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On Tuesday, July 16, 2019, the Rajya Sabha passed the AERA (Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India) Bill with an aim to bid out any new airport on the basis of a pre-approved tariff structure. While replying during the discussion on the said bill, Hardeep Singh Puri, the Civil Aviation Minister said, "As many as 16 airports will be in the purview of AERA. All other airports continue to be looked after by the Civil Aviation Ministry." The implications of the AERA bill At present, the major airports that have an annual capacity to handle about one and a half million passengers remain under the purview of the AERA (Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India). If the bill is passed, the definition of what makes a major airport will change. Henceforth, a major airport will be any aerodrome which already has or even designated to handle an annual passenger capacity of about three and a half million. The background On June 24, the cabinet had given its approval for the AERA bill. The AERA is a regulator with which the power to fix the tariffs that the airports charge. During the last time, the AERA bill was approved by the cabinet in December 2017 when the Narendra Modi Government was ruling during its first tenure. Nevertheless, the bill could not be passed during the monsoon session during the last year. With the formation of the new Lok Sabha now, the older AERA bill stands lapsed and hence the cabinet had to approve it once again. What the different provisions of the AERA bill imply? The government is looking forward to significantly increase the traffic threshold for the major airports. For instance, the annual traffic threshold of major airports will rise from 15 lakhs to more than 35 lakhs. This will see many airports in the country come out of the ambit of AERA. Hence those that will cease to be identified as major airports will come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Government of India. So, henceforth, for all these airports, the tariff charges will be decided by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The amendment also vests the Aviation Ministry with the powers to bid out airports projects on the basis of a pre-approved tariff. The AERA bill seeks to reduce the burden hanging on AERA as there has been a phenomenal increase in the passenger traffic which has increased the workload on AERA. With its limited resources, the AERA is finding it difficult to monitor the quality of services delivered at the major airports and also determine the various tariffs. The need for the amendment Notably, when the AERA bill was passed in 2008, the country had 11 airports with annual passenger traffic exceeding 15 lakhs, but the increase in the volume of air travels saw the number of airports almost triple eventually. Criticisms Some Rajya Sabha members argued against the bill saying that the government should have taken steps to strengthen the hands of AERA to be able to manage the additional workload instead of removing the airports from its control.

A major airport is the one having an annual capacity of 3.5 million passengers, says AERA (amendment) bill 2019

Minister of Human Resource Development Mr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank introduced the Central Universities (Amendment) Bill, 2019 on July 8, 2019. As it was cleared by the Lok Sabha on July 12, 2019, the bill was eventually approved by the Rajya Sabha on Tuesday, July 16, 2019. The provisions of this act amend the Central Universities Act, 2009, that is aimed at establishing Universities for education and research across different states of India. What the bill implies? The Central Universities Amendment Bill creates room for establishing two central universities in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The names of these universities will be the Central University of Andhra Pradesh and the Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh. The principal objective of the Central Tribal University is to take added measures to offer opportunities to the tribal population in the realms of higher education and research and also create enough facilities for researches related to tribal art, technology, culture, and customs. The background It is important to note that the creation of a Central University and a Central Tribal University in the state of Andhra Pradesh becomes mandatory as per the provisions found in the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014. Measures taken as per the amendment While talking on the bill, <keyword id="7877691" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="HRD-Minister-Ramesh-Pokhriyal-Nishank">HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank</keyword> made an assurance to the members of the houses that the said universities will be created within the next four years. The minister said that the Government of India has now allotted a sum of RS. 450 crore for the project’s first phase that will see the emerging of the Central University. The total value of the project will be Rs. 902.07 crore. The government has also allotted a sum of Rs. 420 crore for the first phase of setting up the Tribal University which will be accomplished at a total allotment of Rs. 836 crore. The minister also said that the government is attaching a high priority to empower the education system in the country further. With this objective, the budget for education has been increased to Rs. 95,000 crore this year from Rs. 67,000 crore in 2013-14. The minister stated that the creation of these two universities in the state of Andhra Pradesh will significantly enhance the quality of Higher Education and also promote the avenues for research and higher education for the people residing in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Talking about the Tribal University, the minister remarked, "Apart from being focused on tribal education, the Central Tribal University shall carry out all educational and other activities like any other Central University.” Discussions in Rajya Sabha K Ram Mohan Naidu of the Telugu Desam Party said that the educational institutions that exist today in Andhra Pradesh are not running well and they lack the resources to function properly. YSRCP party’s Lavu Devarayalu requested the government to sanction enough funds towards the creation of the Central universities and urged for introducing more courses and research programs in these two budding universities. He also said, "More funds need to be allocated to the Eklavya schools in tribal areas so that the students who eventually go to the tribal university have a strong foundation.”

Explained: Central Universities (Amendment) Bill 2019

On Monday, July 15, 2019, G Kishan Reddy, the Minister of State For Home Ministry introduced the NIA Bill in the Lok Sabha. NIA stands for National Investigation Agency and the present bill seeks to make a significant amendment to the concerned clause in the Legislature. As per the statement made by Reddy, the Chief Justice will continue to appoint special court judges who will carry out the trial process on a fast track. The minister added that the state governments need to set up special courts for tackling terrorism. He said, “We will continue to fight terrorism with zero tolerance.” Objective of <keyword id="7870179" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="nia-amendment-bill-2019">NIA Amendment bill 2019</keyword> The main objective of the NIA bill is to strengthen the powers of the National Investigation Agency to probe into terrorist attacks that target Indians and the Indian interests on foreign lands. While introducing the bill, the Union Minister also said the legislation will also permit the NIA to probe into cybercrimes and also the cases related to human trafficking. As per the statement of Kishan Reddy, the government is keen about strengthening the NIA Act and hence the bill follows. As per the clauses of the bill, the agency will be empowered to conduct the investigation in any part of the globe in case of any terrorist attacks happen targeting Indians or Indian interests. History of National Investigation Agency The NIA was set up for the first time in 2009 immediately following the grave incident of terrorist attack in Mumbai that took a toll on 166 precious lives. Reddy said while introducing the amendment that the NIA bill is doing so well and has succeeded in convictions in over 90% of the cases. The Act has so far registered 272 cases and for 52 of them, judgment was delivered already. The present amendment is called for during the time when terrorism is assuming international dimensions. What the opposition says Challenging the very existence of the NIA bill, Tiwari added, “The NIA Bill, in 2008, came under specific circumstances after the country felt some unprecedented incidents. The constitutional validity of the NIA Act is not settled as of now. The Bombay High Court had upheld the constitutional validity of the act. The Jammu and Kashmir Court has not yet given its approval. In November 2013, a division bench of Gauhati High Court had spoken of the ‘illegal organization.” While opposing the bill, Congress MP Manish Tiwari commented that the founding fathers of India gave prime importance to civil liberties. A number of criminal laws were introduced by the British Government only to suppress the Indians. In several cases, the investigation agencies have been misused for political vendetta. While the NIA bill seeks to empower the probe body, it is also necessary to keep investigation and prosecution separately in order to ensure that the probes are done in a fair manner. Tiwari said the present bill seeks to turn the nation into a police state and if enacted, the ramifications of this legislature can extend far beyond its tenure.

Modi Government powers NIA in fight against terrorism, passes NIA (amendment) Bill 2019

At a time when growing US-China tensions on trade-related issues have created complications for scientific research, teams of physicists from the two countries are putting such rivalries aside to develop the clean energy of the future. Whereas some Chinese scientists are experiencing greater difficulty in getting a US visa and Washington is banning the transfer of many technologies to China, fusion - a power source often referred to as man-made sun - has brought the two sides together. Teams from both countries are working together to make significant progress in controlling fusion's considerable power, as well as playing soccer together, according to scientists involved. The world's two largest economies are major contributors of knowledge and finance for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the world's first fusion reactor, which is under construction in Europe. Both countries are considering building industrial-scale prototype reactors to test the applications of fusion - power generated by blending hydrogen atoms in plasma, an extremely hot gas, in a chamber 10 times hotter than the core of the sun. And now, for the first time, Chinese and American physicists have managed to confine plasma in a powerful magnetic field and prevent it escaping, according to a paper they published in the latest issue of journal Physical Review Letters. This could solve a major problem in the construction of fusion reactors, which could use the technology to produce an endless supply of clean energy. Occasionally the hot gas can erupt and break free from its magnetic prison, which would cause severe damage to a reactor. At the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) facility in Hefei, in the southeastern Chinese province of Anhui, the joint research team came up with a new technology to reduce the energy intensity of the heat pulses to a fraction of what they had been. This meant the pulses would occur more frequently but not reach far enough to risk burning the reactor wall. The scientists have dubbed this controlled state "grassy mode". The unprecedented experiment in Hefei was carried out by the Institute of Plasma Physics, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with three fusion research entities from the US: the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, General Atomics and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. A lead scientist in the study, Professor Xu Guosheng - director of the tokamak physics division at the Institute of Plasma Physics - said the achievement was a result of long-term collaboration backed by the world's two most powerful governments. "We have been working very closely for decades. [The US team] just came over and played soccer with us," Xu said. In May, China and the US marked the 30th anniversary of fusion research collaboration in Hefei, and the celebration events included soccer matches. The <a href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/us-china-trade-war" target="_self">trade war</a> "has not affected us at all", he added. Next month, a team of Chinese fusion experts will go to San Diego, where part of their mission will be to replicate the experiment on the DIII-D, the largest magnetic fusion research facility in the United States. If that is successful, the "grassy mode" may become a standard protocol of operation for all fusion reactors in the future. General Atomics, a contractor operating the DIII-D facility for the US departments of energy and defence, confirmed the collaboration. "The research teams on EAST and DIII-D actively collaborate on fusion research topics," the company said in a statement on Thursday. "These collaborations have benefited the fusion energy communities in both countries, with DIII-D receiving new hardware built by the Chinese, EAST researchers receiving dedicated experimental time on DIII-D to carry out targeted research, and both teams working together on experiments on DIII-D and EAST," the company said. It is highly unusual for a major US defence contractor to hail a Chinese-American collaboration. General Atomics develops and produces a large number of cutting-edge weapons, such as railguns, laser weapons and some of the world's deadliest drones, including the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper. The company said the China-US collaboration was part of a much larger global fusion research programme involving more than 40 nations, to develop the physics basis for fusion as an energy source. This global partnership has been active for over 60 years since the declassification of magnetic fusion research in 1958. "Within this global endeavour, the EAST/DIII-D collaboration continues to be highly productive in delivering important results and numerous scientific publications," the company added. Broader developments between the two countries had threatened some of their scientific collaborations. While their Chinese counterparts working in the US have been encountering <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3010404/basic-self-defence-us-lawmakers-want-bar-chinese-military-scientists" target="_self">visa complications</a>, some American scientists with ties in China have <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3017013/fear-mounts-chinese-american-scientists-are-being-targeted" target="_self">faced investigation</a> in the US, with some losing their jobs at unusually short notice. Last August, the White House initiated a strict ban on the transfer of nuclear-related technology to China, and some joint ventures - including Bill Gates' plan to build a new type of nuclear reactor in Tianjin, in northern China - were put on hold. Professor Chen Yiping, another fusion scientist with the Institute of Plasma Physics in Hefei, said the achievement of "grassy mode" was an important step, but there were many other challenges ahead. The EAST facility, for instance, holds the world record for the longest plasma burning, at 100 seconds. The DIII-D facility can maintain burning for only 10 seconds. A commercial fusion reactor, though, would require continuous operation for years or even decades, according to Chen. "Fusion is an uphill battle. The only chance to win is to unite as many talents and resources as possible," he said. Professor Xu said China and the US would "certainly" compete on fusion energy in the future, when the technology becomes ready for commercial applications. "But that may be decades away," he said. "Until then, we will remain partners." This article originally appeared on the <a href="http://www.scmp.com">South China Morning Post (SCMP)</a>, the leading news media reporting on China and Asia. For more stories, please download our <a href="https://go.onelink.me/3586748601?pid=3rdpartycontentexchange">mobile app</a>, follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/scmpnews">Twitter</a>, and like us on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/scmp">Facebook</a>. Copyright (c) 2019. South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

What trade war? How China and US bonded over soccer and nuclear energy's 'grassy mode'

<ul><li>The Health Ministry has proposed to drop NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Examination) for admission to MD and MS courses. </li><li>The admission will be based on the scores in the MBBS final examination and National Exit Test (NEXT). </li><li>The candidates wanting to enroll in PG courses in AIIMS will still have to go through the mandatory entrance exam. </li><li>NEET Super Speciality exam will also be mandatory to study Master of Surgery (Mch). </li></ul>MBBS pass outs might not have to go through an entrance exam to pursue post-graduate courses, if a proposal by Health Ministry goes through. It wants to drop NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Examination) for admission into MD (Doctor of Medicine) and MS (Master of Science) courses. If the draft National Medical Commission (NMC) bill goes through, students can be admitted based on score in the MBBS final examination and National Exit Test (NEXT), PTI<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/education/health-ministry-bill-proposes-to-axe-neet-pg/article28430886.ece"> reported</a>. They will also not be required to go through a separate examination to secure a licence to practice medicine, according to the proposed draft. The draft excludes All Indian Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) from the given criteria. The candidates wanting to enroll in PG courses in AIIMS will still have to go through the mandatory entrance exam. In addition to this, the NEET Super Speciality exam will also be mandatory to study Master of Surgery (Mch). The draft NMC Bill was tabled in the Parliament in 2017. It focussed at introducing a ‘bridge course’ that will enable medical practitioners of alternative medicine to pursue allopathy. However, it faced criticism from medical professionals and health associations in India. The bill was later revised with several amendments including aggressive punishments for unauthorised practice of medicine — a year long imprisonment or a fine of up to ₹500,000. However, to address the shortage of medical professionals, the government has <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/4800-mbbs-seats-reserved-for-economically-weaker-students-5826733/">allocated 26% more seats</a> for MBBS aspirants in the last two years — reserving nearly 5,000 seats for economically weaker sections. Overall, nearly 80,000 students take admission in MBBS courses every year in 480 institutes across the country. Of this, 150,000 take the entrance examination to enroll in PG courses. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/you-no-longer-need-to-know-chinese-languages-if-you-want-to-study-medicine-in-china/articleshow/69249827.cms">You no longer need to know Chinese languages if you want to study medicine in China</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/upsc-proposes-to-drop-csat-aptitude-test-from-the-civil-services-exams/articleshow/70143460.cms">UPSC proposes to drop aptitude test from the civil services exams</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/worlds-smallest-mri-scanned-and-it-did-not-capture-the-human-body-this-time/articleshow/70051460.cms">World’s smallest MRI scanned — and it did not capture the human body this time</a>

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A major airport is the one having an annual capacity of 3.5 million passengers, says AERA (amendment) bill 2019

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Explained: Central Universities (Amendment) Bill 2019

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Modi Government powers NIA in fight against terrorism, passes NIA (amendment) Bill 2019

BI India Bureau

What trade war? How China and US bonded over soccer and nuclear energy's 'grassy mode'

SCMP

MBBS doctors can skip entrance exams for MD and MS courses, if Health Ministry has its way

Prerna Sindwani

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