chinese soldiers got into a fight on their disputed border, a first since a brutal 2020 brawl that left troops on both sides dead

Top Indian and Chinese military commanders will meet on Monday at Moldo to discuss the <keyword id="6417196" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="border-dispute">border dispute</keyword>, especially in the <keyword id="1255425" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pangong-Lake">Pangong Lake</keyword> area, in eastern Ladakh, sources said. This would be the sixth meeting between two military commanders in the last four months. This time, a senior Ministry of External Affairs official -- Joint Secretary, East Asia, Navin Srivastava -- will be joining the Indian delegation. The delegation, headed by 14 Corps commander Lt Gen Harinder Singh, would also include two Major Generals - <keyword id="9971996" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="major-gen-abhijit-bapat">Major Gen Abhijit Bapat</keyword>, and Major <keyword id="9971995" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="gen-padam-shekhawat">Gen Padam Shekhawat</keyword> - apart from Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Inspector General Deepam Seth and four brigadiers. In August, during the fifth round of Corps Commander level discussions - between Lt Gen Singh and South Xinjiang Military District chief, Major Gen Liu Lin, both the representatives deliberated upon the prevailing situation in Pangong Lake, the biggest flashpoint in the standoff. "The meeting of these two military leaders will start at 9 a.m.," said a source, adding that the two commanders met for the first time on June 6 when China had agreed to withdraw their forces from all the places which India had raised objections to. But then a barbaric attack at patrolling point 14 in Galwan Valley on June 15 was carried out by Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) in which 20 Indian soldiers and unknown number of Chinese soldiers were killed. The clash occurred at the south bank of Galwan river, which flows in an east-west direction before its confluence with Shyok river. There were the first fatalities faced by the Indian Army in a clash with the PLA since 1975 when an Indian patrol was ambushed by Chinese troops in Arunachal Pradesh. Now the delegates are meeting to discuss the de-escalation at Pangong Lake where both sides' troops are at rifle range at four locations - three on the southern bank and one on the northern. "At these places, troops are just a few hundred metres away," the source added. On the north bank, the troops are in an eyeball-to-eyeball situation between Finger 3 and Finger 4 -- the military term for mountain spurs jutting into the lake -- where warning shots were fired in the air by both the armies. On the south bank, the two sides' troops are a few metres away at Spanggur Gap, Mukhpari, and Rezang La. China first made provocative military moves and thereafter, India too deployed troops at these locations. At these two places, both the countries' troops have fired warning shots to stop intimidate each other. PLA troops made movements to occupy the area between Finger 3 and 4 earlier this month which led to firing of around 200 shots in the air. The north bank of the lake is divided into 8 fingers that are contested by both sides. India claims the Line of Actual Control is at Finger 8 and had been holding on to area till Finger 4 but in a clear alteration of status quo, the Chinese have been camping at Finger 4 and have set up fortifications between Finger 5 and 8. India and China are engaged in a four-month-long standoff at the LAC in eastern Ladakh. Despite several levels of dialogue, there has not been any breakthrough and the deadlock continues. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/latest-updates-on-india-china-border-issue/articleshow/78162853.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Chinese air drills in Lhasa, Chinese propaganda against Rajnath Singh and other latest updates on the India-China border issue</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/telecom/news/airtel-seems-to-be-sticking-to-its-strengths-while-its-shareholders-want-jio-like-fireworks/articleshow/78222570.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Airtel seems to be sticking to its strengths while its shareholders want Jio-like fireworks</a>

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