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<ul><li>The US-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) congratulates India’s AstroSat for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe. </li><li>According to Union Minister Jitendra Singh, AstroSat’s <keyword id="9866507" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="ultraviolet-imaging-telescope">Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope</keyword> (UVIT) cuts through noise even better than the Hubble Space Telescope. </li><li>The galaxy, dubbed AUDFs01 is located 9.3 billion light years from Earth. </li></ul>Nearly 10 billion light-years away from Earth, Indian astronomers discovered one of the farthest galaxies in the universe using the country’s first Multi-Wavelength Space Observatory — <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1173-5">AstroSat</a>. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="77733544" title="India's first multi-wavelength satellite detects galaxy 9.3 billion light years away" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> And the reason it was able to make the significant discovery was that AstroSat’s Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) has less background noise as compared to the US-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Hubble Space Telescope, according to Union Minister <a href="http://achemaster.indiatimes.com/?type=login&amp;tempCode=7cTy5BS3wpcxDEBsG3eF6n3PSQUvy_N3zX-XJMcz5oIjdkPWJ2-8SncyRFoLxySJ">Jitendra Singh</a>. Nonetheless, NASA took the discovery in stride, reaching out to congratulate India on its milestone. “Science is collaborative effort around the world &amp; discoveries like these help further humankind’s understanding of where we come from, where are we going, &amp; are we alone,” NASA Public Affairs Officer, Felicia Chou told <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1300930767497777152">ANI.</a> The team of astronomers from the Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) in Pune published their discovery of the galaxy dubbed AUDFs01 in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1173-5">Nature Astronomy</a> on August 24. AstroSat’s edge over NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Astrosat has been in orbit around Earth for nearly five years — to the day. It launched aboard the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) workhorse, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), on 28 September 2015. <div type="image" title="astrosat_edited" msid="77883484" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;AstroSat during a pre-launch test inside a clean room&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> The UVIT was the last of the satellite’s six payloads to come alive on 30 November 2015. It's a three-in-one imaging telescope. This means it can simultaneously observe the visible, the near-ultraviolet (NUV) and the far-ultraviolet (FUV). It has filters to differentiate between the three. Aside from the filters, the most important aspects of the UVIT are the detectors. This is where the AstroSat has a less up over the Hubble Space Telescope. These are photon-counting detectors that can measure the location and time of incidence of each photon — particles of light — individually, according to <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7356/astrosat-book-final.pdf">ISRO.</a> “UVIT was a challenging instrument to design and build. It had to deal with unique problems of ultraviolet astronomy, incorporate modern technology and also withstand the intense mechanical vibrations during launch and the thermal and radiative extremes of outer space,” said ISRO in its book about AstroSat. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/musks-spacex-completes-first-polar-orbit-in-off-shore-landing-by-falcon-9-booster/articleshow/77845337.cms">Elon Musk owned SpaceX completes its first polar orbit mission as Falcon 9’s booster nails off-shore landing</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/mars-spotted-first-time-by-uae-hope-probe-on-its-maiden-voyage-in-space/articleshow/77775267.cms">UAE’s Hope probe spots Mars for the very first time on its maiden voyage through space</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-chandrayaan-2-identifies-craters-that-may-have-water-after-mapping-4-million-square-kilometres-of-the-moon-in-its-first-year/slidelist/77667105.cms">ISRO’s Chandrayaan 2 identifies craters that may have water after mapping 4 million square kilometres of the Moon in its first year</a>

NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe

<keyword id="1595677" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-researchers" source="Orion">Indian researchers</keyword> have discovered three supermassive black holes from <keyword id="1666884" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="three-galaxies" source="Orion">three galaxies</keyword> merging together to form a triple active galactic nucleus (AGN), that has a much-higher-than-normal luminosity. The rare occurrence in the nearby universe indicates that small merging groups are ideal laboratories to detect multiple accreting supermassive black holes and increases the possibility of detecting such occurrences. Supermassive black holes are difficult to detect because they do not emit any light, but can reveal their presence by interacting with their surroundings. When the dust and gas from the surroundings fall onto a supermassive <keyword id="6409890" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="black-hole" source="Orion">black hole</keyword>, some of the mass is swallowed by the black hole, but some of it is converted into energy and emitted as electromagnetic radiation that makes the black hole appear very luminous. A team of researchers from the <keyword id="385273" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-institute-of-astrophysics" source="Orion">Indian Institute of Astrophysics</keyword> consisting of Jyoti Yadav, Mousumi Das, and Sudhanshu Barway along with Francoise Combes of College de France, Chaire Galaxies et Cosmologie, Paris, while studying a known interacting galaxy pair, NGC7733, and NGC7734, detected unusual emissions from the centre of NGC7734 and a large, bright clump along the northern arm of NGC7733. "Their investigations showed that the clump is moving with a different velocity compared to the galaxy NGC7733 itself. The scientists meant that this clump was not a part of NGC7733; rather, it was a small separate galaxy behind the arm. They named this galaxy NGC7733N," a release from the Ministry of Science and Technology said on Friday. The study, published as a letter in a journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, used data from the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) onboard the first Indian space observatory ASTROSAT, the European integral field optical telescope called MUSE mounted on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile and infrared images from the optical telescope (IRSF) in South Africa. The UV and H-alpha images also supported the presence of the third galaxy by revealing star formation along with the tidal tails, which could have formed from the merger of NGC7733N with the larger galaxy. Each of the galaxies hosts an active supermassive black hole in their nucleus and hence form a very rare triple AGN system. According to the researchers, a major factor impacting galaxy evolution is galaxy interactions, which happen when galaxies move close by each other and exert tremendous gravitational forces on each other. During such galaxy interactions, the respective supermassive black holes can get near each other. The dual black holes start consuming gas from their surroundings and become dual AGN. The IIA team explains that if two galaxies collide, their black hole will also come closer by transferring the kinetic energy to the surrounding gas. The distance between the blackholes decreases with time until the separation is around a parsec (3.26 light-years). "The two black holes are then unable to lose any further kinetic energy in order to get even closer and merge. This is known as the final parsec problem," the researchers elaborated. "The presence of a third black hole can solve the problem. The dual merging blackholes can transfer their energy to the third blackhole and merge with each other," they added. "Many AGN pairs have been detected in the past, but triple AGN are extremely rare, and only a handful has been detected before using X-ray observations," the release noted. "However, the IIA team expects such triple AGN systems to be more common in small merging groups of galaxies. Although this study focuses only on one system, results suggest that small merging groups are ideal laboratories to detect multiple supermassive black holes," it added. SEE ALSO <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/mukesh-ambanis-reliance-life-sciences-gets-approval-to-conduct-trials-for-its-covid-19-vaccine/articleshow/85677741.cms">Mukesh Ambani-owned Reliance Life Sciences' COVID-19 vaccine — here's all we know so far</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/tata-motors-is-the-casualty-of-jlr-struggling-due-to-the-global-chip-shortage-and-a-lacklustre-ev-vision/articleshow/85652897.cms">Tata Motors is paying the price because Jaguar Land Rover has been slow in the EV race</a>

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics discover three supermassive black holes merging together

<ul><li>India’s <keyword id="431538" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Astrosat">AstroSat</keyword> and <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword>’s <keyword id="2228961" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandra-X-Ray-Observatory">Chandra X-Ray Observatory</keyword> have confirmed the discovery of a <keyword id="6409890" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="black-hole">black hole</keyword> spinning close to the maximum possible speed. </li><li>A black hole spinning that fast can make <keyword id="41531" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="space">space</keyword> itself rotate according to Einstein’s theory of relativity.</li><li>In comparison, the Milky Way's own supermassive black hole moves much slower hardly taking in any energy around it.</li><li>This black hole is only one of five to have an accurately measured high spin rate. </li><li>Researchers hypothesise that this could be the key to understanding how galaxies are formed.</li></ul><keyword id="4740034" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="black-holes">Black holes</keyword>, while fascinating, are hardly a new discovery - but a black hole spinning at one of the highest speeds ever, according to the <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/isro-nasa-project-finds-black-hole-that-spins-near-max-possible-rate/story-fKCARQcL31VY74fVjgTrJJ.html">Hindustan Times</a>, is a completely different story — especially when there have only ever been four others like it. In comparison, the Milky Way's own supermassive black hole — <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/milky-ways-supermassive-black-hole-just-lit-up/articleshow/70671308.cms">Sagittarius A*</a> — is relatively inactive. It moves at a much slower speed. While observing it using infrared, the black hole flickers every now and then as it takes in dust as gas. NASA initially estimated that Sagittarius A* was only taking in 1% of the energy that comes it away only to realise that its consumption is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/our-very-own-black-hole-in-the-milky-way-doesnt-quite-eat-up-everything/articleshow/69684893.cms">even lower </a> at 1% of that 1%. In 2016, India's first dedicated astronomy satellite, the AstroSat, first <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c30-astrosat-mission/astrosat-observes-high-energy-x-ray-variability-of-black-hole-system">spotted the black hole</a> in the binary star system called 4U 1630-47, which is bursting out X-rays that astronomers found unusual. NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory later confirmed the outburst. Those X-rays were caused by gas and dust falling into the black hole, which is about 10 times the mass of the sun, and they revealed to researchers that the object is spinning very, very rapidly. In fact, according to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/news/08-003.html">NASA</a> this particular black hole is spinning very close to the limit set by Albert <keyword id="433617" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Einsteins-theory-of-relativity">Einstein's theory of relativity</keyword>, according to Rodrigo Nemmen, the lead author on the research paper. That means it is spinning close to the speed of light. Spinning to break barriers Currently, scientists only have two ways of measuring <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/Physicists-have-discovered-that-rotating-black-holes-might-serve-as-portals-for-hyperspace-travel/articleshow/68434150.cms">black holes</a> - either by their mass or by their spin rate. A spin rate can be anywhere between 0 and 1: this black hole was spinning at the rate of 0.9. Einstein's theory further implies that if a black hole spinning that fast, then it is capable of making space itself rotate. In fact, if the conditions around black holes are hypothesised to be correct, then the high spin rate coupled with the gaseous elements entering the black hole and high temperatures, could be the key to understanding how galaxies are formed. Including the black hole discovered by the AstroSat, there are only five black holes have accurately measured high spin rates. Even if you're not taking spin rates into account, this black hole of one of only 20 others that have been spotted in the Milky Way Galaxy. The Indian Space Research Organisation's (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/here-is-a-list-of-isros-biggest-launches-over-the-last-2-years-that-showcase-indias-space-prowess/slidelist/52401346.cms">ISRO</a>) AstroSat along with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Chandra X-Ray Observatory have confirmed the speed of the spinning black hole. The study was conducted by researchers from multiple institutions led by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/milky-ways-supermassive-black-hole-just-lit-up/articleshow/70671308.cms">There was a big spark — 75 times brighter than usual — from the black hole at the heart of the Milky Way</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/a-black-hole-bigger-than-the-sun-is-pulling-on-the-fabric-of-space-and-time/articleshow/69127080.cms">A black hole bigger than the sun is pulling on the fabric of space and time</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/our-very-own-black-hole-in-the-milky-way-doesnt-quite-eat-up-everything/articleshow/69684893.cms">Our very own black hole in the Milky Way doesn’t quite eat up ‘everything’</a>

ISRO, NASA just spotted a black hole spinning so fast that it could be making space itself rotate

You Searched For "astrosat discovers galaxy" and got 3 results

NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe

Prabhjote Gill

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics discover three supermassive black holes merging together

IANS

ISRO, NASA just spotted a black hole spinning so fast that it could be making space itself rotate

Prabhjote Gill

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