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<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>"Einstein, stop telling God what to do," physicist Niels Bohr once told Albert Einstein, who in a room full of the world's most notable scientific minds argued "God does not play dice." In 1927, Einstein and Bohr were two of the 29 scientists (more than half of whom were, or would later become Nobel Prize recipients) in attendance at the Fifth Solvay <a href="http://www.solvayinstitutes.be/" target="_blank">Institut International de Physique</a> in Brussels to discuss the foundations of the newly formed quantum theory. During the conference, Einstein lead a series of 'thought experiments' in which he tried to prove that the "Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (and hence quantum mechanics itself) was just plain wrong," according to <a href="http://phys.lsu.edu/~jdowling/" target="_blank">Jonathan Dowling</a>, Co-Director of the Horace Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics."Each sleepless night, Bohr would worry and fume and ruminate about Einstein's attack, and then he would respond the next day with a keen rebuttal, showing where Einstein has missed something, and salvage Heisenberg's principle. This debate went on for days at that Solvay conference and continued on 3 years later at the next conference," Dowling writes in his book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Schr%C3%B6dingers-Killer-App-Quantum-Computer/dp/1439896739" target="_blank">Schrödinger's Killer App: Race to Build the World's First Quantum Computer.</a>Bohr's counterattack involved using Einstein's own theory of relativity against him - and it reportedly won the argument. Eight years later, Einstein still struggled to prove that the theory was incorrect, instead describing it as "incomplete."Here's the full group of brilliant minds:<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div>Front row: Irving Langmuir, Max Planck, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-facts.html" target="_blank">Marie Curie</a>, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-facts.html" target="_blank">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-facts.html" target="_blank">Albert Einstein</a>, Paul Langevin, Charles-Eugène Guye, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-facts.html" target="_blank">C.T.R Wilson</a>, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1928/" target="_blank">Owen Richardson</a>.Middle row: Peter Debye, Martin Knudsen, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-facts.html" target="_blank">William Lawrence Bragg</a>, Hendrik Anthony Kramers, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-facts.html" target="_blank">Paul Dirac</a>, Arthur Compton, Louis de Broglie, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/born-facts.html" target="_blank">Max Born</a>, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1975/bohr-facts.html" target="_blank">Niels Bohr</a>.Back row: Auguste Piccard, Émile Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Édouard Herzen, Théophile de Donder, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-facts.html" target="_blank">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, JE Verschaffelt, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/pauli-facts.html" target="_blank">Wolfgang Pauli</a>, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-facts.html" target="_blank">Werner Heisenberg</a>, Ralph Fowler, Léon Brillouin.Curie, the only woman in attendance, was also the only one among them to win a Nobel Prize in <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-bio.html" target="_blank">two separate disciplines</a>: chemistry and physics. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-solve-the-monty-hall-problem-probability-statistics-2015-4">The Monty Hall Problem: There's a right answer but even genius math geeks get it wrong</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="pucnNxazrOZJihAvh0nIPZwytg7Xre9r" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

The world's brightest scientific minds posed for this 1927 photo after historic debates about quantum mechanics

India’s second largest software exporter Infosys has formed a special investment committee on its board to keep a watch on all new acquisitions and big investments of the company. <keyword id="6369763" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Vishal-Sikka">Vishal Sikka</keyword>, the CEO of the Bengaluru-headquartered IT MNC, is aggressively pursuing buyouts as the company wants to generate $20 billion of revenue by 2020. 
 Its rivals, both <keyword id="10862" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Wipro">Wipro</keyword> and <keyword id="6357585" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Tata-Consultancy-Services">Tata Consultancy Services</keyword> (TCS), have a special committee to oversee decisions regarding strategy planning, capital expenditure programmes, acquisitions and investments. Roopa Kudva, new board member and managing director of <keyword id="211875" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Omidyar-Network">Omidyar Network</keyword>'s India operations, would chair the committee that comprises board veteran and former <keyword id="28250" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Microsoft-India">Microsoft India</keyword> chairman <keyword id="50299" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Ravi-Venkatesan">Ravi Venkatesan</keyword> among other board members, two people familiar with the development told the Economic Times. 
	 

	"Infosys felt that creating a committee to oversee acquisitions was a necessity, given the company's more aggressive stance on acquisitions and investments under Sikka — this committee will be responsible for vetting and overseeing all decisions the company makes on acquisitions, along with the approval of the rest of the board," said one of them. 
	 

	Infosys declined to confirm whether such a committee had been formed. "We do not comment on rumours or speculation," a company spokeswoman said in an email response to ET. 
 

	Sikka has said that he wants acquisitions to generate at least $1.5 billion of that. According to the company's quarterly report, Infosys had cash and cash equivalents of about $5.2 billion as of March 31, 2015. Earlier, in an interview to ET, Sikka said that Infosys would be very aggressive in chasing buyouts. In February, days after the software company bought automation startup <keyword id="2728667" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Panaya">Panaya</keyword> for about Rs 1,200 crore ($200 million), the first non-founder CEO of Infosys said, "We have a dozen targets we are looking at now." Infosys made another large acquisition and bought ecommerce services provider <keyword id="2822310" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Kallidus">Kallidus</keyword> (also known as Skava) for $120 million in April. "Anytime we see a company with talent, capabilities and IP in these areas (AI and collaboration technology) we would love to go for an acquisition," said Sikka, a former SAP board member. 
	 

	Both the Panaya and Skava acquisitions were vetted by the newly-formed investment committee on the Infosys board, said the two sources quoted above. 
	 

	The formation of this committee comes at a crucial juncture for Infosys, which is making big bets in newer areas of technology as part of Sikka's overall plan to turnaround the fortunes of the company and also when rivals such as TCS and Wipro are trying to make similar investments to gain a first-mover advantage in areas such as artificial intelligence and automation. Sandra Notardonato of <keyword id="6371981" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Gartner">Gartner</keyword> Research said, to achieve the compound annual rate of revenue growth of 18% implied by the $20 billion target, Infosys is counting on $1.5 billion in acquisitions, 10% contribution from new service areas and 15% internal growth. It’s worth noting that Infosys’ rival Wipro also has a committee that oversees decisions around acquisitions, among other things. Wipro's billionaire chairman <keyword id="6419840" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Azim-Premji">Azim Premji</keyword>, CEO TK Kurien, board veterans <keyword id="2881183" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="William-Arthur-Owens">William Arthur Owens</keyword> and Jagdish Sheth, and former head of <keyword id="6528042" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</keyword>'s printing business Vyomesh Joshi are currently part of this committee. Even Tata Consultancy Services has an executive committee that oversees decisions around capital expenditure programmes, acquisitions and investments. Members of the committee include TCS CEO N Chandrasekaran, <keyword id="6355725" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Tata-Group">Tata Group</keyword> chairman <keyword id="6356895" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Cyrus-Mistry">Cyrus Mistry</keyword>, former company veteran S Ramadorai, Harvard Business School professor Clayton Christensen and board veteran Ron Sommer. 
	 
	(Image: Indiatimes)

Infosys CEO Vishal Sikka creates a special panel to look into all acquisitions

<ul class="summary-list"><li>President Donald Trump ordered the building of a "National Garden of American Heroes" with statues of an eclectic range of people.</li><li>The list includes Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the basketball player Kobe Bryant, and the "Jeopardy" host Alex Trebek.</li><li>Read the full list of Trump's picks below.</li></ul>President Donald Trump ordered the building of a "National Garden of American Heroes" with statues of people including Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the basketball player Kobe Bryant, and the "Jeopardy" host Alex Trebek.Trump issued <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-building-national-garden-american-heroes/">an executive order</a> on Monday, the penultimate full day of his presidency, directing the construction of a statue garden "to reflect the awesome splendor of our country's timeless exceptionalism."Trump <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-announced-national-garden-of-american-heroes-2020-7?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">first proposed the garden</a> last July at Mount Rushmore amid a heated debate about <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/confederate-monuments-spark-controversy-2017-8">removing Confederate monuments and statues</a>.He <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-plays-race-card-and-culture-war-against-biden-2020-7?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">claimed the US was threatened</a> by a "left-wing cultural revolution" and suggested activists were seeking to "tear down every statue."The executive order issued Monday did not specify a location for the garden but listed over 200 "American heroes" to commemorate. The president said it was "America's answer to this reckless attempt to erase our heroes, values, and entire way of life."The list included the sports stars Muhammad Ali and Herb Brooks, the singer Whitney Houston, the actors Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, and dozens of historical figures such as Christopher Columbus.There were also aviation pioneers, writers, inventors, musicians, military veterans, industrialists, and former presidents."The gates of a beautiful new garden will soon open to the public where the legends of America's past will be remembered," the executive order said. "The National Garden will be built to reflect the awesome splendor of our country's timeless exceptionalism. It will be a place where citizens, young and old, can renew their vision of greatness."The garden appears unlikely to be built, given that Trump issued the order during his last week in office and that President-elect Joe Biden has promised to spend his first days in the White House reversing Trump's signature policies.<h2>Read Trump's full list of 'American heroes'</h2><div type="image" title="Trump " height="1000" width="2000" msid="80350013" hostid="261"></div><ul><li>Ansel Adams</li><li>John Adams</li><li>Samuel Adams</li><li>Muhammad Ali</li><li>Luis Walter Alvarez</li><li>Susan B. Anthony</li><li>Hannah Arendt</li><li>Louis Armstrong</li><li>Neil Armstrong</li><li>Crispus Attucks</li><li>John James Audubon</li><li>Lauren Bacall</li><li>Clara Barton</li><li>Todd Beamer</li><li>Alexander Graham Bell</li><li>Roy Benavidez</li><li>Ingrid Bergman</li><li>Irving Berlin</li><li>Humphrey Bogart</li><li>Daniel Boone</li><li>Norman Borlaug</li><li>William Bradford</li><li>Herb Brooks</li><li>Kobe Bryant</li><li>William F. Buckley Jr.</li><li>Sitting Bull</li><li>Frank Capra</li><li>Andrew Carnegie</li><li>Charles Carroll</li><li>John Carroll</li><li>George Washington Carver</li><li>Johnny Cash</li><li>Joshua Chamberlain</li><li>Whittaker Chambers</li><li>Johnny "Appleseed" Chapman</li><li>Ray Charles</li><li>Julia Child</li><li>Gordon Chung-Hoon</li><li>William Clark</li><li>Henry Clay</li><li>Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain)</li><li>Roberto Clemente</li><li>Grover Cleveland</li><li>Red Cloud</li><li>William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody</li><li>Nat King Cole</li><li>Samuel Colt</li><li>Christopher Columbus</li><li>Calvin Coolidge</li><li>James Fenimore Cooper</li><li>Davy Crockett</li><li>Benjamin O. Davis Jr.</li><li>Miles Davis</li><li>Dorothy Day</li><li>Joseph H. De Castro</li><li>Emily Dickinson</li><li>Walt Disney</li><li>William "Wild Bill" Donovan</li><li>Jimmy Doolittle</li><li>Desmond Doss</li><li>Frederick Douglass</li><li>Herbert Henry Dow</li><li>Katharine Drexel</li><li>Peter Drucker</li><li>Amelia Earhart</li><li>Thomas Edison</li><li>Jonathan Edwards</li><li>Albert Einstein</li><li>Dwight D. Eisenhower</li><li>Duke Ellington</li><li>Ralph Waldo Emerson</li><li>Medgar Evers</li><li>David Farragut</li><li>The Marquis de La Fayette</li><li>Mary Fields</li><li>Henry Ford</li><li>George Fox</li><li>Aretha Franklin</li><li>Benjamin Franklin</li><li>Milton Friedman</li><li>Robert Frost</li><li>Gabby Gabreski</li><li>Bernardo de Gálvez</li><li>Lou Gehrig</li><li>Theodor Seuss Geisel</li><li>Cass Gilbert</li><li>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</li><li>John Glenn</li><li>Barry Goldwater</li><li>Samuel Gompers</li><li>Alexander Goode</li><li>Carl Gorman</li><li>Billy Graham</li><li>Ulysses S. Grant</li><li>Nellie Gray</li><li>Nathanael Greene</li><li>Woody Guthrie</li><li>Nathan Hale</li><li>William Frederick "Bull" Halsey Jr.</li><li>Alexander Hamilton</li><li>Ira Hayes</li><li>Hans Christian Heg</li><li>Ernest Hemingway</li><li>Patrick Henry</li><li>Charlton Heston</li><li>Alfred Hitchcock</li><li>Billie Holiday</li><li>Bob Hope</li><li>Johns Hopkins</li><li>Grace Hopper</li><li>Sam Houston</li><li>Whitney Houston</li><li>Julia Ward Howe</li><li>Edwin Hubble</li><li>Daniel Inouye</li><li>Andrew Jackson</li><li>Robert H. Jackson</li><li>Mary Jackson</li><li>John Jay</li><li>Thomas Jefferson</li><li>Steve Jobs</li><li>Katherine Johnson</li><li>Barbara Jordan</li><li>Chief Joseph</li><li>Elia Kazan</li><li>Helen Keller</li><li>John F. Kennedy</li><li>Francis Scott Key</li><li>Coretta Scott King</li><li>Martin Luther King Jr.</li><li>Russell Kirk</li><li>Jeane Kirkpatrick</li><li>Henry Knox</li><li>Tadeusz Kościuszko</li><li>Harper Lee</li><li>Pierre Charles L'Enfant</li><li>Meriwether Lewis</li><li>Abraham Lincoln</li><li>Vince Lombardi</li><li>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</li><li>Clare Boothe Luce</li><li>Douglas MacArthur</li><li>Dolley Madison</li><li>James Madison</li><li>George Marshall</li><li>Thurgood Marshall</li><li>William Mayo</li><li>Christa McAuliffe</li><li>William McKinley</li><li>Louise McManus</li><li>Herman Melville</li><li>Thomas Merton</li><li>George P. Mitchell</li><li>Maria Mitchell</li><li>William "Billy" Mitchell</li><li>Samuel Morse</li><li>Lucretia Mott</li><li>John Muir</li><li>Audie Murphy</li><li>Edward Murrow</li><li>John Neumann</li><li>Annie Oakley</li><li>Jesse Owens</li><li>Rosa Parks</li><li>George S. Patton Jr.</li><li>Charles Willson Peale</li><li>William Penn</li><li>Oliver Hazard Perry</li><li>John J. Pershing</li><li>Edgar Allan Poe</li><li>Clark Poling</li><li>John Russell Pope</li><li>Elvis Presley</li><li>Jeannette Rankin</li><li>Ronald Reagan</li><li>Walter Reed</li><li>William Rehnquist</li><li>Paul Revere</li><li>Henry Hobson Richardson</li><li>Hyman Rickover</li><li>Sally Ride</li><li>Matthew Ridgway</li><li>Jackie Robinson</li><li>Norman Rockwell</li><li>Caesar Rodney</li><li>Eleanor Roosevelt</li><li>Franklin D. Roosevelt</li><li>Theodore Roosevelt</li><li>Betsy Ross</li><li>Babe Ruth</li><li>Sacagawea</li><li>Jonas Salk</li><li>John Singer Sargent</li><li>Antonin Scalia</li><li>Norman Schwarzkopf</li><li>Junípero Serra</li><li>Elizabeth Ann Seton</li><li>Robert Gould Shaw</li><li>Fulton Sheen</li><li>Alan Shepard</li><li>Frank Sinatra</li><li>Margaret Chase Smith</li><li>Bessie Smith</li><li>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</li><li>Jimmy Stewart</li><li>Harriet Beecher Stowe</li><li>Gilbert Stuart</li><li>Anne Sullivan</li><li>William Howard Taft</li><li>Maria Tallchief</li><li>Maxwell Taylor</li><li>Tecumseh</li><li>Kateri Tekakwitha</li><li>Shirley Temple</li><li>Nikola Tesla</li><li>Jefferson Thomas</li><li>Henry David Thoreau</li><li>Jim Thorpe</li><li>Augustus Tolton</li><li>Alex Trebek</li><li>Harry S. Truman</li><li>Sojourner Truth</li><li>Harriet Tubman</li><li>Dorothy Vaughan</li><li>C. T. Vivian</li><li>John von Neumann</li><li>Thomas Ustick Walter</li><li>Sam Walton</li><li>Booker T. Washington</li><li>George Washington</li><li>John Washington</li><li>John Wayne</li><li>Ida B. Wells-Barnett</li><li>Phillis Wheatley</li><li>Walt Whitman</li><li>Laura Ingalls Wilder</li><li>Roger Williams</li><li>John Winthrop</li><li>Frank Lloyd Wright</li><li>Orville Wright</li><li>Wilbur Wright</li><li>Alvin C. York</li><li>Cy Young</li><li>Lorenzo de Zavala</li></ul>

Trump's picks for his 'National Garden of American Heroes' include Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Kobe Bryant, and a quiz-show host

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Carlos Barria/ReutersPaul Ryan and Donald Trump.</div></div></div>Dear Senators and Representatives:"Ask five economists," as the Edgar Fiedler adage goes, "and you'll get five different answers."Yet, when it comes to the tax reform package aimed at fixing our broken system, the undersigned have but one shared perspective: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-gop-tax-reform-plan-economic-growth-2017-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Economic growth will accelerate</a> if the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act passes, leading to more jobs, higher wages, and a better standard of living for the American people. If, however, the bill fails, the United States risks continued economic underperformance.In today's globalized economy, capital is mobile in its pursuit of lower tax jurisdictions. Yet, in that worldwide race for job-creating investment, America is not economically competitive. Here's why: Left virtually untouched for the last 31 years, our chart-topping corporate tax rate is the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-tax-plan-corporate-tax-rate-oecd-countries-2017-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">highest in the industrialized world</a> and a full fifteen percentage points above the OECD average. As a result of forfeiting our competitive edge, we forfeited <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-19/tax-code-hurts-u-s-firms-in-m-a-market-roundtable-study-finds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4,700 companies</a> from 2004 to 2016 to cheaper shores abroad. As a result of sitting idly by while the rest of the world took steps to lower their corporate rates, we lowered our own workers' wages by thousands of dollars a year.Our colleagues from across the ideological spectrum - regardless of whether they ultimately support or oppose the current plan - recognize the record-setting rate at which the United States taxes job-creating businesses is, either significantly or entirely, a burden borne by the workers they employ. The question isn't whether American workers are hurt by our country's corporate tax rate - it's how badly. As such, the question isn't whether workers will be helped by a corporate tax rate reduction - it's how much.The enactment of a comprehensive overhaul - complete with a lower corporate tax rate - will ignite our economy with levels of growth not seen in generations. A twenty percent statutory rate on a permanent basis would, per the Council of Economic Advisers, help produce a GDP boost <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-tax-plan-gdp-effect-corporate-rate-2017-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"by between 3 and 5 percent."</a> As the debate delves into deficit implications, it is critical to consider that $1 trillion in new revenue for the federal government can be generated by four-tenths of a percentage in GDP growth.Sophisticated economic models show the macroeconomic feedback generated by the TCJA will exceed that amount - more than enough to compensate for the static revenue loss. We firmly believe that a competitive corporate rate is the key to an economic engine driven by greater investment, capital stock, business formation, and productivity - all of which will yield more jobs and higher wages. Your vote throughout the weeks ahead will therefore put more money in the pockets of more workers.Supporting the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will ensure that those workers - those beneficiaries - are American.Sincerely, James C. Miller IIIFormer OMB Director, 1985-88 Douglas Holtz-EakinAmerican Action Forum Alexander KatkovJohnson &amp; Wales University Ali M. RezaSan Jose State U (Emeritus) Ann E. ShermanDePaul University Anthony B. SandersGeorge Mason University Anthony NegbeneborGardner-Webb University Arthur HavennerUniversity of California, Davis Austin J. JaffePenn State University Barry W. PoulsonUniversity of Colorado Boyd D, CollierTarleton State University, Texas A&amp;M University System (Emeritus) Brian Stuart WesburyJoint Economic Committee Carlisle E. MoodyCollege of William and Mary Charles W. CalomirisColumbia University Christine P. RiesGeorgia Institute of Technology Christopher C. BarnekovFCC (Retired) Christopher Lingle Universidad Francisco Marroquin Clifford F. ThiesShenandoah University Daniel Fernandez Universidad Francisco Marroquin Daniel HouserGeorge Mason University David H. ReslerChief US Economist, Nomura (Retired) David RansonHCWE &amp; Co. Dennis E. Logue Steven Roth Professor, (Emeritus) Tuck School, Dartmouth Colleges Derek TittleGeorgia Institute of Technology DeVon L. YohoEconomist Ball State University (Retired) Donald J. Oswald California State University, Bakersfield (Retired) Donald KochKoch Investments Donald L. AlexanderWestern Michigan University Donald LuskinTrendMacro Douglas C FrechtlingGeorge Washington University Douglas KahlThe University of Akron Douglas O. CookThe University of Alabama Kingdon Hurlock Jr.Calvert Investment Counsel Edward M. ScahillUniversity of Scranton Eleanor CraigUniversity of Delaware Owen Irvine Michigan State University (Emeritus) Farhad RassekhUniversity of Hartford Francis AhkingUniversity of Connecticut Frank FaleroCalifornia State University (Emeritus) Gary R. SkoogLegal Econometrics, Inc. Gary WolframHillsdale College Gene SimpsonNPTC, Auburn University George LangelettSouth Dakota State University Gerald P. DwyerClemson University Gil SylviaUniversity of Georgia H Daniel FosterHDFCO Hugo J. FariaUniversity of Miami Inayat ManglaWestern Michigan University J. Edward GrahamUNC Wilmington Jagdish BhagwatiColumbia University James B KauUniversity of Georgia James C.W. Ahiakpor California State University, East Bay James D. AdamsRensselaer Polytechnic Institute James D. MillerSmith College James F. SmithEconForecaster, LLC James KeelerKenyon College James M. Mulcahy SUNY - Buffalo economics department James MoncurUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa Jeffrey DorfmanUniversity of Georgia Jerold ZimmermanUniversity of Rochester Jody LipfordPresbyterian College John A. BadenChm., Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment (FREE) John C. Moorhouse Wake Forest University (Emeritus) John D. JohnsonUtah State University John H McDermottUniversity of South Carolina John McArthurWofford College John P. EleazarianAmerican Economic Association John RuggieroUniversity of Dayton John SemmensLaissez Faire Institute Joseph A. GiacaloneSt. John's University, NY Joseph Haslag University of Missouri- Columbia Joseph S. DeSalvo University of South Florida - Tampa Joseph Zoric Franciscan University of Steubenville Kathleen B. CooperSMU's John Tower Center for Politico Science Kenneth V. Greene Binghamton University (Emeritus) Lawrence Benveniste Goizueta Business School, Emory University Lawrence R. CimaJohn Carroll University Leon WeggeUniversity of California, Davis Lloyd CohenScalia Law School Lucjan OrlowskiSacred Heart University Lydia OrtegaSan Jose State University M. Northrup BuechnerSt. John's University, New York Maurice MacDonaldKansas State University Michael A. MorriseyTexas A&amp;M University Michael ConnollyUniversity of Miami Michael D Brendler Louisiana State University Shreveport. Michael L. MarlowCal Poly, San Luis Obispo Moheb A. GhaliWestern Washington University Nancy RobertsArizona State University Nasser DuellaCalifornia State University, Fullerton Nicolas SanchezCollege of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA (Emeritus,) Norman LeftonSouthern Illinois University, Edwardsville Paul H RubinEmory University Pavel YakovlevDuquesne University Pedro PiffautColumbia University Peter E. KretzmerBank of America Peter S. YunUVAWISE (Emeritus) Phillip J. Bryson Brigham Young University (Emeritus) R. Ashley LymanUniversity of Idaho R. L. PromboinUniversity of Maryland University College (former) Richard J. CebulaJacksonville University Richard KilmerUniversity of Florida Richard TimberlakeProf. of Econ., Univ. of Ga. (Retired) Richard VedderOhio University Robert B HelmsAmerican Enterprise Institute (Retired) Robert F StaufferRoanoke College , (Emeritus) Robert H. TopelUniversity of Chicago Booth School of Business Robert HellerFormer Governor, Federal Reserve Board Robert SauerRoyal Holloway University Robert TamuraClemson University Roger MeinersUniversity of Texas-Arlington Sanjai BhagatUniversity of Colorado Boulder Scott HeinTexas Tech University Seth BiedNew York State Tax Department Stan LiebowitzUniversity of Texas Stephen HappelArizona State University T. Craig TapleyUniversity of Florida Thomas H. MayorUniversity of Houston Thomas J KniesnerClaremont Graduate University Thomas M. StokerMIT (retired) Thomas SavingTexas A&amp;M University Timothy MathewsKennesaw State University Tomi OvaskaYoungstown State University Tony LimaCalifornia State University, East Bay Victor a CantoLa Jolla economics Vijay SingalNavrang Inc Wallace HendricksUniversity of Illinois Ward S. Curran Trinity College Hartford Connecticut (Emeritus) Wayne T. BroughFreedomWorks Foundation William B. FairleyAnalysis &amp; Inference, Inc. William BuchananValdosta State University William McKillopResource Economics (Emeritus) William R. Allen UCLA Department of Economics William S. Peirce Case Western Reserve University Wim VijverbergCUNY Graduate Center Xuepeng LiuKennesaw State University Yuri N. MaltsevA.W. Clausen Center for World Business, Carthage College <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/jeans-denim-small-pocket-levis-secret-2016-5">Here's why your jeans have that tiny front pocket</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

An open letter to Congress from over 100 economists: Pass tax reform and watch the economy roar

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="11894337" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="russia" source="Orion">Russia</keyword> says it has banned 287 UK MPs from entering the country in retaliation to sanctions.</li><li>Russia's foreign ministry said the bans are because British MPs are creating "Russophobic hysteria."</li></ul>Russia has sanctioned nearly 300 British MPs in retaliation for restrictions imposed on members of its parliament, the Duma, last month, but has included a number of politicians who are no longer serving. In its list of 287 individuals, the Kremlin has targeted current ministers including Cabinet Office minister Steve Barclay, minister for Brexit opportunities Jacob Rees-Mogg, trade minister Penny Mordaunt, and solicitor general Alex Chalk, as well as senior MPs such as Jeremy Hunt, Steve Baker, David Davis and Julian Lewis. However Russia has also gone after Rory Stewart, Dominic Grieve and Sarah Wollaston, who haven't been MPs since the 2019 election, and Charlie Elphicke, who stepped down after being found guilty on three counts of sexual assault. In another error, Tory MP Heather Wheeler's name appears twice, as the 18th and 206th entries, meaning there are actually just 286 names on the list. Meanwhile Alun Cairns' name has been misspelled. <a href="https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1810980/#sel=11:1:J1Q,11:6:HJo">According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,</a> the politicians listed "cannot visit the Russian Federation from now on."A translation of a statement reported by state-owned Russian news agency RIA Novosti said the sanctions were being applied "on the basis of reciprocity," following the decision to <a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-sanctions-386-duma-members-over-support-for-luhansk-and-donetsk/">sanction 386 members of the Duma after they backed Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine</a>."These persons, who are now banned from entering the Russian Federation, took the most active part in the establishment of anti-Russian sanctions instruments in London (and) contribute to the groundless whipping up of Russophobic hysteria in the UK," it read."The hostile rhetoric and far-fetched accusations coming from the lips of British parliamentarians not only condone the hostile course of London, aimed at demonizing our country and its international isolation, but are also used by opponents of a mutually respectful dialogue with Russia to undermine the foundation of bilateral co-operation."Prime Minister <keyword id="11911533" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="boris-johnson" source="Orion">Boris Johnson</keyword>, Foreign Secretary Liz Truss, Defence Secretary Ben Wallace and 10 other senior politicians — mostly members of the Cabinet — have already been barred. Theresa May, the former prime minister, was also on the initial list. "Taking into account London's bet on the consistent strengthening of anti-Russian sanctions, work on countermeasures, including the expansion of the Russian 'stop list,' will continue," it added. Speaking during Prime Minister's Questions shortly after the list was published, Boris Johnson said those on the list "should regard it as a badge of honour".He vowed that the UK "keep up our robust and principled support for the Ukrainian people and their right to protect their lives, their families, and to defend themselves".Chris Bryant, the senior Labour MP and prominent critic of the Putin regime, told the Commons he was "absolutely distressed that I am not on the list… and if I am honest slightly surprised". He added: "I can only assume the Russian Federation accepts every single thing I have said about President Putin over the last few years is true. He is a barbarous villain and we should make sure he fails."Peter Bone, one of the Tory MPs to feature on the list, said: "I am proud to have supported <keyword id="11985141" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ukraine" source="Orion">Ukraine</keyword> and its people. I condemn Russia for its barbaric invasion. Sanctioning me will not stop me speaking out."Tim Loughton, another of the sanctioned Conservatives, said he had "done the double", after he was also banned from China for speaking out against human rights abuses.The list of MPs, as published by Russia's foreign ministry, <a href="https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1810980/#sel=11:1:J1Q,11:6:HJo">can be seen here</a>, or keep scrolling for the full list:<h3>Conservative MPs</h3><ol><ol><li>Stephen Paul BARCLAY,</li><li>David Michael DAVIS,</li><li>Charles George EUSTICE,</li><li>Dominic Charles GRIEVE,</li><li>Christopher HEATON-HARRIS,</li><li>Jeremy Richard Streynsham HUNT,</li><li>Alistair William JACK,</li><li>Daniel Robert KAWCZYNSKI,</li><li>Andrea Jacqueline LEADSOM,</li><li>Julian Murray LEWIS,</li><li>Esther Louise MCVEY,</li><li>Penelope Mary MORDAUNT,</li><li>Caroline Fiona Ellen NOKES,</li><li>Christopher John PINCHER,</li><li>Jacob William REES-MOGG,</li><li>Mark Steven SPENCER,</li><li>Theresa Ann VILLIERS,</li><li>Heather Kay WHEELER,</li><li>Nigel ADAMS,</li><li>Bim AFOLAMI,</li><li>Adam AFRIYIE,</li><li>Peter James Guy ALDOUS,</li><li>Lucy Elizabeth ALLAN,</li><li>Stuart James ANDREW,</li><li>Edward John Comport ARGAR,</li><li>Victoria Mary ATKINS,</li><li>Richard Michael BACON,</li><li>Kemi BADENOCH,</li><li>Steve John BAKER,</li><li>Harriet Mary Morison BALDWIN,</li><li>John Charles BARON,</li><li>Alexander Paul BERESFORD,</li><li>James Jacob Gilchrist BERRY,</li><li>Peter William BONE,</li><li>Peter James BOTTOMLEY,</li><li>Andrew Campbell BOWIE,</li><li>Ben David BRADLEY,</li><li>Karen Anne BRADLEY,</li><li>Jack Edgar BRERETON,</li><li>Andrew James BRIDGEN,</li><li>Steve BRINE,</li><li>Fiona Claire BRUCE,</li><li>Michael Alex BURGHART,</li><li>Conor BURNS,</li><li>Alan Hugh CAIRNS,</li><li>James Roger CARTLIDGE,</li><li>William Nigel Paul CASH,</li><li>Maria Colette CAULFIELD,</li><li>Alexander John Gervase CHALK,</li><li>Atta-Ur-Rehman CHISHTI,</li><li>Joanna Peta CHURCHILL,</li><li>Simon Richard CLARKE,</li><li>Geoffrey CLIFTON-BROWN,</li><li>Therese Anne COFFEY,</li><li>Alberto Castrenze COSTA,</li><li>Robert Alexander COURTS,</li><li>Tracy Elizabeth Anne CROUCH,</li><li>David Thomas Charles DAVIES,</li><li>Edward Glyn DAVIES,</li><li>Mims Jane Alice DAVIES,</li><li>Philip DAVIES,</li><li>Michelle Emma May DONELAN,</li><li>Steve Daniel DOUBLE,</li><li>Richard Grosvenor PLUNKETT-ERNLE-DRAX,</li><li>James Philip DUDDRIDGE,</li><li>David James DUGUID,</li><li>Philip Martin DUNNE,</li><li>Michael ELLIS,</li><li>Charlie Brett Anthony ELPHICKE,</li><li>Michael Louis David FABRICANT,</li><li>Victoria Grace FORD,</li><li>Kevin John FOSTER,</li><li>Mark Gino FRANCOIS,</li><li>George William FREEMAN,</li><li>Mike Whitney FREER,</li><li>Marcus John Hudson FYSH,</li><li>Roger James GALE,</li><li>Mark Robert Timothy GARNIER,</li><li>Nusrat Munir UI-GHANI,</li><li>Nicholas John GIBB,</li><li>Paul William GIRVAN,</li><li>John Philip GLEN,</li><li>Robert GOODWILL,</li><li>Richard Michael GRAHAM,</li><li>James Whiteside GRAY,</li><li>Christopher Patric James GREEN,</li><li>Damian Howard GREEN,</li><li>Justin GREENING,</li><li>Dominic Charles Roberts GRIEVE,</li><li>Samuel Phillip GYIMAH,</li><li>Robert Henry HALFON,</li><li>Luke Anthony HALL,</li><li>Greg William HANDS,</li><li>Mark James HARPER,</li><li>Elizabeth Rebecca Scott HARRIS,</li><li>Trudy Lynne HARRISON,</li><li>Simon Anthony HART,</li><li>John Henry HAYES,</li><li>Oliver HEALD,</li><li>Gordon HENDERSON,</li><li>Damian Patrick HINDS,</li><li>Kevin Paul HOLLINRAKE,</li><li>Philip Thomas HOLLOBONE,</li><li>Adam James Harold HOLLOWAY,</li><li>John Michael HOWELL,</li><li>Nigel Paul HUDDLESTON,</li><li>Eddie Francis HUGHES,</li><li>Bernard Christison JENKIN,</li><li>Andrea Marie JENKYNS,</li><li>Robert Edward JENRICK,</li><li>Caroline Elizabeth JOHNSON,</li><li>Gareth Alan JOHNSON,</li><li>Joseph JOHNSON,</li><li>Andrew Hanson JONES,</li><li>David Ian JONES,</li><li>Marcus Charles JONES,</li><li>Gillian KEEGAN,</li><li>Sema Louise Ghiassi KENNEDY,</li><li>Stephen Charles KERR,</li><li>Greg KNIGHT,</li><li>John Robert LAMONT,</li><li>Pauline Elizabeth LATHAM,</li><li>Philip James LEE,</li><li>Jeremy John Elton LEFROY,</li><li>Edward Julian LEIGH,</li><li>Oliver LETWIN,</li><li>Andrew Iain LEWER,</li><li>Ian Richard Peregrine LIDDELL-GRAINGER,</li><li>Julia Louis LOPEZ,</li><li>Jack Giacomo LOPRESTI,</li><li>Jonathan George CALADINE,</li><li>Tim Paul LOUGHTON,</li><li>Craig MACKINLAY,</li><li>Rachel Helen MACLEAN,</li><li>Alan MAC,</li><li>Scott Leslie MANN,</li><li>Paul Christopher MAYNARD,</li><li>Patrick Allen MCLOUGHLIN,</li><li>Stephen Anthony MCPARTLAND,</li><li>Mark Andrew MENZIES,</li><li>Johnny Luther MERCER,</li><li>Hugh William MERRIMAN,</li><li>Stephen James METCALFE,</li><li>Amanda Anne MILLING,</li><li>Nigel John MILLS,</li><li>Andrew John Bower MITCHELL,</li><li>Damien MOORE,</li><li>Nikola Ann MORGAN,</li><li>James George MORRIS,</li><li>David Gordon MUNDELL,</li><li>Cheryl MURRAY,</li><li>Andrew William MURRISON,</li><li>Robert James MacGillivray NEILL,</li><li>Sarah Louise NEWTON,</li><li>Alexander Jesse NORMAN,</li><li>Neil O'BRIEN,</li><li>Neil Quentin PARISH,</li><li>Mark Julian Francis PAWSEY,</li><li>John David PENROSE,</li><li>Christopher Ian Brian Mynott PHILP,</li><li>Rebecca Faye Clark POW,</li><li>Victoria Mary Boswell PRENTIS,</li><li>Mark Andrew PRITCHARD,</li><li>Thomas Christopher John PURSGLOVE,</li><li>Jeremy Mark QUIN,</li><li>William James QUINCE,</li><li>John Alan REDWOOD,</li><li>Lawrence Anthony ROBERTSON,</li><li>Mary Josephine ROBINSON,</li><li>Douglas Gordon ROSS,</li><li>Lee Benjamin ROWLEY,</li><li>David Henry RUTLEY,</li><li>Paul Stuart SCULLY,</li><li>Andrew Edmund Armstrong SELOUS,</li><li>Richard James SHANNON,</li><li>Alec Edward SHELBROOKE,</li><li>Christopher James SKIDMORE,</li><li>Chloe Rebecca SMITH,</li><li>Henry Edward SMITH,</li><li>Julian Richard SMITH,</li><li>Royston Matthew SMITH,</li><li>Arthur Nicholas Winston SOAMES,</li><li>Andrew George STEPHENSON,</li><li>Andrew John STEVENSON,</li><li>Robert Alexander STEWART,</li><li>Roderick James STEWART,</li><li>Gary Nicholas STREETER,</li><li>Melvin John STRIDE,</li><li>Graham Charles STUART,</li><li>Desmond Angus SWAYNE,</li><li>Robert Andrew Raymond SYMS,</li><li>Derek Gordon THOMAS,</li><li>Margaret Ann THROUP,</li><li>Kelly Jane TOLHURST,</li><li>Justin Paul TOMLINSON,</li><li>Michael James TOMLINSON,</li><li>Craig Paul TRACEY,</li><li>David Arthur Stephen TREDENNICK,</li><li>Shailesh Lackman VARA,</li><li>Martin John VICKERS,</li><li>Theresa Ann VILLERS,</li><li>Robin Caspar WALKER,</li><li>David John WARBURTON,</li><li>Matthew Robert WARMAN,</li><li>Helen Olivia Bicknell WHATELY,</li><li>Heather Kay WHEELER,</li><li>Craig WHITTAKER,</li><li>John Flasby Lawrance WHITTINGDALE,</li><li>William David WIGGIN,</li><li>Sarah WOLLASTON,</li><li>Mike John WOOD,</li><li>William Peter WRAGG,</li><li>Jeremy Paul WRIGHT.</li></ol></ol><h3>Labour MPs</h3><ol><li>Lindsay Harvey HOYLE, Speaker of the House of Commons,</li><li>Diane Julie ABBOTT,</li><li>Deborah Angela Elspeth Marie ABRAHAMS,</li><li>Michael Lee AMESBURY,</li><li>Antonia Louise ANTONIAZZI,</li><li>Jonathan Michael Graham ASHWORTH,</li><li>Margaret Mary BECKETT,</li><li>Clive James Charles BETTS,</li><li>Paul Christopher BLOMFIELD,</li><li>Kevin Denis BRENNAN,</li><li>Karen Patricia BUCK,</li><li>Richard BURGON,</li><li>Don Petula BUTLER,</li><li>Alan CAMPBELL,</li><li>Dan Joseph CARDEN,</li><li>Charalambos CHARALAMBOUS,</li><li>Vernon Rodney COAKER,</li><li>Neil Alan John COYLE,</li><li>Stella Judith CREASY,</li><li>Judith Mary Cummins,</li><li>Janet Jessica DABY,</li><li>Tarnmanjeet Singh DHESI,</li><li>Peter Christopher DOWD,</li><li>Rosie Clare DUFFIELD,</li><li>Chris Philip James ELMORE,</li><li>Victoria Jane FOXCROFT,</li><li>Barry Strachan GARDINER,</li><li>Ruth Stephanie Nicole GEORGE,</li><li>Preet Kaur GILL,</li><li>John Timothy GROGAN,</li><li>Louise HAIGH,</li><li>Fabian UZIELL-HAMILTON,</li><li>David George HANSON,</li><li>Carolin HARRIS,</li><li>Susan Mary HAYMAN,</li><li>John HEALEY,</li><li>Margaret Olivia HILLIER,</li><li>Sharon HODGSON,</li><li>George Edward HOWARTH,</li><li>Daniel Owen Woolgar JARVIS,</li><li>Darren Paul JONES,</li><li>Gerald JONES,</li><li>Mohammed Afzal KHAN,</li><li>Peter KYLE,</li><li>Ian LAVERY,</li><li>Emma Louise LEWELL-BUCK,</li><li>Anthony Joseph LLOYD,</li><li>Justin Piers Richard MADDERS,</li><li>Khalid MAHMOOD,</li><li>Rachel Helen MASKELL,</li><li>Christian MATHESON,</li><li>Kerry Gillian MCCARTHY,</li><li>Conor Patrick MCGINN,</li><li>James Ignatius O'Rourke MCMAHON,</li><li>James Ian MEARNS,</li><li>Stephen James MORGAN,</li><li>Ian MURRAY,</li><li>Alexander James Jordan NORRIS,</li><li>Stephanie Louise PEACOCK,</li><li>Luke POLLARD,</li><li>Eleanor Claire REEVES,</li><li>Matthew Richard Allen RODDA,</li><li>Lloyd Cameron RUSSELL-MOYLE,</li><li>Jeff SMITH,</li><li>Nicholas Desmond John SMITH,</li><li>Karin Marguerite SMYTH,</li><li>Alexander David SOBEL,</li><li>John Francis SPELLAR,</li><li>Mark Richard TAMI,</li><li>Gareth Richard THOMAS,</li><li>Stephen Creswell TIMMS,</li><li>Mary Elizabeth TWIST,</li><li>Alan Patrick Vincent WHITEHEAD,</li><li>Daniel Stephen ZEICHNER.</li></ol>

Russia sanctions almost 300 British MPs in retaliatory move, but its list includes several errors

<ul class="summary-list"><li>In August 1945, the US used atomic bombs on Japan, killing over 100,000 people.</li><li>Weeks before, dozens of Manhattan Project scientists signed a petition opposing its use.</li></ul>On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, killing at least 100,000 people instantly and thousands more from radiation illnesses and injuries, according to the <a href="https://museum.archives.gov/featured-document-display-atomic-bombing-hiroshima-and-nagasaki" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Archives Museum</a>. Three weeks earlier, Leo Szilard and dozens of other scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project signed a petition to President Harry Truman, pleading with him to reconsider dropping the bombs they had helped create. <h2>'Opposition on moral grounds'</h2>While the bombs would likely end the war, they felt "that such attacks on Japan could not be justified" until Japan was told about the weapon and given a chance to surrender. Seventy scientists, mostly from the Chicago Met Lab and Tennessee Oak Ridge project sites, added their signatures. "I personally feel that it would be a matter of importance if a large number of scientists who have worked in this field went clearly and unmistakably on record as to their opposition on moral grounds to the use of these bombs in the present phase of the war," Szilard wrote in the <a href="https://www.dannen.com/decision/45-07-04.html">petition's cover letter</a>. The petition didn't include names from the Los Alamos, New Mexico scientists because they weren't given the chance to sign, Edward Teller, one of the Manhattan Project's scientists, <a href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/voices/oral-histories/edward-tellers-interview/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">later said</a>.J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of Los Alamos Laboratory, persuaded Teller not to distribute the petition. "Oppenheimer talked me out of it, saying that we as scientists have no business to meddle in political pressure of that kind," Teller said. But Teller also <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Los_Alamos_Science/RNSyoG42FOYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22the+things+we+are+working+on+are+so+terrible+that+no+amount+of+protesting+or+fiddling%22&amp;pg=PA193&amp;printsec=frontcover" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wrote to Szilard</a> at the time, "The things we are working on are so terrible that no amount of protesting or fiddling with politics will save our souls." Truman didn't actually see the petition before he ordered the bombs to drop, according to the <a href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/szilard-petition/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atomic Heritage Foundation</a>. Szilard <a href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/matthew-j-connelly-james-byrnes-attached-leo-szilard-letter?documentid=NA&amp;pagenumber=2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">asked for permission</a> to make the petition public in late August 1945, but it <a href="https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/2020/08/06/75-years-after-atomic-bombs-how-manhattan-project-scientists-tried-stop-them/5574035002/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wasn't declassified</a> for over a decade. <h2>Doubts in Los Alamos</h2>Though <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/life-career-of-j-robert-oppenheimer-father-of-atomic-bomb-2023-6#the-atomic-bomb-and-its-repercussions-never-left-him-years-later-in-1961-when-he-was-asked-about-the-atomic-bombs-dropped-on-japan-he-said-it-wasnt-on-his-conscience-27">Oppenheimer said</a> years later in 1961 that he didn't carry the dropping of the bombs on his conscience, not everyone who worked at Los Alamos felt that way. Some were conflicted, especially after Adolf Hitler's death in April 1945. "For me, Hitler was the personification of evil and the primary justification for the atomic bomb work," Los Alamos physicist Emilio Segrè <a href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft700007rb&amp;chunk.id=d0e3151&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=&amp;brand=ucpress" target="_blank" rel="noopener">later wrote</a>. "Now that the bomb could not be used against the Nazis, doubts arose. Those doubts, even if they do not appear in official reports, were discussed in many private conversations." Read the <a href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/szilard-petition/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">full petition</a> from the Manhattan Project scientists and their names (provided by Szilard biographer<a href="http://www.dannen.com/decision/45-07-17.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gene Dannen</a>) below. <h2>The Manhattan Project petition asking President Truman not to bomb Japan</h2>A PETITION TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATESJuly 17, 1945Discoveries of which the people of the United States are not aware may affect the welfare of this nation in the near future. The liberation of the atomic power which has been achieved places atomic bombs in the hands of the Army. It places in your hands, as Commander-in-Chief, the fateful decision whether or not to sanction the use of such bombs in the present phase of the war against Japan.We, the undersigned scientists, have been working in the field of atomic power. Until recently we have had to fear that the United States might be attacked by atomic bombs during this war and that her only defense might lie in a counterattack by the same means. Today, with the defeat of Germany, this danger is averted and we feel impelled to say what follows:The war has to be brought speedily to a successful conclusion and attacks by atomic bombs may very well be an effective method of warfare. We feel, however, that such attacks on Japan could not be justified, at least not until the terms which will be imposed after the war on Japan were made public in detail and Japan were given an opportunity to surrender.If such public announcement gave assurance to the Japanese that they could look forward to a life devoted to peaceful pursuit in their homeland and if Japan still refused to surrender, our nation might then, in certain circumstances, find itself forced to resort to the use of atomic bombs. Such a step, however, ought not to be made at any time without seriously considering the moral responsibilities which are involved.The development of atomic power will provide the nations with new means of destruction. The atomic bombs at our disposal represent only the first step in this direction, and there is almost no limit to the destructive power which will become available in the course of their future development. Thus a nation which sets the precedent of using these newly liberated forces of nature for purposes of destruction may have to bear the responsibility of opening the door to an era of devastation on an unimaginable scale.If after the war a situation is allowed to develop in the world which permits rival powers to be in uncontrolled possession of these new means of destruction, the cities of the United States as well as the cities of other nations will be in continuous danger of sudden annihilation. All the resources of the United States, moral and material, may have to be mobilized to prevent the advent of such a world situation. Its prevention is at present the solemn responsibility of the United States—singled out by virtue of her lead in the field of atomic power.The added material strength which this lead gives to the United States brings with it the obligation of restraint and if we were to violate this obligation our moral position would be weakened in the eyes of the world and in our own eyes. It would then be more difficult for us to live up to our responsibility of bringing the unloosened forces of destruction under control.In view of the foregoing, we, the undersigned, respectfully petition: first, that you exercise your power as Commander-in-Chief, to rule that the United States shall not resort to the use of atomic bombs in this war unless the terms which will be imposed upon Japan have been made public in detail and Japan knowing these terms has refused to surrender; second, that in such an event the question whether or not to use atomic bombs be decided by you in the light of the consideration presented in this petition as well as all the other moral responsibilities which are involved. <h2>Here's everyone who signed</h2><ul><li>David S. Anthony, associate chemist</li><li>Larned B. Asprey, junior chemist</li><li>Walter Bartky, assistant director</li><li>Austin M. Brues, director, biology division</li><li>Mary Burke, research assistant</li><li>Albert Cahn, Jr., junior physicist</li><li>George R. Carlson, research assistant</li><li>Kenneth Stewart Cole, principal biophysicist</li><li>Ethaline Hartge Cortelyou, junior chemist</li><li>John Crawford, physicist</li><li>Mary M. Dailey, research assistant</li><li>Miriam Posner Finkel, associate biologist</li><li>Frank G. Foote, metallurgist</li><li>Horace Owen France, associate biologist</li><li>Mark S. Fred, research associate</li><li>Sherman Fried, chemist</li><li>Francis Lee Friedman, physicist</li><li>Melvin S. Friedman, associate chemist</li><li>Mildred C. Ginsberg, computer</li><li>Norman Goldstein, junior physicist</li><li>Sheffield Gordon, associate chemist</li><li>Walter J. Grundhauser, research assistant</li><li>Charles W. Hagen, research assistant</li><li>David B. Hall, position not identified</li><li>David L. Hill, associate physicist</li><li>John Perry Howe, Jr., associate director</li><li>Earl K. Hyde, research associate</li><li>Jasper B. Jeffries, junior physicist, junior chemist</li><li>William Karush, associate physicist</li><li>Truman P. Kohman, chemist</li><li>Herbert E. Kubitschek, junior physicist</li><li>Alexander Langsdorf, Jr., research associate</li><li>Ralph E. Lapp, physicist</li><li>Lawrence B. Magnusson, junior chemist</li><li>Robert Joseph Maurer, physicist</li><li>Norman Frederick Modine, research assistant</li><li>George S. Monk, physicist</li><li>Robert James Moon, physicist</li><li>Marietta Catherine Moore, technician</li><li>Robert Sanderson Mulliken, physical chemist, coordinator of information</li><li>James J. Nickson, physician</li><li>William Penrod Norris, associate biochemist</li><li>Paul Radell O'Connor, junior chemist</li><li>Leo Arthur Ohlinger, senior engineer</li><li>Alfred Pfanstiehl, junior physicist</li><li>Robert Leroy Platzman, chemist</li><li>C. Ladd Prosser, biologist</li><li>Robert Lamburn Purbrick, junior physicist</li><li>Wilfrid Rall, research assistant</li><li>Margaret H. Rand, research assistant</li><li>William Rubinson, chemist</li><li>B. Roswell Russell, position not identified</li><li>George Alan Sacher, associate biologist</li><li>Francis R. Shonka, physicist</li><li>Eric L. Simmons, associate biologist</li><li>John A. Simpson, Jr., physicist</li><li>Ellis P. Steinberg, junior chemist</li><li>D. C. Stewart, staff sergeant</li><li>George Svihla, position not identified</li><li>Marguerite N. Swift, associate physiologist</li><li>Leo Szilard, chief physicist</li><li>Ralph E. Telford, position not identified</li><li>Joseph D. Teresi, associate chemist</li><li>Albert Wattenberg, physicist</li><li>Katharine Way, research assistant</li><li>Edgar Francis Westrum, Jr., chemist</li><li>Eugene Paul Wigner, physicist</li><li>Ernest J. Wilkins, Jr., associate physicist</li><li>Hoylande Young, senior chemist</li><li>William Houlder Zachariasen, consultant</li></ul>

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