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<ul><li>The deep depression in the Arabian Sea strengthened into a cyclonic storm 'Nisarga' on Tuesday morning and will make landfall close to Alibag, 94 kms south of Mumbai on the afternoon of June 3.</li><li>Landfall is when the eye of the cyclone move to land after being on the water </li><li>A landfall often carries heavy winds, lashing rains, increasing sea level that can pose threat to people living in the neighbouring region. </li></ul> The deep depression in the Arabian Sea strengthened into a cyclonic storm 'Nisarga' on Tuesday morning and will make landfall close to Alibag, 94 kms south of Mumbai on the afternoon of June 3. It will make landfall as a 'severe cyclonic storm' with a wind speed of 100-110 kmh gusting to 120 kmh. The cyclonic storm is currently located 280 km west-southwest of Panjim (Goa), 430km south-southwest of Mumbai (Maharashtra) and 640 km south-southwest of Surat (Gujarat). What is Landfall? According to the US National Hurricane Center, “A Landfall is the intersection of the center of a tropical cyclone with a coastline.” In other words, landfall is when the eye of the cyclone move to land after being on the water. This does not mean that cyclone has ‘hit the land’ or arrived. The cyclone arrives hours before the landfall bringing rainfall and dust storms. A landfall often carries heavy winds, lashing rains, increasing sea level that can pose threat to people living in the neighbouring region. Hurricane or cyclone can start losing its energy and speed after hitting the land as they get energy from the warm ocean water. However, that doesn't happen so quickly. Often, the cyclone can move over to land, its wind field tends to increase. Thus, it can affect a larger area than what scientists may have calculated. A larger wind field along the coast results in storms and rising ocean waves. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/cyclone-amphan-the-strongest-storm-ever-can-cause-large-scale-damage-to-structures-say-indian-authorities/articleshow/75827832.cms">Amphan, the strongest storm ever, "can cause large scale damage to structures", say Indian authorities</a>

Here’s what a cyclone making ‘landfall’ means

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A category-4 super <keyword id="6386783" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="CYCLONE">cyclone</keyword> is due to hit <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>'s coast on Wednesday, and thousands of people are being evacuated. </li><li>Super cyclone Amphan is set to bring heavy rain and winds will reach up to 105 miles per hour when it hits, <a href="https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/indian111.pdf">according to the India Meteorological Department</a>.</li><li>The cyclone comes just after India's <keyword id="1754604" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="coronavirus">coronavirus</keyword> cases are at a peak. It reported its <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6">highest-ever number</a> of new cases on Sunday. The country is currently easing its lockdown. </li><li>Under social distancing orders, cyclone shelter capacity is reduced by more than half, <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/19/asia/super-cyclone-amphan-india-banglash-intl-hnk/index.html">according to CNN</a>.</li></ul>Hundreds of thousands of people in India are in danger as a category-4 super cyclone heads towards the east coast, as the country is still grappling with a serious coronavirus outbreak. The super cyclone, dubbed "Amphan," is set to hit the West Bengal coast on Wednesday.The storm is carrying extremely heavy rains and wind speeds that could reach up to around 105 miles per hour when it hits the land, <a href="https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/indian111.pdf">according to the India Meteorological Department</a>.The country's director general of the National Disaster Relief Force, Satya Narayan Pradhan, said that as many as 260,000 people in West Bengal and the state of Odisha may need to be evacuated, <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/19/asia/super-cyclone-amphan-india-banglash-intl-hnk/index.html">CNN reported</a>. The cyclone also threatens the neighboring nation of Bangladesh. Millions could be uprooted by the storm, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52718826">the BBC reported</a>. At its height on Monday night, the US Joint Typhoon Warning Center <a href="https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt">recorded wind speeds of up to 166 miles per hour</a> in the Bay of Bengal.Since then, Super Cyclone Amphan has eased slightly and has been downgraded to a category-4 storm. <div type="image" title="NASA amphan india cyclone" height="512" width="1024" msid="75826820" hostid="261"></div>Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired a meeting of the National Disaster Management Authority on Monday, <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-amphan-tracker-live-updates-amphan-intensified-into-a-super-cyclonic-storm/liveblog/75796712.cms">according to The Times of India</a>. The West Bengal government halted port operations and began evacuating people from the coast on Tuesday morning, the newspaper reported. Narayan Pradhan said that cyclone shelter capacity will be reduced under coronavirus social distancing orders, <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/19/asia/super-cyclone-amphan-india-banglash-intl-hnk/index.html">CNN reported</a>. While West Bengal usually has capacity for 500,000 people, this may be reduced to 200,000.The cyclone comes as India eases its coronavirus lockdown, although the virus is still at a peak. On Sunday, the country reported <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6">around 5,000 new cases</a>, its highest number to date. This was followed by around 4,600 new cases on Monday, its second-highest figure.In total, India has reported more than 100,000 cases of the virus and 3,164 deaths. <div type="image" title="storm amphan india kolkata west bengal calcutta cyclone" height="1000" width="2000" msid="75826823" hostid="261"></div>Although the country's lockdown period has been officially extended to May 31, many measures have been relaxed, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lockdown-extended-till-may-31-but-most-curbs-lifted-states-will-decide-on-transport-and-zones-6414933/">according to The Indian Express</a>.Offices, markets and shops have been allowed to open, and some inter-state travel on buses is allowed, the paper reported. Entertainment and religious venues will remain shut. Districts are being demarcated into "red" "green" and "orange" zones, with differing levels of movement allowed for each. Amphan is the second super cyclone to hit the west coast of India. In 1999, Odisha was devastated by a cyclone that killed nearly 10,000 people, <a href="https://apnews.com/b352ace4688b5c11de7dd3bc9b5dec33">according to the Associated Press</a>. Read the original article on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-braces-for-super-cyclone-amphan-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-2020-5">Business Insider</a>

India is about to get hit by a super cyclone at the same time as its coronavirus outbreak is peaking

The terrifying <keyword id="146947" type="General" weightage="70" keywordseo="lightning" source="Orion">lightning</keyword> and thunder phenomenon that <keyword id="6355192" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="lucknow" source="Orion">Lucknow</keyword> witnessed in the wee hours of September 11 is the kind never seen before. Although lightning with thunderstorms are not unusual, the residents of Lucknow faced a harrowing night because of high frequency. The Met officials said there was lightning for 11 and half hours intermittently from 7.40 p.m. to 7.10 a.m. However, the India Meteorological Department (<keyword id="6366970" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="imd" source="Orion">IMD</keyword>) does not have data on the number of lightning strikes between these hours and any previous records. Atul Kumar Singh, a senior scientist at IMD Lucknow, said that movement of cloud mass is comparatively slower during monsoon. "Cyclonic circulations over north-west Madhya Pradesh and the monsoon trough was slightly to the south of its normal position due to which there was abundant moisture supply from Bay of Bengal over the state of Uttar Pradesh in the lower troposphere. "At the same time there was an active western disturbance in the middle troposphere which was interacting with low level easterly due to this synoptic setting up this kind of rainfall activities in Uttar Pradesh," he explained. Noted environmentalist Prof Venkatesh Dutta from the Department of Environmental Science at the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, said: "Lightning occurred owing to the fact of intense heating of the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Such type of extreme weather events undoubtedly reflects the impacts of rising atmospheric temperature and climate change. August was the hottest-ever recorded in Lucknow and Uttar Pradesh, and the heat intensified cloud activities." Virendra Singh Yadav, a retired deputy director of the Geological Survey of India, said: "Lucknow and adjoining areas may also experience an increase in the severity and frequency of these incidents in future. Hence, there is a need for prevention, preparedness and to invest in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) which will save lives, livestock, property and infrastructure. It is a wakeup call to us by nature. "Lightning is of three types. The first is thundercloud or intra-cloud lightning. The second is cloud-to-cloud or Inter-cloud lightning and third is cloud-to-ground lightning (CG). The third type of lightning takes a toll on lives and property, and therefore, is of more concern to us. However, inter-cloud and intra-cloud lightning are also dangerous as they may hit aircrafts. "Its peak power and total energy are very high, with the peak power discharge in the order of a 100 million watts per metre of the channel and the peak channel temperature approaching 30,000 degrees Celsius. Peak currents in a lightning discharge range up to hundreds of kilo amperes (kA) with its typical value being 40 kA." Another scientist said: "Owing to global warming, we are observing the increasing number of hot days in a year which, when combined with rain, leads to occurrence of more intense thunderstorms and lightning of greater intensity."

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Here’s what a cyclone making ‘landfall’ means

BI India Bureau

India is about to get hit by a super cyclone at the same time as its coronavirus outbreak is peaking

Mia Jankowicz

Scientists explain intense lightning phenomenon in Lucknow

IANS

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