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<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="191583" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Jeff-Bezos">Jeff Bezos</keyword>, Elon Musk, and Richard Branson all have ventures dedicated to <keyword id="41531" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="space">space</keyword> travel. </li><li>Each billionaire has his own vision for humanity's future in space.</li><li>Bezos on Tuesday launched to the edge of space, becoming the second of the three to do so. </li></ul><p>Elon Musk's <keyword id="6360701" type="DEFINITION" weightage="60" keywordseo="spacex">SpaceX</keyword> may be the buzziest name in private <keyword id="718929" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Space-exploration">space exploration</keyword>, but the Tesla CEO isn't the only superrich entrepreneur with grand visions for humanity's future beyond Earth's atmosphere.</p><p>The Amazon founder and fellow centi-billionaire, Jeff Bezos, has his own space firm - <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-stepping-down-amazon-ceo-space-2021-2">Blue Origin</a>. He <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-launches-to-space-blue-origin-first-human-spaceflight-2021-7">flew on the company's human flight</a> to the edge of space on Tuesday, launching 62 miles above the Earth's surface aboard its New Shepard rocket.</p><p>Richard Branson, whose Virgin Group dabbles in everything from airlines to healthcare, launched a commercial-spaceflight company of his own called <keyword id="130495" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Virgin-galactic">Virgin Galactic</keyword>. Earlier this month, he <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-galactic-rocket-plane-flies-richard-branson-crew-to-space-2021-7">launched 53.5 skyward</a> on one of the company's rocket-powered planes, fulfilling a decades-long dream of traveling to space.</p><p>These three companies were all founded within a few years of one another in the early 2000s, but each has its own business model and plans for a space-faring future.</p><p>Here's what Musk, Bezos, and Branson are each trying to accomplish, and where their efforts stand today.</p><h2><strong>Elon Musk</strong></h2><p>Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, years before becoming Tesla's outspoken CEO and cementing himself as a regular fixture in the Twittersphere.</p><p>The company grew out of an <a href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=3698">idea</a> Musk had to send a spacecraft called the "Mars Oasis" to the red planet. The vehicle would deliver an experimental greenhouse and equipment for taking photos of the planet and sending them back to Earth. Musk <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-jeff-bezos-space-mars-colonies-spacex-blue-origin-2019-6">hoped</a> the project would spark a renewed interest in getting to Mars within the US government.</p><div type="image" title="The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket takes off at the Kennedy Space Center on May 30, 2020 in Cape Canaveral, Florida." height="2145" width="3000" msid="82498459" hostid="261"></div><p>He pledged $20 million to fund the mission - and attempted to <a href="https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/">purchase some refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> from Russia to no avail - but discovered that the project was way out of his budget. He <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-jeff-bezos-space-mars-colonies-spacex-blue-origin-2019-6">founded SpaceX</a> to develop reusable rockets that would lower the cost of blasting people and things into space.</p><p>That's what the Hawthorne, California-based SpaceX has spent the better part of the past two decades trying to achieve, and it's made some great strides.</p><div type="image" title="SpaceX launch in Texas" height="1302" width="2000" msid="82498461" hostid="261"></div><p>It has completed numerous launches for commercial and government customers, and in 2012 it became the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station. In 2020 it became the first to send humans to space and to the ISS. And in April <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-elon-musk-nasa-lunar-landing-astronauts-2021-4">NASA picked the company</a> to land the first astronauts on the Moon since 1972.</p><p>SpaceX is also working on a broadband-internet service consisting of thousands of satellites, called Starlink. The service hopes to deliver high-speed internet to remote and rural areas, and SpaceX recently said it had <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-internet-deposit-pre-orders-waitlist-customers-2021-5">more than 500,000 orders</a> and deposits.</p><div type="image" title="SpaceX Starship.JPG" height="3718" width="5569" msid="82498466" hostid="261"></div><p>Ultimately, Musk thinks humanity's future hinges on its ability to settle Mars. He said in 2020 that he wanted to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-plans-1-million-people-to-mars-by-2050-2020-1">establish a city of 1 million people</a> on Mars by 2050. Settlers would get there using a fleet of 1,000 SpaceX Starships - the towering, 387-foot-tall rocket ship the company is designing for deep-space travel.</p><h2><strong>Jeff Bezos</strong></h2><p>Like Musk, the Amazon billionaire Bezos' fascination with space travel stretches back decades. He's been <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/jeff-bezos-blue-origin/">particularly taken</a> with the physicist Gerard O'Neill's visions of floating space stations that could house trillions of humans once Earth runs out of resources.</p><p>To indulge his obsession, Bezos founded <keyword id="199288" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Blue-Origin">Blue Origin</keyword> in 2000 with a similar goal as Musk's venture: Make space exploration cheaper through boosters that can be recycled for future launches. The Kent, Washington-based company operated in total secrecy until about 2003, and Bezos stayed tight-lipped about its plans for more than a decade after that.</p><div type="image" title="new shepard reusable rocket launch 2016 blue origin" height="1080" width="1920" msid="82498471" hostid="261"></div><p>For years now, the company has been testing a suborbital rocket called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/blue-origin-new-shepard-rocket-test-launch-space-tourists-ns14-2021-1?r=tl-sub">New Shepard</a>, built to take paying tourists to the edge of space in a pressurized capsule. The idea is that on a Blue Origin flight, space tourists will be able to catch a glimpse of Earth through large windows and experience a few minutes of weightlessness.</p><p>Blue Origin <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-launches-to-space-blue-origin-first-human-spaceflight-2021-7">completed its first human flight</a> aboard New Shepard on Tuesday when it launched Bezos, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-spaceflight-crew-mark-bezos-wally-funk-oliver-daemen-2021-7">his brother Mark</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wally-funk-82-year-old-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-2021-7">legendary aviator Wally Funk</a>, and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-spaceflight-blue-origin-final-passenger-oliver-daemen-life-2021-7">18-year-old student Oliver Daemen</a> more than 350,000 feet up. Daemen, whose father paid millions for his son's ticket to space, was able to join the flight after the winner of an auction backed out due to scheduling conflicts. </p><p><em><strong>Read more: </strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/axiom-space-first-fully-commercial-orbtial-mission-spacex-crew-dragon-2021-1">A private astronaut explains why his next flight - likely with Tom Cruise - is 'setting the bar for commercial human spaceflight forever'</a></em></p><p>"Ever since I was five years old, I've dreamed of traveling to space," Jeff Bezos wrote in an <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CP0MSOqnYEo/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link">Instagram post</a>. "On July 20th, I will take that journey with my brother. The greatest adventure, with my best friend."</p><div type="image" title="new shepard space capsule interior blue origin 01" height="628" width="800" msid="82498473" hostid="261"></div><p>The company is also developing a larger rocket called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/blue-origin-new-glenn-rockets-2016-9">New Glenn</a> for delivering payloads to low orbit, along with a secretive future project called New Armstrong. If you're sensing a pattern here, you're right - Blue Origin's launch vehicles are all named for former NASA astronauts.</p><p>In 2019, Bezos revealed plans for a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-moon-lunar-lander-2019-5">lunar lander called Blue Moon</a>, which the company said would be ready in 2024 and would eventually help establish a "sustained human presence" on the moon. Blue Origin bid for a contract to land NASA astronauts on the moon and was beat out by SpaceX - but the company is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-elon-musk-spacex-nasa-contract-flawed-2021-4">disputing the decision</a>.</p><div type="image" title="jeff bezos blue origin blue moon" height="3712" width="5568" msid="82498479" hostid="261"></div><p>When Bezos announced plans to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-2021-2">step down</a> as Amazon's CEO in 2021, he said he planned to dedicate more time to his other ventures, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-stepping-down-amazon-ceo-space-2021-2">including Blue Origin</a>. And in a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-interview-axel-springer-ceo-amazon-trump-blue-origin-family-regulation-washington-post-2018-4">2018 interview</a> with Mathias Döpfner, the CEO of Insider's parent company, Axel Springer, Bezos called the rocket company his "most important work."</p><h2><strong>Richard Branson</strong></h2><p>Branson's space venture differs from Blue Origin and SpaceX in a couple of key ways. Virgin Galactic is focused on suborbital tourism, rather than launching people and payloads into space. It also has a radically different method of sending spacecraft out of Earth's atmosphere.</p><div type="image" title="Virgin galactic whiteknighttwo " height="1667" width="2500" msid="82498483" hostid="261"></div><p>Virgin Galactic doesn't launch rockets straight up from the ground like its rivals. Instead, its spacecraft are meant to be flown to 50,000 feet by a broad, dual-fuselage jet called WhiteKnightTwo. From there, the ship detaches and glides for a few seconds before firing up its rocket motor and beginning a near-vertical ascent to about 300,000 feet.</p><p>The company completed its first fully-crewed flight to the edge of space earlier this month, launching its founder and others more than 50 miles skyward. Virgin Galactic planned to accept passengers in 2021, it's pushed those plans to next year. It has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-unity-virtual-tour-inside-rocket-ship-youtube-2020-7?r=tl-sub">sold 600 tickets</a> for $200,000 to $250,000 apiece.</p><div type="image" title="Richard Branson on Virgin Galactic space ship" height="2400" width="3200" msid="84348454" hostid="261"></div><p>When the spacecraft reaches its final altitude, customers will be able to get out of their seats and spend several minutes floating around the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-galactic-spaceship-cabin-design-seats-oculus-virtual-reality-tour-2020-7">luxurious cabin</a> and gazing back at Earth or out into space. Virgin also plans to offer flights for research purposes. Once the spacecraft is pulled back into Earth's atmosphere, it will be piloted back to Virgin's New Mexico facility for a runway landing.</p><div type="image" title="Richard Branson in space aboard a Virgin Galactic rocket plane." height="900" width="1600" msid="84348457" hostid="261"></div><p>Virgin Galactic's spacecraft are reusable, aside from their fuel, and the company hopes to make launching things and people into space more economical and environmentally sound.</p><p>In March, Virgin Galactic <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-galactic-spaceship-vss-imagine-unveiled-2021-3">unveiled the VSS Imagine</a>, the first of its next-generation SpaceShip III vehicles. Before that, it had built and flown two SpaceShipTwo spacecraft, including the VSS Enterprise, which was obliterated in a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-galactic-ntsb-investigation-spaceshiptwo-crash-scaled-composites-2015-7">fatal crash</a> in 2014.</p><div type="image" title="Virgin Galactic VSS Imagine" height="1406" width="2500" msid="82498494" hostid="261"></div>In the future, Virgin Galactic <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/vision/">plans</a> to operate a fleet of vehicles that could fly tourists to space hotels, transport researchers to floating labs, or provide lightning-fast transcontinental flights. In 2017, it spun off a company called Virgin Orbit, which is working to send satellites into orbit using a similar air-launch system.

Jeff Bezos just launched to the edge of space. Here's how Blue Origin's plans stack up to SpaceX and Virgin Galactic.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The most effective kind of fabric face mask is a stitched mask with a tight fit.</li><li>Though bandannas are better than nothing, the fact that it doesn't offer a tight fit at the bottom of the face makes it a poor choice for a face covering. </li><li>If you don't have the skills to stitch a mask and don't want to spend any money, creating a makeshift face covering with a folded handkerchief is a good option. </li></ul><p>Face <keyword id="9418" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="masks">masks</keyword> are now the new normal. And we have a pretty big variety of face coverings to choose from including medical-grade face masks to home-made ones. Fabric face masks, in particular, have become widespread and easily available for the general population. But some fabric face masks are more effective than others at preventing your germs from spreading.<br /><br />Researchers have conducted numerous studies to determine <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-best-face-mask-coronavirus-protection-2020-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">which face masks are most effective</a>. Here, we've looked at the data from various studies and spoken with multiple experts to pinpoint which fabric face masks are best. </p><h2>Going mask-less offers no protection</h2><p>Experts across the board strongly advise against going mask-less. Because being uncovered provides zero protection for you and everyone around you from the novel coronavirus, says <a href="https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/about-us/our-people/iahn-gonsenhauser" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Iahn Gonsenhauser, MD,</a> a Doctor of Internal Medicine and Chief Quality and Patient Safety Officer at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. </p><p>"Masks are what our recovery depends on. But they don't do any good on the shelf; they have to be on our faces," says Gonsenhauser.</p><p>A study published in the <a href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0016018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Physics of Fluids</a> simulated coughs and sneezes using a mannequin head and air pumps that emulated the force of real coughs and sneezes. The researchers tested different face coverings to see which ones did the best job at blocking respiratory droplets and concluded that any mask — even the least effective — were better than no mask at all.</p><h2>Neck gaiters are ineffective</h2><p>A study published in <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/08/07/sciadv.abd3083" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Science Advances</a> found that neck gaiters, specifically neck fleeces, are relatively ineffective face coverings. </p><p>The researchers determined that wearing neck gaiters may actually be counterproductive, because they can cause large respiratory droplets to break up into smaller respiratory droplets, which can stay airborne longer and potentially infect others. </p><p>But it's important to note that this part of the study prompted some <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/well/live/coronavirus-gaiters-masks.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">backlash</a>, with some doctors arguing that gaiters are actually more effective than the Science Advances study claims. Until there is more research, there is no clear consensus as to whether gaiters offer adequate protection. </p><h2>Bandanas are not recommended</h2><p>A bandana is not the best face covering, but it's more ideal than going maskless.</p><p>Bandanas don't do a great job blocking particles through or around the mask, says Gonsenhauer. In fact, the researchers for the Physics of Fluids study found that a simulated sneeze blocked by a bandana still allowed respiratory droplets to jet out 3 feet and 7 inches. </p><p>The study also found that a single layer bandana was the least effective out of the tested coverings, because it doesn't provide an all-around tight fit for the bottom half of the face.</p><p>That said, the researchers did conclude that the bandana slightly reduced the range of respiratory droplets from a cough, making it better than being uncovered.  </p><h2>Folded handkerchiefs are a good homemade option</h2><p>It's possible to create a makeshift mask by folding up a handkerchief, bandana, or even fabric from an old t-shirt. </p><p>In fact, the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPx1yqvJgf4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United States Surgeon General even released a video</a> with instructions on how to create a mask in this way. It involves cutting off the bottom half of a t-shirt, folding it so it has multiple layers, and then securing it with rubber bands.</p><p>In the same 2020 <a href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0016018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Physics of Fluids</a> study, the researchers followed the Surgeon General's folding instructions with a cotton handkerchief and determined this was more effective than the bandana but less effective than a stitched mask or a commercial mask, since a sneeze from behind a folded handkerchief jetted out approximately 1 foot, 3 inches. </p><p>They noticed the most leakage at the top of the mask since it isn't very tightly fitted around the nose area. </p><p>However, despite the fit, one of the benefits of a folded handkerchief, as opposed to a bandana, is that it has more layers. "The more layers there are, the better protection there will be, and the more the cloth will have the ability to prevent the virus from being coughed out onto another person," says <a href="https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/shafir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shira Shafir, PhD, MPH</a>, Associate Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Community <keyword id="6354750" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="health">Health</keyword> Sciences and Epidemiology at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health.</p><p>Gonsenhauser agrees that while droplets can escape from this mask, it's still a fine choice for casual use in non-healthcare environments. </p><h2>Cone-style masks are effective, but allow for some leakage</h2><p>The <a href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0016018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Physics of Fluids</a> study found that a cone-style commercial mask sold in pharmacies was more effective than a bandana or a folded handkerchief style mask. But it still allowed for an 8 inch jet of respiratory droplets.</p><p>Though gaps along the top of the mask allowed for leakage, it was significantly less than the prior two options. The cone style mask was the only commercial mask that this study examined.</p><p>"A cloth face mask is an essential part of ensuring that if somebody is infectious, they keep their virus to themselves. They don't have a chance to cough it or sing it or speak it onto another person," says </p><h2>Stitched mask offer great protection</h2><p>Homemade stitched masks have <a href="https://www.insider.com/etsy-face-masks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">been taking Etsy by a storm</a>, and for good reason. The Physics of Fluids study found that this was the most effective face covering and allowed for only a 2.5-inch jet of droplets.</p><p>Gonsenhauser is a big proponent of this type of face covering, especially when they fit well around the face. He says in that scenario, they can provide a great reduction in the spread of droplet particles. </p><p>"Some modeling studies using computer-generated dynamic models actually showed that these likely provide an even greater control of droplets than commercially produced masks," says Gonsenhauser.</p><p>However, it should be noted that — like all studies — there are some limitations in the Physics of Fluids study. Emulating coughs and sneezes from a mannequin is not equivalent to studying the same behavior in real, sick people.  Moreover, results can vary based on if the person is wearing a mask correctly or not, as well.</p><h2>Medical masks are most effective but should be reserved for healthcare professionals</h2><p>Another study, published in <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/08/07/sciadv.abd3083" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Science Advances</a><strong>,</strong> examined two types of medical masks that the Physics of Fluids study did not: Fitted N95s with no valve and three-layer surgical masks. </p><p>The researchers found that these two were more effective than stitched cotton masks, with the N95s being the most effective, with 0.1% respiratory droplet transmission when the test subjects spoke with a mask on. The three layer surgical masks (the traditional light blue ones that are very common) were the runner ups. </p><p>However, Shafir urges the general public to opt for reusable cloth masks and leave the surgical masks and other medical-grade masks for healthcare providers as well as those who are sick and going into healthcare facilities.</p><h2>The bottom line<strong> </strong></h2><p>Shafir says the most important thing is that you find a mask that's comfortable for you, so you will be more likely to wear it. The more you wear it, the more you'll be reducing potential spread. </p><p>Ideally, that mask should have at least two layers, covering both your nose and mouth, and is <a href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-clean-face-masks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">washed on a regular basis. </a></p><p>For hot, summer weather, Shafir recommends masks made out of cotton since they are more breathable. Moreover,</p><p>for most people, making or purchasing a cloth stitched mask is the best, most effective option. Though medical masks may offer the most protection, it's best to leave those for the people who need it most. </p><h1>Related stories:</h1><ul><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/can-you-reuse-a-face-mask" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Can you reuse a face mask? It won't be as effective if you do</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-kill-germs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to kill germs: Everything you need to know to protect you and your loved ones from infection</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-clean-face-masks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to properly disinfect your cloth face masks, according to an infectious disease specialist</a></strong></li></ul>

What works and what doesn't: The efficacy of different types of fabric face masks

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The relationship between Sen. <keyword id="11930701" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="kyrsten-sinema" source="Orion">Kyrsten Sinema</keyword> and <keyword id="11907754" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="arizona" source="Orion">Arizona</keyword> Democrats has completely broken down.</li><li>The <keyword id="13046398" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="arizona-democratic-party" source="Orion">Arizona Democratic Party</keyword> is furious at her support for the <keyword id="11896866" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="senate" source="Orion">Senate</keyword> <keyword id="12087729" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="filibuster" source="Orion">filibuster</keyword>.</li></ul><p>For three years, Sen. Kyrsten Sinema had been elusive. Local Democrats had marshaled their forces and cash to help elect her to the Senate. But after that, state party officials told Insider, Sinema has rarely engaged with them, declining to hold large public town halls or meetings with state party figures and leaving key Democrats confused by her stance on major issues.</p><p>Then on June 23, 2021, they caught their white whale: they'd gotten a meeting with Sinema, just as they were approaching their breaking point.</p><p>When the Arizona Democratic Party <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/arizona-democratic-party-unanimously-censure-sen-kyrsten-sinema-filibuster-2022-1">formally censured Sinema</a> last week, it was not a sudden fit of pique, but the conclusion of a long-deteriorating relationship between Arizona's senior senator and her state's party machine. Insider spoke with seven members of the Arizona Democratic Party about their organization's frustration with Sinema, which had been building since her election to the Senate in 2018.</p><p>The senator's blockage of President Joe Biden's key legislative proposals, coupled with what local Democrats view as her inaccessibility in the state, has led to a breakdown with little chance of healing. Should the schism persist, it could affect Sinema's ability to run a successful re-election campaign in <keyword id="12020051" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="2024" source="Orion">2024</keyword>.</p><p>"Her support among the party members has collapsed," Michael Slugocki, a vice-chairperson of the Arizona Democratic Party, told Insider. "People are frankly done with her."</p><p>Much of the outrage directed at Sinema now was fomented back on that June call. Furious at her support for keeping the Senate filibuster, which party members saw as a blockade to voting rights legislation, equality measures, and other key elements of the Democratic agenda, they wanted to press Sinema on her rationale for the vote and urge her to change her position. Despite their differences with the senator, they hoped for a productive dialogue.</p><p>What happened instead, as board member Brianna Westbrook told Insider, was "one of the most …one-sided Zoom calls I've ever participated in."</p><p>Sinema kept her camera off for the duration of the Zoom call, according to Westbrook. </p><p>In a recording of the meeting obtained by Insider, Sinema can be heard reading an eight-minute statement in response to pre-submitted questions from the executive board.</p><p> "I understand the frustration about the lack of bipartisan cooperation, and I often share it because I was elected to get things done for Arizona," Sinema said. "But as you know, I believe that all or nothing political battles leave us with nothing, and they don't help us achieve lasting results."</p><p>Westbrook asked Sinema to commit to "holding three town halls by the end of October." Sinema declined to commit, telling Westbrook and the board to follow up with a staffer overseeing her schedule.</p><p>"I am out in the state all the time, working with folks, listening to folks, and ensuring that I and my team are hearing from constituents throughout the state," Sinema said. "And that of course is something that obviously I remain committed to."</p><p>The board members asked three questions before Sinema had to leave.</p><p>The call only lasted 17 minutes, but the damage was done. </p><p>Six months later, Sinema enraged members of her own party by voting with Senate Republicans to keep the filibuster intact, thereby ensuring the failure of two pieces of voting rights legislation that were top priorities for Democrats. </p><p>Sinema's office pushed back on criticism that she had not been accessible in the state and provided Insider with a lengthy list of <a href="https://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/sen-kyrsten-sinema-on-the-passage-of-her-infrastructure-bill-and-whats-next">local interviews</a>, <a href="https://www.sinema.senate.gov/sinema-aarp-hold-tele-town-hall-coronavirus-arizona-seniors">tele-town halls</a>, and <a href="https://www.12news.com/article/news/local/arizona/he-chose-spend-his-time-with-grant-woods-remembered-love-family-service-that-authentic-grant-woods/75-b76b320b-ee05-4020-89af-cac8a31d8f58">in-person events </a>she had held over the past year. </p><p>"Arizona input and values fuel Senator Sinema's work and she consistently meets with and hears from folks across the state, including in recent weeks when she has held numerous in-person and virtual meetings and calls with Arizonans of all backgrounds – from student groups to civil rights leaders –on a variety of issues," a Sinema spokesperson Hannah Hurley said in a statement to Insider.</p><p>"She hasn't considered who's gonna knock on doors for her, who's gonna phone bank for her," Slugocki said. "I can't think of a person who's gonna phone bank for her or door knock for her in 2024. Everyone who got her into office in 2018 is done with her."</p><div type="image" title="Democratic Sen. Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona speaks as Republican Sens. Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine stand by on Capitol Hill on July 28, 2021." height="1500" width="2000" msid="89168375" hostid="261"></div><h2><strong>'She was the AOC of Arizona'</strong></h2><p>Democrats who knew Sinema back in the day have a hard time squaring the onetime Green Party activist who championed LGBTQ rights and fought against Republican-backed immigration laws with the senator who they believe now votes against her party's interests.</p><p>Sinema started out as a member of the Arizona Green Party, working on Ralph Nader's 2000 presidential campaign. She once protested outside a 2003 campaign event for then-Connecticut Sen. Joe Lieberman in Tucson, calling him "a shame to Democrats,"<a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/05/from-radical-activist-to-senate-obstructionist-the-metamorphosis-of-kyrsten-sinema/"> according to Mother Jones.</a></p><p>"I don't even know why he's running," Sinema said at the time. "He seems to want to get Republicans voting for him—what kind of strategy is that?"</p><p>Sinema briefly became an Independent before officially making the switch to the Democratic Party. In 2008, she was elected to the Arizona House of Representatives. While serving in the state legislature, "She was a voice in the Arizona Democratic Party for immigrants, Latinos, against some of the most conservative Republican voices," said Dan O'Neal, an official with the Arizona Democratic Party and organizer with Progressive Democrats of America.</p><p>"She was the AOC of Arizona at one point," O'Neal said, referring to New York Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who has become the face of young progressives.</p><p>Sinema got elected to the US House of Representatives in 2012, and her shift to the middle commenced. </p><p>"I think the expectation was that she would continue to represent the way she did in the state legislature," said Patti Serrano, chair of the Arizona Democratic Party's progressive caucus and who years later would help draft a September 2021 resolution threatening to censure Sinema. "There was the expectation that that Sinema would continue, and it did not."</p><p>Sinema joined the House's main moderate caucus, the Blue Dog Democrats, and would occasionally take votes that baffled Democrats back home.</p><p>Slugocki cited Sinema's 2015 vote in favor of a House bill that placed more stringent screening requirements on refugees. It wasn't that she was one of 48 Democrats to vote with Republicans that puzzled Arizona Democrats. It was the fact that she had touted her record working with refugees before going into <keyword id="11893346" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="politics" source="Orion">politics</keyword>, and as a lawyer in 2007 had represented an Iraqi refugee whose background check was delayed, <a href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/immigration/2015/11/19/kyrsten-sinemas-surprising-vote-syrian-refugees/76066450/">AZ Central reported.</a></p><p>At the time, Sinema said the bill allowed the US "to shelter those in need and keep our homeland safe from terrorism."</p><p>"That was a big shock for a lot of people," Slugocki said of the vote. He remembered thinking, "something is different here."</p><div type="image" title="Democratic senators Kyrsten Sinema and Joe Manchin talk in a Senate elevator." height="3000" width="6000" msid="89168376" hostid="261"></div><h2><strong>More than her voting record</strong></h2><p>Regardless of misgivings from some of its members, the Arizona Democratic Party threw its weight behind Sinema during her 2018 Senate race.<strong> </strong></p><p>"She was working with the apparatus of the state party, to coordinate a lot of things," Slugocki said. "We were phone-banking, door-knocking, canvassing. The state party was right there with her."</p><p>Sinema narrowly defeated Republican Martha McSally, marking the first time a Democratic senator had held a seat in Arizona since 1995. Though the House of Representatives flipped that year to Democrats' control, Sinema joined a Senate chamber still ruled by Republicans and their shrewd majority leader, Mitch McConnell. Donald Trump was president, and most Democratic legislative priorities had little chance of passage.</p><p>Arizona Democrats who had long known Sinema say they empathized with her need to court the middle in a state where Independents make up the largest share of voters, followed by Republicans. But they'd hoped that the version of Sinema who'd aligned with progressive positions on immigration, refugees, and LGBTQ rights back in her state legislature days was heading to Washington, too.</p><p>"It has been always bad," Westbrook said of the state party's relationship with Sinema. "But we had a level of understanding knowing we have not had the majority. She was working under Republicans in Washington, DC."</p><p>"Many of us had hoped that once Democrats did win, we would see the person that we all thought this person was, who was gonna adjust to the political climate and make the necessary changes to meet the moment, sail with the winds of the time. And be able to enact legislation if they're in the majority."</p><p>When Democrats took the Senate and the White House in 2020, they scored a long-sought trifecta that would theoretically allow them to pass major agenda items on voting rights, healthcare, immigration, and LGBTQ rights. But with the Senate divided evenly between Democrats and Republicans, every vote was crucial. And the Senate filibuster remained intact, meaning that Republicans could blockade most major bills even though they were in the minority.</p><p>Sinema has become a controversial figure among Democrats, but nowhere more than Arizona, where local Democratic officials are outraged with her choices. </p><p><strong> </strong>But her voting record is only one cause of their anger.</p><p><strong> </strong>Arizona Democrats perceived Sinema as disengaged with her own voters in the state, and disinterested in working with the party apparatus there. A common talking point of Sinema's critics, echoed by Westbrook, is that she refuses to hold public events.  "She has not held one single town hall in three years, whether it be in person, virtual, in any capacity," Westbrook said. </p><p><strong> </strong>Sinema has in fact held smaller tele-town halls, such as <a href="https://www.sinema.senate.gov/sinema-aarp-hold-tele-town-hall-coronavirus-arizona-seniors">events with Arizona AARP members</a> in April and <a href="https://www.kawc.org/politics/2020-05-07/sen-sinema-acknowledges-statewide-progress-during-tele-townhall">May of 2020</a>, focused on the coronavirus pandemic.</p><p><strong> </strong>Sinema's office said that she has "while in-person town halls are rare in general, the senator has held a number of tele-town halls during her time in the Senate." </p><p><strong> </strong>Sinema does attend events in Arizona, but they tend to be smaller in scale. She frequently publishes photos of her meetings with local officials on her Instagram. In November, <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CWofrs_j031/">she attended a roundtable in Mesa with Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg</a>, helped announce $54 million for forest restoration and fire prevention during <a href="https://apnews.com/article/flagstaff-arizona-forests-environment-and-nature-66ba3b5535191b9dfb34e9b3cf2763c5">a meeting in Flagstaff</a>, and touted the construction of a new facility for Gulfstream jets at <a href="https://kyma.com/news/2021/11/10/sinema-welcomes-gulfstreams-investment-in-facility-construction-to-create-new-jobs/">Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport.</a> This January, she visited the site of a <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CYz5eoaJ3lX/">metro expansion project in Phoenix</a> to tout Biden's infrastructure bill. She tends to grant interviews to Arizona media over national outlets.</p><p>Sinema has not, to Westbrook or Slugocki's knowledge, personally held meetings with Arizona Democratic Party leadership beyond their Zoom call in June 2021. During that meeting, one of their demands was for Sinema to hold town halls with constituents.</p><p><strong> </strong>"She barely reaches out to the state party," Slugocki said. "Her staff is very difficult to contact or coordinate with. It's a very strange relationship at the moment, and getting worse if not at a breaking point right now."</p><div type="image" title="Kyrsten Sinema" height="1799" width="3599" msid="89168378" hostid="261"></div><h2><strong>Breaking points for Democrats</strong></h2><p>Critics of Sinema point to two key votes as breaking points for party members. </p><p>The first was <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/06/sinema-thumbs-down/">her vote against including a $15 minimum wage provision</a> in a coronavirus relief bill in March 2021. Seven other Democrats voted against including the measure. But Sinema was caught on chamber cameras mimicking the late Republican Sen. John McCain's thumbs down gesture, performing a slight knee bend, and walking off the floor. The clip went viral, and her critics viewed the moment as a flippant disregard for working-class people.</p><p>The gesture "enraged everyone in Arizona," Slugocki said. </p><p>"That was when people started paying attention to whether or not she was someone who we would continuously get behind," said April Ignacio, chair of the Arizona Democratic Party's Native American caucus.</p><p>The second was her support for the filibuster.</p><p>For the entirety of Biden's presidency, Senate Democrats have weighed ending or altering the filibuster rule to give themselves a runway to pass their agenda. They've faced intense pressure from progressives, activists, and advocacy organizations to do so. But two Democratic senators have stood by the rule: Joe Manchin of West Virginia, and Sinema.</p><p>In September, the Arizona Democratic Party issued a resolution that urged Sinema to help repeal the filibuster. If she did not, the resolution said, they would be forced to hold a vote of no confidence against her. </p><p>Both Sinema and Manchin joined Republicans to vote against changing Senate rules to alter the filibuster to allow passage of two voting rights bills. Sinema <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/kyrsten-sinema-fiibuster-speech-efforts-to-primary-arizona-senator-2022-1">made a speech</a> from the Senate floor defending her choice. "I will not support separate actions that worsen the underlying disease of division infecting our country," she said.</p><p>And it was at that moment that Arizona Democrats had enough.</p><p>"Sinema is dead to me at this point," said Ann Heitland, chairwoman of the Coconino County Democratic Party.</p><p>The following Saturday, they took the extraordinary step of censuring their own senator. Meanwhile,<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/kyrsten-sinema-fiibuster-speech-efforts-to-primary-arizona-senator-2022-1"> three separate campaigns,</a> including a primary pledge backed by state party members like Westbrook and O'Neal, have formed to oust her in her 2024 primary. Rep. Ruben Gallego, a Phoenix-area congressman, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ruben-gallego-kyrsten-sinema-filibuster-primary-challenge-arizona-progressives-2022-1">is high on progressives' wish list</a>.</p><p>A blue seat in a purple state is not something the Democratic Party can take for granted. Sinema has proven she can win in Arizona, which is still not an easy feat for a Democrat.</p><p>"I don't see this censure as just, 'we are not seeing eye to eye and we're packing up our Barbies and leaving'," said Ignacio. "I think that regardless of whether we agree or not we have to maintain a relationship with the senator because she still represents us."</p><p>At the moment, party officials say they're focused on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/kyrsten-sinema-filibuster-democrats-mark-kelly-arizona-senate-race-2022-1">re-electing Mark Kelly</a> to a full term in the Senate in November.</p><p>Sinema's primary in 2024 will likely test who needs the other more: Kyrsten Sinema, or the Arizona Democratic Party? The censure could mean that Sinema loses a bundle of cash and an army of volunteers to call donors, register voters, and knock on doors across the state. </p><p>"I'm sure after November, there will be some serious come-to-Jesus meetings about what to do with Sinema," O'Neal said. "I'm predicting the party will probably not spend resources to support her."</p><p>"Will they spend resources to support a primary challenger? Probably not directly," O'Neal said. "If she wins the primary, I will suggest that there will be half-baked support for her."</p><p>Grassroots activists, he said, could "leave her on her own."</p><p>"Unless she changes her position," O'Neal added. "And we're always hoping that will happen."</p>

Inside Sen. Kyrsten Sinema's long, messy breakup with Arizona Democrats

<p><em>Hello everyone! </em><em>Welcome to this weekly roundup of Business Insider stories from executive editor Matt Turner. Please <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/subscription/prime-discount?r=birefer-mturner">subscribe to Business Insider here</a> to get this newsletter in your inbox every Sunday.</em></p><p>Hello!</p><p>One-click checkout startup Fast <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fast-pitch-deck-series-a-stripe-raise-20-million-2020-5#-2">raised $20 million</a> from investors including Index Ventures and fintech Stripe in May. On Tuesday Fast's cofounder and CEO Domm Holland, and Jan Hammer, general partner at Index Ventures, will chat with Shannen Balogh about how to build a pitch deck, and what it takes to win over investors. Sign up for the digital event here:</p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/webinar-one-click-checkout-startup-fast-pitch-deck2020-6">SIGN UP NOW: On Tuesday we're talking to Fast CEO Domm Holland about how he crafted the perfect pitch to raise $20 million from top investors</a></p><p>Separately:</p><ul><li>You can now get the top healthcare stories delivered daily to your inbox. <a href="http://newsletter.businessinsider.com/join/4np/dispensed-daily">Sign up here</a>. </li><li>Starting this week, you can get the top stories in advertising and media delivered daily to your inbox. <a href="http://newsletter.businessinsider.com/join/4np/advertising-daily&amp;hash=18314fddd489bfcd9068b6ea16435cb15cb1">Sign up here</a>. </li></ul><p>Read on for more on <keyword id="907634" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Jeffrey-Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</keyword>'s little black book, Gen Z day traders, an energy CEO who may face charges for pulling a gun, and the top stories you might have missed.</p><h2>Jeffrey Epstein's little black book</h2><p><div type="image" title="jeffrey epstein black book flight names 2x1" height="1200" width="2400" msid="76926414" hostid="261"></div></p><p>There are more than 1,500 people listed in Jeffrey Epstein's infamous little black book, Angela Wang reported this week. Now you can search them all. From her story:</p><p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>Among them are royalty and nobility, celebrities and academics, art collectors and hedge funders, politicians and heads of state: a motley compendium of global high society.</em></p><p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>Business Insider has transcribed and tabulated the black book in its entirety, making the entries in the late sex offender's notorious Rolodex fully searchable for the first time.</em></p><p>You can search Business Insider's database right here:</p><p><strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/search-jeffrey-epsteins-little-black-book-for-the-first-time-2020-7">There are 1,510 people in Jeffrey Epstein's little black book. Now you can search them all for the first time.</a></strong></p><p>Angela also compiled a dataset of every known flight made by Jeffrey Epstein's private jets. Per her story, the sex offender owned a Gulfstream IV, a Gulfstream GV-SP, and a Boeing 727 nicknamed the "Lolita Express." </p><p><strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/every-flight-made-by-jeffrey-epsteins-private-jets-2020-7">We compiled every known flight made by Jeffrey Epstein's fleet of private planes. Search them all for the first time.</a></strong></p><h2><strong>Gen Z day traders</strong></h2><p><strong><div type="image" title="Robinhood stock trading app" height="800" width="1919" msid="76926417" hostid="261"></div></strong></p><p>Joe Mecane, the head of execution services at Citadel Securities, said this week that <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/retail-investors-quarter-of-stock-market-coronavirus-volatility-trading-citadel-2020-7-1029382035#">r</a><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/retail-investors-quarter-of-stock-market-coronavirus-volatility-trading-citadel-2020-7-1029382035#">etail investors have accounted for as much as 25% of the stock market's activity</a> in recent months, Ben Winck reported.</p><p>Robinhood added more than 3 million new accounts in the first quarter alone, meanwhile, and as Ben reported, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gen-z-millennial-day-retail-trader-interviews-wall-street-options-2020-7">posts on investing forums have topped Reddit's "popular" page</a>. From Ben's story:</p><p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>As the stock market attempted to claw back from multiyear lows spurred by the coronavirus outbreak, retail investors flooded the market with speculative bets and improbable picks.</em></p><p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>They bought struggling airline and cruise stocks in droves. They rushed into shares of tiny biotechs offering faint hopes of a COVID-19 vaccine. They even <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/hertz-stock-price-skyrockets-since-filing-bankruptcy-traders-global-holdings-2020-6-1029285231" target="_blank" rel="noopener">piled into</a> shares of <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/htz-stock" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hertz</a>, a bankrupt company whose stock is viewed as worthless in the long run.</em></p><p>He talked to two Gen Z day traders to find out what makes them tick. You can read his story here:</p><p><strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gen-z-millennial-day-retail-trader-interviews-wall-street-options-2020-7">Wall Street is being shaken to its core by a legion of Gen Z day traders. From a casual hobbyist to a 20-year-old running a 14,000-person platform, meet the new generation of retail investors.</a></strong></p><p>Elsewhere in investing news:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tech-stocks-to-buy-cloud-picks-top-analyst-brent-bracelin-2020-7">The most accurate tech analyst on Wall Street says these 6 stocks have potential for huge gains as they transform the sector</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/next-stock-market-crash-technical-analysis-indicators-to-watch-bofa-2020-7">Bank of America identifies 3 indicators that could make or break the stock market this summer – and warns they're all deteriorating fast</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-market-investing-strategy-advice-2020-us-election-outcomes-ubs-2020-7">UBS has compiled an investing playbook for all the possible election outcomes. Here are the 6 trades it recommends to profit from a Trump triumph — and 10 for a Biden blue wave.</a></li></ul><h2>Energy CEO may face charges</h2><p><div type="image" title="Paul Favret resource energy apollo" height="1382" width="1843" msid="76926418" hostid="261"></div></p><p>From Dakin Campbell: </p><p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>A senior executive at a Colorado company backed by Apollo Global Management may face charges over pulling a gun on a Mexican American couple that took a wrong turn onto his property. </em></p><p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>Paul Favret, the CEO of Resource Energy, may be charged with two counts of menacing and two counts of false imprisonment, according to an arrest warrant issued for Favret that was seen by Business Insider. </em></p><p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>"After being made aware of this last week, Resource Energy Partners placed Mr. Favret on administrative leave and retained outside counsel to conduct a thorough review of the incident," a company spokesman said.</em></p><p>You can read the story in full here:</p><p><strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/apollo-backed-energy-firms-ceo-may-be-charged-for-pulling-gun-on-couple-2020-7">The CEO of an Apollo-backed energy company may face charges for pulling a gun on a Mexican American couple that took a wrong turn near his Colorado home</a></strong></p><p>Below are headlines on some of the stories you might have missed from the past week.</p><p>— Matt</p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-biden-campaign-finance-billion-dollars-2020-campaign-spending-2020-7">Billions of dollars are gushing through Election 2020. Here are 9 things you need to know, including who's winning in the Trump vs Biden main event.</a></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/productivity-tips-hamilton-creator-lin-manuel-miranda-2020-7">'Hamilton' creator Lin-Manuel Miranda's best advice for juggling projects, meeting deadlines, and never throwing away your shot</a></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wells-fargo-barings-other-lenders-are-selling-off-hotel-loans-2020-7">A growing group of lenders are looking to unload hundreds of millions of dollars of souring hotel loans. Teams hired to sell the portfolios say it's just the beginning of a surge in activity.</a></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-people-that-could-benefit-most-from-palantirs-ipo-2020-7">These 11 people should grow from rich to richer if Palantir has a successful IPO</a></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/which-white-shoe-law-firms-took-ppp-loans-small-businesses-2020-7">Inside the legal industry's reaction as it deals with the messy optics of white-shoe law firms taking PPP money</a></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/three-ex-employees-sue-wework-in-separate-discrimination-suits-2020-7">WeWork faces 3 new discrimination and harassment lawsuits, including a complaint that says a manager brought knives and a crossbow to work</a></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/top-immigrant-tech-execs-venture-capitalists-oppose-trump-work-visas-2020-7">16 top tech leaders who came to the US from around the world explain their forceful opposition to Trump's freeze on immigrant work visas: 'It's only going to make America less competitive'</a></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/get-a-job-at-mckinsey-problem-solving-game-management-consulting-2020-7">I tried the McKinsey problem-solving game every candidate has to beat to land a 6-figure job at the firm. Here's what you need to know to prepare for the test and impress recruiters.</a></p>

We tabulated Jeffrey Epstein's notorious little black book, making its entries searchable for the first time

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div></p><ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/daylight-saving-time" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Daylight-saving time</a> (DST) ends Sunday, November 3 at 2 a.m. in the US. Clocks will move back one hour.</li><li>In the US, DST started in the early 1900s as a way to cut energy use. Today, many Americans think it's no longer worth the hassle.</li><li>Research suggests changing the clocks can <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/daylight-saving-time-is-deadly-2018-3">increase health risks and accidents</a> in the days after DST starts.</li><li>Some US states have opted out of DST or are trying to keep the clocks shifted forward year-round.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul><p>On Sunday, November 3 at 2:00 a.m., most clocks in North America will fall back by one hour.</p><p>But increasingly, many people in the US want to be done with this clock-changing ritual for good.</p><p>Daylight-saving time (DST) was first implemented during World War I as a way to cut energy use. Not waking up in the dark, the thinking went, would decrease fuel use for lighting and heating, and this would help conserve energy supplies for the war effort. </p><p>The US established daylight-saving time in 1918 through the Calder Act (also known as the Standard Time Act), which also created standard time zones in the US. After WWI ended, it was left up to states to choose whether to continue it.</p><p>More than a century later, the US is a divided nation on the matter. A <a href="https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/march_2012/34_see_daylight_saving_time_as_an_energy_saver" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2012 Rasmussen poll</a> of 1,000 American adults found that 45% thought daylight saving was worth it, while more than 40% considered <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/daylight-saving-time-isnt-worth-the-trouble-it-causes-2016-11" rel="noreferrer">it worthless</a>. In 2017, about 41% of Americans <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310202823/http://www.princetondatasource.com/assets/1/17/PSRAI-03-12-17.pdf?6996" target="_blank" rel="noopener">polled by Princeton</a> said losing an hour in the spring was disruptive.</p><p>As of today, people have sent about 164,582 messages to Congress in a (often comical) <a href="https://www.petition2congress.com/6284/end-daylight-savings-time/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">petition to end DST</a> in the US.</p><p>Some of the public comments are practical appeals: "I own a child care [center], every year we have children crying because, 'it's getting dark and mommy or daddy have not picked me up yet.' They don't understand," wrote one anonymous signer from Crestline, Ohio.</p><p>Others issued blunt emotional appeals.</p><p>"This is the worst energy-wasting garbage idea ever conceived," David D. of Los Angeles, California, said.</p><p>"Please stop this, everyone hates it," D.H. from Swedesboro, New Jersey, wrote.</p><h2>The problems with daylight-saving time</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div></p><p>According to advocacy groups like <a href="https://www.standardtime.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Standardtime.com</a>, which are trying to abolish daylight-saving time, claims about energy savings are unproven.</p><p>"If we are saving energy, let's go year-round with daylight-saving time," the group wrote. "If we are not saving energy, let's drop daylight-saving time!"</p><p>In his book "<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Spring-Forward-Annual-Madness-Daylight/dp/1593760531" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Spring Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Saving Time</a>," Michael Downing says there isn't much evidence that daylight saving decreases energy use. In fact, sometimes DST seems to increase energy use.</p><p>In Indiana, for example, where DST was implemented statewide in 2006, <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w14429" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">researchers saw</a> that people used less electricity for light, but those gains were canceled out by people who used more air-conditioning during the early evenings. That's because 6 p.m. felt more like 5 p.m., when the sun still shines brightly in the summer and homes haven't had the chance to cool off.</p><p>DST also increases gasoline consumption, something Downing says the petroleum industry has known since the 1930s. This is probably because evening activities - and the vehicle use they require - increase with that extra daylight.</p><p>There are also <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/daylight-savings-time-bad-health-effects-sleep-2016-3">health issues associated with changing the clocks</a>. Similar to the way jet lag makes you feel out of whack, daylight-saving time is like scooting one time zone over. This can disrupt our sleep, metabolism, mood, stress levels, and other bodily rhythms. In the days after DST starts or ends, researchers have observed a <a href="https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2013/03/09/daylight-saving-time-could-have-an-impact-on-your-health/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">spike in heart attacks</a>, <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/94/5/1305/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">increased numbers of work injuries</a>, and more <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457503000150" target="_blank" rel="noopener">automobile</a> <a href="https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2018/09000/Excess_Risk_of_Fatal_Road_Traffic_Accidents_on_the.25.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">crashes</a>.</p><h2>Reasons to keep daylight-saving time</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div></p><p>However, one analysis from 2008 found that a small amount of energy was saved after we extended DST by four weeks <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/daylight-saving-time-bad-health-effects-2015-10">in 2005</a>.</p><p>According to the <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2013/1030/Daylight-saving-time-ends-Does-it-save-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Christian Science Monitor</a>: "Most advocates cite a 2008 report to Congress by the Department of Energy which showed that total electricity savings from the extended daylight-saving period amounted to 1.3 terawatt-hours, or 0.03 percent of electricity consumption over the year. That's a tiny number. But if electricity costs 10 cents per kilowatt, that means an estimated $130 million in savings each year."</p><p>More evening light also inspires people to go out and spend money. Downing <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7779869" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">told NPR</a> that this comes in the form of activities like shopping and playing golf; in 1986, the golf industry told Congress that an extra month of daylight saving was worth $200 million. The barbecue industry said extending DST would boost sales by $100 million.</p><p>Additionally, changing the law can be expensive. One legislature representative in Alberta, Canada, suggested that holding a referendum on DST may <a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/referendum-on-ditching-daylight-saving-time-would-cost-alberta-millions-committee-1.3587257" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cost the province between $2 million and $6 million</a>, even if it were put into a standard election ballot, and that holding a special DST vote on its own might cost $22 million to organize and execute.</p><p>Still, some countries and US states have abolished the clock-change, and more keep attempting it.</p><h2>A world divided over time</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div></p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaylightSaving-World-Subdivisions.png">map above</a> shows a breakdown of which parts of the world have gotten rid of daylight-saving time or never had it to begin with. Blue areas observe DST, red areas never have, and orange areas once did but have since abolished it. The European Union has voted to get rid of DST starting in 2021.</p><p>As the map also shows, some parts of the US have chosen not to observe daylight-saving time, including most of Arizona (<a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/08/no-arizona-daylight-saving-time/24619125/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">excluding the Navajo and Hopi reservations in the northeast</a>) and Hawaii.</p><p>In California, nearly <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_7,_Permanent_Daylight_Saving_Time_Measure_(2018)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">60%</a> of voters in the 2018 midterm election approved a measure to lock time in DST, though only with a two-thirds vote by the state legislature. Florida lawmakers approved a similar bill last year. In both cases, however, federal law stipulates that Congress must approve any move to make DST permanent. </p><h2>Alternate proposals to DST</h2><p>Standardtime.com has a unique suggestion about how to address this DST problem.</p><p>Their proposal is to split the continental US in half (based on the red line below), creating two time zones that are two hours apart.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div></p><p>Compare that to the current state of things in America.</p><p>Right now, the US is broken into six time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaska, and Hawaii-Aleutian time, each one hour apart from the next.</p><p>These time zones exist so that areas in the east of each time zone get sunrise at about the same time.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div></p><p>Under Standardtime.com's proposed system, the US' East and West Coasts would be only two hours apart. This would standardize more travel and meeting times within the country.</p><p>But sunrise and sunset would happen at wildly different times for many areas of the nation. For example, the sun rose in New York City at about 6:15 a.m. ET on Friday and in Chicago at 6:10 a.m. CT; but if the two were in the same time zone, sunrise would be at 8:15 "Eastern Time" in Chicago.</p><p>Johns Hopkins University professors Richard Henry and Steven Hanke have come up with yet another possible alternative: <a href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/5871546/the-hanke-henry-permanent-calendar-would-put-us-all-in-one-big-happy-timezone" target="_blank" rel="noopener">adopting a single time zone worldwide</a>. They argue that the internet has eliminated the need for discrete time zones across the globe, so we might as well just do away with them. </p><p>Of course, no change to daylight-saving time or time zones in general would satisfy everyone. But the absence of major energy savings, coupled with the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/daylight-savings-time-bad-health-effects-sleep-2016-3">negative toll DST takes on people's health</a>, are reason enough to do away with this ritual altogether.</p><p class="tagline"><a href="/intelligence/digital-health?IR=T&amp;itm_source=businessinsider&amp;itm_medium=ctgr_bii&amp;itm_term=ctgr_subscription&amp;itm_content=health&amp;itm_campaign=digital-health-3"></a><p>Featured Digital Health Articles:<br />- <a href="/telehealth-industry-explained">Telehealth Industry: Benefits, Services &amp; Examples</a><br />- <a href="/value-based-care-pay-for-performance-healthcare-model">Value-Based Care Model: Pay-for-Performance Healthcare</a><br />- <a href="/senior-care-market-trends">Senior Care &amp; Assisted Living Market Trends</a><br />- <a href="/wearable-technology-healthcare-medical-devices">Smart Medical Devices: Wearable Tech in Healthcare</a><br />- <a href="/artificial-intelligence-healthcare">AI in Healthcare</a><br />- <a href="/remote-patient-monitoring-industry-explained">Remote Patient Monitoring Industry: Devices &amp; Market Trends</a></p></p>

Daylight-saving time is about to an end. It's one of the world's stupidest rituals.

<p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div><ul><li><strong><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/spacex">SpaceX</a> is launching a Falcon 9 rocket into space for the second time this week. It will carry supplies to NASA's International Space Station, located 250 miles above Earth.</strong></li><li><strong>The cargo will allow <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/nasa">NASA</a> scientists to conduct several experiments, like the best conditions for growing food and constructing materials in space.</strong></li><li><strong>You can watch the rocket lift-off live on Monday afternoon.</strong></li></ul><p>Three days ago, in an effort&#xa0;<span>to cover the Earth in powerful broadband internet,&#xa0;</span><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/spacex">SpaceX</a> blasted off <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-falcon-9-iridium-satellites-into-space-2018-3">10&#xa0;<span>internet-providing</span>&#xa0;satellites</a>&#xa0;<span>on a Falcon 9, a rocket designed to transport cargo.</span></p><p><span>The company is now launching another Falcon 9 to the International Space Station in partnership with <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/nasa">NASA</a>. The rocket will carry 5,800 pounds of supplies and systems that will study&#xa0;Earth's thunderstorms, potential pathogens in space, new ways to treat wounds and diseases, and more. </span></p><p><span>The rocket - which will use a SpaceX capsule called "Dragon" to hold the cargo - will lift off from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Monday.</span></p><p><span><a href="https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/172034457409/science-heavy-spacex-dragon-headed-to-space?linkId=49928235">According to</a> NASA, the mission's goal is to get the supplies to space and conduct a series of <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> experiments at the space station, located </span><span>250 miles above Earth.</span></p><h2><span>How to watch the rocket blast off</span></h2><p><span>At 4 p.m. ET, NASA plans to start covering the launch live. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/#public">You can watch online here</a>.&#xa0;<a href="http://www.spacex.com/webcast">SpaceX's coverage</a>&#xa0;(in the embedded video below) will start 10 minutes later, leading up to lift-off at 4:30 p.m. ET.</span></p><p>If the launch doesn't go as planned (due to weather conditions or technical malfunctions, for example), NASA and SpaceX will <a href="http://www.spacex.com/webcast">try again</a> tomorrow<span>, April 3 at 4:08 p.m. ET. As The Verge <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/2/17187972/spacex-falcon-9-nasa-crs-14-launch-watch-live">notes</a>, the forecast for&#xa0;Cape Canaveral's weather forecast appears to be <a href="http://www.patrick.af.mil/Portals/14/documents/Weather/Launch%20Info/L-1%20Forecast%202%20April%20Launch.pdf?ver=2018-04-01-133225-547">80% favorable</a> for the launch, with the possibility of some rain and clouds.</span></p><h2><span>What NASA seeks to study</span></h2><p><span>At the International Space Station, NASA will conduct experiments that could offer data on possible innovations in a variety of fields, including medicine, agriculture, and construction. These include experiments on severe thunderstorms in Earth's atmosphere, how particular materials and pathogens react in space, new ways to develop drugs, and ideal environments for growing crops in space.</span></p><p><span><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div></span></p><p><span>One experiment will explore how&#xa0;plants respond to microgravity so that NASA can potentially grow food for future long-term missions.&#xa0;The experiment, called the&#xa0;<a href="https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2Fexplorer%2FInvestigation.html%3F%23id%3D7581&amp;t=ZWVkMGVmYzhmOGRmYTM2YjNlNTc4YzBmZTI2MjBkYWJmYWNiNjhiOCxlNVBaaExxUg%3D%3D&amp;b=t%3AUFcrB_DpY1hYQssYTNl5fw&amp;p=https%3A%2F%2Fnasa.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F172034457409%2Fscience-heavy-spacex-dragon-headed-to-space&amp;m=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Veggie Passive Orbital Nutrient Delivery System (Veggie PONDS),</a>&#xa0;will test a machine that gives nutrients to lettuce and mizuna greens for harvest and consumption in orbit.&#xa0;</span><a href="https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/172034457409/science-heavy-spacex-dragon-headed-to-space?linkId=49928235">According to</a> NASA, the PONDS design can&#xa0;<span>accommodate a variety of plant types.</span></p><p><span><a href="https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2Fexplorer%2FInvestigation.html%3F%23id%3D1822&amp;t=YmNkZjg4ODA2NWFiNDZkMTY0YTVjYjhiZmNmZDhlYTQ4NzE5MjkyYixlNVBaaExxUg%3D%3D&amp;b=t%3AUFcrB_DpY1hYQssYTNl5fw&amp;p=https%3A%2F%2Fnasa.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F172034457409%2Fscience-heavy-spacex-dragon-headed-to-space&amp;m=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Additionally, the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM)</a>&#xa0;experiment will study severe thunderstorms in Earth's atmosphere as well as upper-atmospheric lightning.&#xa0;</span></p><p><span>These events include sprites (faint flashes that occur high above thunderstorms); blue jets (lightning discharges from cloud tops near the stratosphere); and ELVES ( concentric rings of light emissions that typically lasts for one&#xa0;millisecond). The research will help scientists understand why and how these phenomena happen.</span></p><p><span>The&#xa0;<a href="https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2Fexplorer%2FInvestigation.html%3F%23id%3D7517&amp;t=YzU5MTQ0NzBjOGFiMmE0ZjgzMTk2MDlmZTIzYTRhNTAxOWE4MDA0ZCxlNVBaaExxUg%3D%3D&amp;b=t%3AUFcrB_DpY1hYQssYTNl5fw&amp;p=https%3A%2F%2Fnasa.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F172034457409%2Fscience-heavy-spacex-dragon-headed-to-space&amp;m=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Metabolic Tracking investigation</a>&#xa0;could help develop cheaper and more effective pharmaceuticals. That's because microgravity affects how drug compounds interact with each other, which may lead to improvements on Earth.</span></p><p><span>Decades of past microgravity studies have helped lead to new&#xa0;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/fighting-cancer-with-microgravity-research/">medicines that treat cancer</a>. Using a new method, NASA will test the metabolic impacts of drug compounds at the International Space Station. </span></p><p><span>T</span><span>he&#xa0;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=1673" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?%23id%3D1673&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1522776190473000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHBSIOSE7qYognHvnSBF5j_aMWz1Q">MARROW study</a>&#xa0;will also look at the effect of microgravity on bone marrow,&#xa0;blood cells produced in marrow, recovery after space missions, and the application of this research to astronauts in future missions as well as healthcare providers on Earth.</span></p><p><span><a href="https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/172034457409/science-heavy-spacex-dragon-headed-to-space?linkId=49928235">You can read more</a> about each of these upcoming experiments on NASA's blog.</span></p><div></div>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/evolution-humans-theory-life-animation-2018-3">This incredible animation shows how humans evolved from early life</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div></hr>

SpaceX is sending another cargo-loaded rocket to space - here's how to watch and what the critical mission could tell us

<ul class="summary-list"><li style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Business Insider asked two sleep experts to debunk 15 of the most common myths about sleep. </strong></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>They explain that boredom doesn't make you tired, that you should get out of bed if you can't sleep, and that your body doesn't simply adapt to less sleep. </strong></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>They also debunk the idea that loud snoring is nothing more than annoying. In fact, it often seriously compromises sleep. </strong></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.</a></strong></li></ul><p><em>Following is a transcript of the video.</em></p><p><strong>Rebecca Robbins:</strong> All right. "Many adults need five hours of sleep or less." Now, this is a myth.</p><p>"Loud snoring is annoying but mostly harmless."</p><p><strong>David Rapoport:</strong> Loud snoring is actually a sign that there is a blockage in your throat.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> "Your brain and body will adapt to less sleep." This is a myth.</p><p>I'm Dr. Rebecca Robbins. I'm a postdoctoral research fellow at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School.</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> And I'm Dr. David Rapoport. I'm a professor of medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and I run the research program in sleep.</p><p>Robbins: And we're here today to debunk some of the most common myths about our sleep.</p><p>"Watching TV in bed is a good way to relax before sleep." Now, this is not something that we would necessarily recommend. If you turn the television on and if it's close to you, that's a source of bright-blue light. So, bright light is one of the strongest cues to our circadian rhythm. It kick-starts our body and our brain to become awake and alert in the morning. It's called a zeitgeber, the strongest input to the awake phase of our rhythm.</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> "Drinking booze before bed will improve your sleep." So, this is a very commonly used tactic for people who have trouble sleeping, and they have a drink. It's a drug. It's very much like a sleeping pill. And it is true that it will help you get to sleep, as long as you don't drink too much. One or two drinks, perhaps. What you do, however, is it disrupts the normal sleep.</p><p>It suppresses REM sleep, which is a normal part of your sleep that comes on a little while after you go to sleep, typically 30 to 60 minutes later. And then, when it comes that the alcohol has gotten out of your system, then the REM comes back perhaps at the wrong time, perhaps too strong, and it disrupts things. And so basically it is not generally recommended that alcohol be used as a sleeping pill.</p><p>"Lying in bed with your eyes closed is almost as good as sleeping." I think that one's pretty definitely not correct. Sleep is a very specific process that your body goes through. The most common myth, if you will, that we got rid of in the scientific field 50 years ago is that sleep was like, you know, taking your car and putting it in the garage and turning off the key and leaving it there, and then you come back the next morning and it just is parked. Sleep is not like that at all.</p><p>Sleep is a very active process. When you go to sleep, you enter one stage. A little while later, you enter another stage. It gets progressively deeper. You then have the REM sleep, and then you wake up momentarily, and that whole cycle takes an hour to an hour and a half, and then it starts again, and it happens three to five times in a night. And if you disrupt any of that, something happens, and the next morning you feel it. You don't feel rested. Now, we don't understand how that actually happens or why that happens, but we do know it does happen. So when you're lying in bed, none of that is happening. If your eyes are closed and you're not asleep, it just doesn't count.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> Next.</p><p><strong> Rapoport</strong>: "If you can't sleep, you should stay in bed and try to fall back asleep." If you don't fall asleep, we generally recommend that you not stretch it out and stress yourself out by just trying. And there's probably nothing that can prevent sleep as well as, "I've gotta go to sleep."</p><p>[Robbins laughs] "I've gotta go to sleep." "I've gotta go to sleep."</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> "I need to!"</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> You can feel your pulse and your blood pressure going up. So what we try and do when we work with somebody who has this problem with insomnia is exactly the opposite of that. We try and tell them, relax, don't worry about it. Stay in bed for a little while and see what happens.</p><p>But don't try to go to sleep, just relax. And if you can't relax and if you don't go to sleep, it's probably better to get up so that you don't associate the bed with a stressful situation.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> All right. "Many adults need five hours of sleep or less." Now, this is a myth. We have scores of epidemiological data and data from the sleep lab to show that five hours is not enough for the vast majority of adults. There may be some individuals that maybe do OK on six hours, but much less than that really is a myth.</p><p>Now, you might hear people brag about this, saying, "Oh I get five, I'm just fine." But by and large, we do see those people likely making up for lost sleep on the weekends or in power naps, for instance.</p><p>So, for the vast majority of us, the recommendation really is seven to eight hours.</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> This is a real problem that the sleep field has been trying to address, and that is that not sleeping has been perceived as a macho thing. It proves how great you are, it proves how manly you are in some cases. Sleeping is actually good, and you should sort of be proud of the fact that you sleep to your need.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> "Your brain and body will adapt to less sleep."</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> That sounds like yours.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> No. This is a myth. We see that, just like good nutrition or a great, healthy diet is so important, we similarly have a diet that we need our brains and our bodies to be at their best.</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> There are actual, formal studies that have tested how people perform with lack of sleep and how they think they are performing. And it turns out that we basically are really lousy at saying how sleepy we are.</p><p>So you know you feel bad when you haven't had enough sleep, but you have no idea how bad you are, and your performance keeps deteriorating the more you don't sleep or restrict your sleep over multiple days, and you think, "Oh, I've settled in. I have a little headache, and it doesn't really bother me. I'm doing just great."</p><p>And what is actually happening is you're performing less and less well on the various things that we can test, including driving simulators. You're falling asleep for three or four seconds continuously, without knowing it.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> All right. "It doesn't matter what time of day you sleep."</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> If you look at our biology, we have, inside our brain, a clock. That clock is set to say, "This is a good time to sleep." And then at another time it says, "This is a good time to be out."</p><p>Sleep is timed. It doesn't just happen. And even if you don't sleep for the whole night, you'll be more and more sleepy all night long. But in the morning, you'll get a second wind, and that's because the clock says, "Up, time to be up."</p><p>It doesn't matter that you didn't sleep, it's time to be up. As Rebecca said, we've gained an incredible ability to not abide by that rhythm.</p><p>And the problem is that people think that they can get away with things that our biology just won't let us do. Nurses have been most studied for this, and firefighters and emergency workers and people who live on ships. They all pay a price, epidemiologically. We've shown higher heart disease, more tendency to gain weight, and a variety of malfunctions and difficulties as time goes on. You can do it, but it's gonna cost you.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> "Exercising within four hours of bedtime will disturb your sleep."</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> What we give as advice is that about an hour before sleep, you wanna try and avoid active kind of things, and exercise certainly is one of them. On the other hand, there are people who exercise close to sleep and do very well.</p><p>So I don't think we should say, you know, if you're somebody who exercises regularly in the evening and you sleep beautifully and you feel rested the next morning, that you should give up exercise, 'cause I think that would be a bad bit of advice. You'll gain weight, you'll lose the toning that you've gotten, so on and so forth. On the other hand, if you haven't been doing it, I probably wouldn't start exercising at night.</p><p>And if you're having trouble with sleep, that's one of the first things we look at, after drugs like caffeine, to try and get rid of.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> All right. "Remembering your dreams is a sign of a good night's sleep."</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> I think that there is a huge variation in how much people remember their dreams. Some of it has to do with when you wake up. If you wake up during REM sleep, you almost always will remember a dream.</p><p>Some of us don't remember anything at all about our dreams, and it doesn't seem to harm them. But it's not a true thing that just because you don't remember your dreams, that you're not having good sleep. What tells you you're having good sleep is how you feel the next day.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> Now, if you're waking up with nightmares, that could be a simple sign that maybe your bedroom is too hot and you need to turn down the temperature. 'Cause a hot bedroom environment unfortunately can create fragmented sleep and cause you to wake up often from nightmares.</p><p>Now, "Eating cheese before bed causes nightmares."</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> I don't think I'm aware of any particular food that will do that to everybody, but it's very clear that being uncomfortable will precipitate both bad sleep and waking up and maybe even nightmares. So, imagine somebody with irritable bowel syndrome who knows that whenever they eat, whatever, gluten or some specific food, spicy foods, it upsets their stomach when they're awake.</p><p>Well, guess what? If they eat it before they go to sleep, it'll upset their sleep, and it may show up as a nightmare.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> "Loud snoring is annoying but mostly harmless."</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> Loud snoring is actually a sign that there is a blockage in your throat. The mildest form of block. It just causes vibration, noise. If you've ever played with a piece of grass and you blow through it, you know that if you blow through a tube or a structure that can vibrate, it starts to vibrate and make noise.</p><p>Many instruments are based on exactly that principle. You're creating a vibration by blowing through a partially blocked tube. So snoring is just that. And if that's all it was, it wouldn't be all that bad for you. But, unfortunately, it usually isn't just by itself. And especially when, as they say on the question, loud snoring.</p><p>That kind of snoring, and especially if it's associated with gasps and snorts and pauses, is actually a sign of a very common disorder called sleep apnea.</p><p>And sleep apnea is when that blockage gets a little bit worse than just causing vibration and actually blocks the flow of air in. And when that happens, you're actually choking. And when that gets complete, we call it an apnea, "without breathing," from the Greek.</p><p>And your body defends itself against this blockage by waking up, 'cause everything gets normal when you wake up. The trouble is that then you go back to sleep and it happens again, and it can happen every 30 to 60 seconds.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> "Hitting snooze bar is better than getting up." We often hear that people have two, three, four, five alarms set up before they get up in the morning. Now, the best thing for all of us to do would actually be to practice sleep hygiene and have a consistent bedtime and actually wake up with an alarm.</p><p>But of course that's a lot harder in actuality. The best thing for us, by and large, is to set your alarm clock for the latest time that you can in the morning to allow for as much sleep as possible but that will allow you to go about your daily routine and get to work on time. Because if we're hitting several snooze bars and waiting, I believe it's nine minutes, and then another nine minutes, all of that incremental sleep is very rarely that.</p><p>It's much more fragmented. It's very light sleep, if anything. And the majority of REM sleep is in the morning right before we wake up. So try to protect that as best you can and set your alarm clock for the latest possible time.</p><p>"You can simply become a morning person."</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> So, the difference between a morning and an evening person appears to be influenced by lots of things that are probably genetic. And it's not something you can just change by training. What you can do is trick your biology into thinking that you live in Chicago but you work in New York.</p><p>And that's what blue light does.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> With some blue-light therapy, actually, using bright-blue light in the morning can help shift those true evening people a little bit earlier.</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> It basically tells you that you're actually in a different time zone from where you are, and that shifts you a little bit. So that's the approach we use when the problem is severe and there's a need for that. It's actually shifting when morning is rather than shifting whether you work in the morning.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> So, "You can catch up on sleep by sleeping in on the weekends." Now, for the vast majority of us, this is a very common practice, this kind of sleeping in, and unfortunately, in our society, we term it as this luxury, you know, "Oh, to sleep in."</p><p>And that's because most of us aren't getting enough sleep during the work week or adding bricks into our backpack of sleep debt. Now, what sleeping in does is it sends a cue to our circadian rhythm that we're trying to change time zones. So if we extend our rising time by more than an hour, two, three, worse, four hours into the morning, you might feel better than if you got up early, but that sleep the next night is gonna be compromised.</p><p>Why? We call this social jet lag. Our body is trying to adapt.</p><p>If you're a New Yorker, physiologically, your body thinks you're in London and you're trying to adjust to that time, so you're gonna be fighting your physiology come bedtime that next night. So the best practice is to keep a consistent bedtime schedule and try to get as much sleep as you can.</p><p>Now, if you do have an excessive sleep debt and you really need to pay that back on the weekends, the best way without interrupting your circadian rhythm would be to do that with a nap in the afternoon because that's not gonna change your body's physiological circadian rhythm.</p><p>"Boredom makes you tired even if you got enough sleep."</p><p>Now, yes, it is very true that a boring meeting or lecture, especially in the afternoon, may be soporific. But if you're in that environment and sleep-deprived, it is a bellwether sign that you're not getting enough sleep. So, when people say, "The airplane makes me tired. I get in the plane, I fall right asleep."</p><p>Boredom alone, of course, is not a sleep-inducing state.</p><p><strong>Rapoport:</strong> Boredom is a way of unmasking your sleep tendency. We, in fact, use that in testing. We put people in boring situations and see how long it takes them to fall asleep. If they are fully satisfying their sleep need, they don't fall asleep for at least 20 minutes.</p><p><strong>Robbins:</strong> Sleep is so critical to our health and our wellness and our well-being, and every night does count. In light of all the things that we've talked about, remember that if it's not broken, don't fix it.</p><p>So do try to implement some of the strategies or put some of the strategies to work that we've talked about today if you find that you have a problem, because at the end of the day, small changes do make a really big difference, especially when it comes to our sleep.</p><p class="tagline"><a href="/intelligence/digital-health?IR=T&amp;itm_source=businessinsider&amp;itm_medium=ctgr_bii&amp;itm_term=ctgr_subscription&amp;itm_content=health&amp;itm_campaign=digital-health-3"></a><p>Featured Digital Health Articles:<br />- <a href="/telehealth-industry-explained">Telehealth Industry: Benefits, Services &amp; Examples</a><br />- <a href="/value-based-care-pay-for-performance-healthcare-model">Value-Based Care Model: Pay-for-Performance Healthcare</a><br />- <a href="/senior-care-market-trends">Senior Care &amp; Assisted Living Market Trends</a><br />- <a href="/wearable-technology-healthcare-medical-devices">Smart Medical Devices: Wearable Tech in Healthcare</a><br />- <a href="/artificial-intelligence-healthcare">AI in Healthcare</a><br />- <a href="/remote-patient-monitoring-industry-explained">Remote Patient Monitoring Industry: Devices &amp; Market Trends</a></p></p>

2 experts debunk sleep myths, from snoring is just annoying to stay in bed if you can't fall asleep

<p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div><ul><li><strong>Sen. Ted Cruz recently took to Time magazine to effusively praise President Donald Trump.</strong></li><li><strong>Even though Trump viciously attacked Cruz's family during the 2016 campaign.</strong></li><li><strong>This made me reexamine whether national Republicans have been able to maintain their dignity in the era of Trump.</strong></li><li><strong>Some have succeeded, and others have failed. Spectacularly.</strong></li></ul><p><br>Nearly two years ago, I wrote <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/paul-ryan-donald-trump-endorsement-2016-5">a note of warning to House Speaker Paul Ryan</a>: Trump can beat you, but he can only take away your dignity if you surrender it to him voluntarily (<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-jeb-bush-drop-out-2016-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">or if you are Jeb Bush</a>).</br></p><p>Ryan didn't listen.</p><p>But on the occasion of Ted Cruz's florid <a href="http://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217621/donald-trump-2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Time 100 tribute</a> to the man who<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/ted-cruz-donald-trump-ted-cruz-father-jfk-liar-2016-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> accused his dad of being involved in the JFK assassination</a> and threatened to <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-ted-cruz-wife-tweet-2016-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"spill the beans" on his wife</a>, I thought it was time to take stock of the overall state of Republican dignity: Who's offered it up to Trump on a plate, who's preserved it, and has anyone besides Jeb had it taken away involuntarily?</p><p>The results are a mixed bag&#xa0;- not as grim as you might expect.</p><h2>What is dignity?</h2><p>Dignity is "bearing, conduct or speech indicative of self-respect."</p><p>So, for example, if a man <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-ted-cruz-wife-tweet-2016-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tweets side-by-side photos of your wife</a> and his wife intending to show that his wife is hot and yours isn't, and then that man beats you in an election, and then he leaves the tweet up for two years, and then you <a href="http://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217621/donald-trump-2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">praise</a> him for having "disoriented and distressed members of the media and political establishment" such as yourself, then your speech has failed to indicate self-respect, and you lack dignity.</p><p>I should be clear about what dignity is <em>not</em>. To be dignified, a Republican officeholder does not have to be a liberal. They don't have to abandon long-held positions on issues like taxes and healthcare just because Donald Trump agrees with them. They don't have to criticize the president at every turn.</p><p>They just have to show that they're their own people, making choices of their own volition rather than because Trump has put them in the position of feeling they must do something.&#xa0;</p><p>Mostly, they have to avoid doing things that are obviously ridiculous. It's a low bar. And a handful of Republican officeholders have even managed to clear it.</p><h2>These Republicans have kept their dignity</h2><p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div><p>The most obvious dignity-retainers <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/in-partial-defense-of-susan-collins-on-the-tax-bill-2017-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">are Sens. Susan Collins</a> and Lisa Murkowski. They have been mindful of their power as the most moderate Republicans in a closely divided body, and they've leveraged that power to shape policy.</p><p>They've felt free to speak candidly about the president, who does not appear to live rent-free inside their heads.</p><p>I don't think it's a coincidence that Collins and Murkowski are women. But what's set them apart in terms of their ability to wield independent power is the fact they both possess independent political profiles in their home states (Maine and Alaska, respectively), which means they are not held at the mercy of the Republican base.</p><p>Murkowski has already once lost a Republican primary for renomination and gotten herself reelected by running as a write-in candidate. Collins beat a credible Democratic challenger by 23 points in 2008, not an easy year for Republicans nationally, due to her enormous crossover appeal.</p><p>Unlike most Republican officeholders, Collins and Murkowski have reason to believe they could take on Trump and win, and that confidence has shone through as self-respect. (I'll talk a little later about another Republican senator - Jeff Flake&#xa0;- who does not have reason for such confidence.)</p><p>A number of blue-state Republican governors have similarly demonstrated their independence from Trump: Massachusetts' Charlie Baker, Maryland's Charlie Baker, and Vermont's Phil Scott, to name a few. That's laudable, but easier and less impressive than what Collins and Murkowski have done, since they don't have to share a legislative process with him.</p><p>But most impressive dignity-retainer is Nikki Haley, the UN ambassador, since she's <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/is-nikki-haley-confused-russia-sanctions-white-house-2018-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">held onto her dignity <em>while serving in the federal executive branch</em></a>. Not only has she spared herself the usual dignity-squandering chores like defending the president's reaction to the Charlottesville riot. She has also managed to break publicly with the administration, burnish her own political profile, and not get fired.</p><p>I actually don't understand how she manages it.</p><h2>A subjective case: Is Lindsey Graham dignified?</h2><p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div>The senator from South Carolina has been all over the map. During the campaign, he called Trump "a race-baiting, xenophobic religious bigot." He said if Republicans nominated Trump, they would get destroyed and deserve it. He said Trump was a "nut job" and "a loser as a person" (which, incidentally, sounds like something Trump would say).<p>And now? Well, now <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/why-lindsey-graham-and-trump-are-best-friends-2017-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Trump and Graham are friends</a>, it seems.</p><p>Graham has praised the president's handling of foreign-policy issues&#xa0;- especially when Trump disagrees with Graham's Senate nemesis, Rand Paul&#xa0;- and, more comically, has effusively praised his golf courses and golf game.</p><p>This seems like typical boot-licking behavior. But Graham seems to have convinced a lot of people this is all a canny strategy: praise the president in the right ways, and in doing so <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/lindsey-graham-appeals-to-trump-on-fox-news-mueller-2018-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coax the president</a> to support Graham's policy objectives on issues like the Iran nuclear deal.</p><p>The theory is boosted by the fact that Graham remains willing to criticize the president at times, showing he's got sticks to deploy along with those praise carrots.</p><p>I'm not entirely sure what Graham is up to. But there is at least a plausible theory of his handling of Trump that is consistent with self-respect, and therefore dignity.</p><p>If you say the president shot a 73 when you golfed together, that doesn't necessarily mean you're a pathetic toady. Maybe it just means you're in on the joke.</p><h2>Jeff Flake and Bob Corker have had surprising difficulty retaining their dignity</h2><p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div><p>Tennessee Sen. Bob Corker and the president have had an up-and-down relationship worthy of <a href="https://www.today.com/popculture/are-ross-rachel-still-together-imagining-where-friends-are-10-2D79619945" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ross Geller and Rachel Green</a>.</p><p>Trump considered making him secretary of state but decided against it, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-mocks-republican-corker-size-liddle-2017-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">possibly because Corker is too short</a>. Still, Corker developed a close working relationship with the president and was a key ally on foreign-policy matters.</p><p>But by last spring, Corker complained the White House was in a "downward spiral," and by summer he was saying Trump lacked the "stability" and "competence" he would need to succeed as president.</p><p>In the fall, Trump attacked Corker on Twitter (not for the first time) and claimed Corker "begged" for an endorsement for reelection, while people close to Corker spread the opposite story: that the president tried hard to convince Corker to run again in a seat that Republicans <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/tennessee-senate-election-poll-marsha-blackburn-phil-bredesen-2018-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">now stand a strong chance of losing</a>, since Corker has decided to retire.</p><p>Corker also compared the White House to <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/bob-corker-trump-adult-day-care-twitter-017-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"an adult day care center."</a></p><p>Corker has shown that choosing not to seek reelection gives you more freedom to speak critically about the president. But how exactly has he used that freedom to shape policy or otherwise assert his own prerogatives?</p><p>Having broken with the president, Corker has often looked adrift and bewildered&#xa0;- bothered by how Trump behaves but unsure he can do anything about it.&#xa0;Overall, he gives the impression of a man who doesn't know what to do with himself.</p><p>A few months ago, Corker flirted with un-retiring and then decided against it, which about sums up his situation.</p><p>Still, Corker has not looked half as hapless as Arizona Sen. Jeff Flake. Unlike Corker, Flake really did have good reason to fear he couldn't be renominated. He's been forced into involuntary retirement by the president.</p><p>Sad!</p><p>Flake, like Corker, has seemed pretty clueless about what to do with the freedom that comes with retirement. As I wrote a few months ago, Flake <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-flake-trump-voting-actions-2017-7">does not seem to have any strategy</a> for exerting influence on issues like trade where he strongly disagrees with the president.</p><p>He did write a book, though.</p><p>Are Corker's and Flake's situations undignified? I guess haplessness is not necessarily incompatible with self-respect. But it should make self-respect a bit harder to achieve.</p><h2>Republican dignity is hard right now, but you don't have to be Ted Cruz</h2><p>National Republican politician is a terrible job these days, which is a major reason so many Republican incumbents in the House of Representatives are retiring.</p><p>Everybody wants self-respect&#xa0;- and the sort of person who seeks a high-profile job like member of Congress probably especially wants a positive self-image&#xa0;- but self-respect can be difficult to maintain when you also feel compelled to do things like explain how Mexico might pay for the wall, or defend the president for saying there were good people on both sides of a white supremacist rally.</p><p>Still, you don't have to make additional dignity problems for yourself.</p><p>If Time magazine calls up and asks you to write a paean to the man who called your wife ugly, just decline. They'll find some other toady to write it instead of you.</p><p>&#xa0;</p><p class="tagline">This column does not necessarily reflect the <keyword id="6356002" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="opinion">opinion</keyword> of Business Insider.</p><div></div><div></div><div></div>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/flynano-is-a-jet-ski-hybrid-that-can-be-flown-without-a-pilot-license-2018-4">You don't need a pilot's license to fly this plane jet-ski hybrid</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div></hr>

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