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Football may be a physical sport, but a lot of technology goes into compiling the viewer experience. From making sure that calls made on the field are as non-controversial as possible, to ensuring that everyone around the world can tune in, technology plays a big part in football today. The <keyword id="405542" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="World-Cup-2018">World Cup 2018</keyword>, in particular, brings in a host of technologies and innovations. Goal Line Technology This isn’t something new. In fact, it was one the first technology innovations, introduced back in 2012. There has been one too many arguments about whether or not a goal was actually a goal. Goals are counted when the ball crosses the goal-line, and it’s important to monitor that. With today’s technology, a signal is sent to the referee’s watch. This can be done using cameras or magnetic fields. For the World Cup 2018, <a href="http://www.espn.in/football/blog-fifa/story/3129461/fifa-to-use-hawk-eye-video-review-system-in-three-tournaments">reports</a> suggest that Russia will be implementing the Hawk-Eye system, which uses camera-based technology to determine whether or not the ball crossed the goal line. The system has 7 cameras per goal, placed as high as possible within the structure of the stadium. 
 
 
 
 
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 Video Assistant Referee (VAR) First off, it’s not a single VAR behind the scenes, but a team of 4. There’s a primary VAR, with three assistant VARs (AVAR1, AVAR2 and AVAR3). The team members include top <keyword id="57149" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="FIFA">FIFA</keyword> match officials, but the effort is collaborative. And no, it’s not automated technology but technology assisted by a four-person squad. Essentially, the VAR keeps a watch on the main cameras placed on top, while having a quad-split monitor placed below for reviewing incidents on the field. The AVAR1 is basically the VAR’s right-hand man. When the VAR is checking in on incidents, it’s the AVAR1’s job to focus on the main camera and pass on information about live play. The AVAR3 firmly focuses on the TV programme feed, but the assistant also has to help with the review of incidents. In addition, the AVAR3 serves as the middleman between the VAR and AVAR2. 
 
 
 
 
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 Ultra-HD (UHD), High Dynamic Range (HDR) in broadcasting When broadcasters buy the World Cup 2018 rights from FIFA, they purchase the whole package. Sure, they’ll tailor the coverage as per their ads and add their own commentary, but the actual feed itself, along with the pre-match and post-match coverage, comes from FIFA’s TV division. This year, the TV division has stepped it up with all 64 of the matches being produced in UHD as well as HD. If you have an HDR television, you can even enjoy the matches in HDR, as long as the broadcaster is providing that service. There are 12 stadiums in total, and all of them have been equipped with 37 cameras. That’s three more per stadium than the previous World Cup. Eight of those cameras have UHD/HDR output with 1080p/SDR simultaneous feed, while the other 11 are capable of 1080p/HDR and 1080p/SDR output. 
	
	
	
	
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Source: FIFA The primary feeds are supplemented by 8 super slow-motion cameras, a cable camera and a Cineflex Helicam for replays. And once the quarter-final kicks in, two ultra slow-motion pole-cameras will be introduced into the mix. <keyword id="6369781" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="virtual-reality">Virtual Reality</keyword> (VR) in broadcasting The VR product is something that FIFA had been testing for a while and now, and it’s become a commercial reality now. Broadcasters like Telemundo and Fox Sports overseas have signed up for the package that includes a live 180-degree stream for all the matches, as well selected 360-degree clips. Broadcasters can customise the footage on the basic FIFA app with their own commentary and graphics. The virtual VIP lounge, commissioned specifically for World Cup 2018, is where are all the VOD features are stored. Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems (EPTS) The underlying goal of the EPTS system is to help players improve individually as well as work better as a team. There are three ways that the system is implemented. One, teams can opt for an optical tracking system, which is the most common and simplest to implement. Two, teams can go for the <keyword id="6622243" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Local-positioning-system">local positioning system</keyword>s that gives them more measurements and data. Or three, they can use the GPS satellite system that also has a lot of measurements at its disposal, but takes less time than the local positioning system to install while losing accuracy. <keyword id="6588163" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="adidas-telstar">Adidas Telstar</keyword> ball The World Cup’s official game ball is the <a href="https://www.adidas.com.au/telstar_18">Telstar 18</a> from <keyword id="6377547" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="adidas">Adidas</keyword> this year. It features a Near-Field-Communication (NFC) chip, located on top of the ball. Yes, it’s a chip similar to the ones that allow for Apple Pay and Google Pay to enable their ‘tap-and-play’ function. So, users can communicate with the ball using their smartphones.

Here’s all the technology being implemented at the FIFA World Cup 2018

Why does the World Cup ball look so different year after year? It's a question we posed to John Eric Goff - a physics professor at University of Lynchburg and author of "<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00505RVH0/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&amp;btkr=1">Gold Medal Physics: The Science of Sports.</a>" Turns out, some of those changes haven't been for the best. And have caused more problems than they solved. The following is a transcript of the video.The typical soccer ball looks like this. Black and white with a bunch of these panels. But that's not what the World Cup balls look like. So, what's going on?First things first, you want a soccer ball to be as spherical as possible.John Eric Goff: "In the old days, we had balls that had the bucky ball shape, the Epcot Center shape, 20 hexagons, the 12 pentagons. And that was a very good approximation to a sphere. But starting in 2006 with the World Cup in Germany...there were more creative ways to make a sphere."New technology enables Adidas to start designing the balls with fewer panels. Which created a serious problem. Because fewer panels means fewer seams. And, more importantly, a smoother surface.John Eric Goff: "If the ball gets too smooth, the air resistance goes up. It's like kicking a beach ball."And that's exactly what happened with the 2006 Teamgeist ball. Players <a href="http://nautil.us/issue/15/turbulence/why-the-world-cup-suddenly-has-so-many-goals">complained</a> the ball didn't go where they expected it to. So, in 2010, Adidas compensated by adding some texture to roughen up the surface. Problem solved, right?John Eric Goff: "Jabulani was a spectacular failure because it was not rough enough. When the ball would be kicked at certain speeds, you'd notice it would slow down dramatically part way through the flight."And the panels kept disappearing. The 2014 ball had the fewest panels yet. But this time Adidas compensated.John Eric Goff: "Despite having two fewer panels, the total seam length around the ball was 68% longer than Jabulani."So, at least, the ball had the right amount of roughness this time and flew farther than the 2010 ball. As for 2018:John Eric Goff: "The total seam length is actually 30% longer than the Brazuca! So now you run the risk of the ball being a little too rough."Adidas compensated for this by also making the seems shallower. And <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1754337118773214">a study that Goff led</a> showed that the Telstar 18 performs similarly to Brazuca. But it still has a bit more drag, and might not travel as far on high-speed kicks.Regardless, all of this begs the question: If the goal is to produce a ball that's similar to what athletes practice with for years, then why does the World Cup ball keep changing? Turns out, it's not about the players or the game at all.John Eric Goff: "There's a new ball released for every World Cup and I think the primary reason is money."The 2018 World Cup ball costs over $100.John Eric Goff: "And these balls fly off the shelves!"That's a pretty big investment, considering you can get a regular ball for under $20. To be fair:John Eric Goff: "The technologies used to make these balls is much much greater than what we used as kids. The panels on these balls are thermally bonded, it helps keep the water out of the inside of the ball, keep the ball from getting waterlogged and making it heavier."That's nice but is it really worth it? We'll let you decide.

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Here’s all the technology being implemented at the FIFA World Cup 2018

Prabhjote Gill

Why the World Cup soccer ball looks so different

David Anderson,Shira Polan

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