The sensational <keyword id="20241095" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Manu-Bhaker" source="keywords">Manu Bhaker</keyword>'s dream of a grand treble went up in smoke after she lost the tie-shoot for <keyword id="20257145" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="bronze-medal" source="keywords">bronze medal</keyword> to Hungarian shooter <keyword id="22650177" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Veronika-Major" source="keywords">Veronika Major</keyword> by the narrowest of margins in the women's 25m <keyword id="22654167" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="sports-pistol" source="keywords">sports pistol</keyword> event at the Olympic Games on Saturday. <br /><br /> In a high-quality final, Bhaker gave it her all and was placed No.1 among eight shooters for a brief period, but she could not maintain her consistency and eventually finished. Nonetheless, the 22-year-old will return home with her twin bronze-medal feat in women's 10m air pistol and mixed team 10m air pistol, where she partnered with Sarabjot Singh. <br /><br /> The affable Indian shot 28 in the final, to be tied at third place along with Veronika after the eighth series of five shots. The Indian missed two of the five shots to aggregate three points, while Veronika drilled in four bullets into the target to clinch the third spot, leaving Bhaker to pack up her kit and leave her firing station. <br /><br /> Expectations were really high from Bhaker to bring home a hat-trick of medals given her awe-inspiring form. She stood up to the challenge even after slipping to sixth position early in the final. The first series was a disaster in which Bhaker missed three out of five targets, but gradually she cut down on the errors and bounced back in the second and third series, shooing two consecutive 'fours' to take her points tally to 10 going into the elimination round. <br /><br /> The elimination round was topsy-turvy to say the least. Bhaker's chances waxed and waned until she took the top spot for a brief period in the seventh series (fourth elimination round). However, South Korea's <keyword id="22654169" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="jin-yang" source="keywords">Jin Yang</keyword> wrested back the top spot immediately, even as Bhaker slipped in ranks with three misses in the eighth round, which saw her slump from second spot to joint third with Veronika, on 28 points. <br /><br /> The <keyword id="22618045" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="shoot-off" source="keywords">shoot-off</keyword> was nerve-jangling for both the markswomen, and Bhaker had three clear shots out of five on target, while Veronika had four. Bhaker's finish just outside the medal bracket once again brought to the fore the saga of fourth-place finishes for Indian shooters in the quadrennial showpiece. <br /><br /> She joined the likes of <keyword id="22654168" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="joydeep-karmakar" source="keywords">Joydeep Karmakar</keyword> (men's 50m rifle prone, 2012 London), Abhinav Bindra (men's 10m air rifle, 2016 Rio) and Arjun Babuta (10m air rifle, 2024 Paris Olympics).<br /><br />Post event, Bhaker admitted she was a bit nervous during the 25m sports pistol final, where she finished fourth. <br /><br />"I got like really nervous about it, but again, I was trying my best to keep calm and to just try to do my best. But that was not enough," Manu said after the event.<br /><br />"It (Olympics) turned out to be very good for me, but well, there's always a next time so I'm already looking forward to the next one," she said.<br /><br />"I'm glad that I got two medals, but right now, I'm not very... well, fourth place is not a very good place," said Manu with tears in her eyes. Manu said she wasn't distracted by all the expectations around her and had completely switched off.<br /><br />"Honestly, I've been off the social media and I have not been checking my phone, so I don't know what's going on. But I just know that I was trying my best and I was trying to deliver a good performance," she said.<br /><br />"In most of the events I was able to (give a good performance), and in this one, I was not able to do as good. The moment my match was over, I was like, 'okay, the next time'," said Manu, already setting her sights on the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics.<br /><br />"There has been a lot of hard work going on backstage. Like I'm here -- what you see -- but like so many people have been working hard so that I can make it to the podium and so that India can win a medal," she said.<br /><br />"I am so happy that my entire team was there for me to support me throughout my journey," Manu added.<br />

Heartbreak for Manu Bhaker as she misses out on grand treble at Paris Olympics

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Russian influencer Veronika Loginova could be facing 6 years in prison for using Instagram.</li><li>Instagram and Facebook have been banned in Russia since March.</li></ul><p>Russian influencer Veronika Loginova, 18, could be facing 6 years in prison for using Instagram. She <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/Ciu9vhKD3ds/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">posted a statement</a> on the app on Wednesday, where she has 556,000 followers, saying her mother had phoned her in August because police had turned up to her family's house. She attached photos of a letter she received from Russian prosecutors.</p><p>Loginova stated in the post that two men turned up with a notice that threatened her with a jail term for using Instagram, claiming that she was drawing too much attention. Her 14-year-old brother was in the house at the time, confused at why officers had come looking for her.</p><p>This is the first case of an individual in Russia being persecuted for using Instagram, which has been banned with Facebook in the country since March for being "extremist," <a href="https://roskomsvoboda.org/post/extremism-za-buty-blog/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">according to Roskomsvoboda</a> — a Russian digital rights group that fights internet censorship. The ban followed Russia's full scale invasion of Ukraine in February, which led to the country becoming <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/technology/russia-ukraine-internet-isolation.html">increasingly isolated</a> from the global internet and major social media platforms.</p><p>The letter was sent by Kuntsevo Interdistrict Prosecutor's Office, Roskomsvoboda reported, and accuses Loginova of performing "actions to attract users on the social networks Facebook and Instagram" and that her continuing to post on there "can be considered as a form of participation in the activities of an extremist organization."</p><p>To the allegations, Loginova wrote "Are you serious? Me? An 18-year-old girl and fashion blogger?" She also denied having posted anything political on her social media at all.</p><p>She added that she would consider leaving Instagram and escaping from Russia, and would be posting updates on Instagram about whatever she decides. Loginova said she had support, and that she wanted as many people to know about her situation as possible — adding that it was "complete bullshit."</p><blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px); data.width~540;"><div style="padding:8px;"><div style="background:#F8F8F8; line-height:0; margin-top:40px; padding:62.4537037037% 0; text-align:center; width:100%;"><div style="background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAsCAMAAAApWqozAAAABGdBTUEAALGPC/xhBQAAAAFzUkdCAK7OHOkAAAAMUExURczMzPf399fX1+bm5mzY9AMAAADiSURBVDjLvZXbEsMgCES5/P8/t9FuRVCRmU73JWlzosgSIIZURCjo/ad+EQJJB4Hv8BFt+IDpQoCx1wjOSBFhh2XssxEIYn3ulI/6MNReE07UIWJEv8UEOWDS88LY97kqyTliJKKtuYBbruAyVh5wOHiXmpi5we58Ek028czwyuQdLKPG1Bkb4NnM+VeAnfHqn1k4+GPT6uGQcvu2h2OVuIf/gWUFyy8OWEpdyZSa3aVCqpVoVvzZZ2VTnn2wU8qzVjDDetO90GSy9mVLqtgYSy231MxrY6I2gGqjrTY0L8fxCxfCBbhWrsYYAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); display:block; height:44px; margin:0 auto -44px; position:relative; top:-22px; width:44px;"></div></div><p style="margin:8px 0 0 0; padding:0 4px;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/Ciu9vhKD3ds" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_blank"></a></p> <p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;">A post shared by VERONIKA L. (@logiinovva)<time style=" font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px;" datetime=""></time></p></div></blockquote><p>Cataline Goanta, associate professor in private law and technology at Utrecht University, told Insider that when government agencies see what is happening on social media, there's "a lot of cherry picking." In Loginova's post, she says she doesn't understand why she is being targeted. Goanta said it may be because someone reported her specifically, although there's no way to know for sure.</p><p>"It shows a problem with justice and equality," Goanta said. "And the fact that basically you're going to go after the people who you see."</p><p>Sargis Darbinyan, the head of the legal practice of Roskomsvoboda, said in the organization's statement that a Russian citizen being perspecuted for using Instagram means "everything is under attack, even those who post cats."</p><p>Someone who asks people to follow them on Instagram could face up to 14 years in prison, Darbinyan said, according to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Darbinyan added that Roskomsvoboda sent an appeal to the prosecutor's office asking for more clarification on Loginova's charges.</p><p>There's also a strange dynamic at play in the case, Goanta said, because if Loginova were to name other influencers it would potentially incriminate them too.</p><p>"Maybe some others also received these visits and were too afraid to write about it," she said.</p><p>Insider has reached out to Instagram for comment.</p>

An 18-year-old Russian influencer could be facing 6 years in prison because she didn't stop using Instagram

<ul class="summary-list"><li><strong><keyword id="11901215" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="naomi-osaka" source="Orion">Naomi Osaka</keyword> became tearful over heckling at the <keyword id="13081593" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="bnp-paribas" source="Orion">BNP Paribas</keyword> Open in California on Saturday. </strong></li><li><strong>Osaka requested to speak to the crowd after losing to Veronika Kudermetova to explain her reaction. </strong></li></ul><p>Naomi Osaka cried during a recent match after being heckled by a spectator at the BNP Paribas Open on Saturday.</p><p>Osaka, the former world No.1 and four-time major champion, was competing against Veronika Kudermetova in Indian Wells, California when <a href="https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/33490935/naomi-osaka-addresses-crowd-fan-heckles-loss-indian-wells">ESPN</a> reported that a spectator in the stands shouted "Naomi, you suck" during the first set. After the match, the 24-year-old requested to address the crowd to explain why she became upset, according to the outlet.</p><p>"To be honest, I've gotten heckled before, it didn't really bother me," Osaka said, ESPN reports. "But [being] heckled here, I watched a video of Venus and Serena [Williams] getting heckled here, and if you've never watched it, you should watch it. I don't know why, but it went into my head, and it got replayed a lot. I'm trying not to cry." </p><p>According to ESPN, Osaka stopped her match against Kudermetova after being heckled to ask the chair umpire if the spectator could be kicked out. Later, she asked to address the crowd with the umpire's microphone between games. Both requests were reportedly denied, ESPN reports.</p><p>The outlet reported that a supervisor spoke to Osaka on the court at one point, telling the umpire, "If it happens again, we're going to find him." </p><div type="image" title="Naomi Osaka addressed the crowd at the BNP Paribas Open on Saturday." height="2764" width="3685" msid="90187444" hostid="261"></div><p>Kudermetova, who later won the tennis match, 6-0, 6-4, said she didn't hear the heckler because she was focused on the game but noticed Osaka crying after the interaction, ESPN reported. </p><p>Representatives for Osaka did not immediately respond to Insider's request for comment.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.insider.com/venus-serena-williams-indian-wells-boycott-before-naomi-osaka-incident-2022-3">incident involving Serena and Venus Williams</a> happened at the BNP Paribas Open in 2001 when they, alongside their father Richard, were booed loudly by spectators as Serena played — and later defeated — Kim Clijsters, ESPN reported. </p><div type="image" title="Serena Williams hugs her father Richard as her sister Venus at the Indian Wells Masters in 2001." height="924" width="1233" msid="90187445" hostid="261"></div><p>The outlet reported that both Serena and Venus boycotted the tournament afterward, with Serena declining to make an appearance until 2015 and Venus making her return in 2016.</p><p>During a November 2021 episode of<a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=613015253458195" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Red Table Talk</a>, Serena said returning to the tournament 14 years later was still "traumatizing." </p><p>"Talk about post-traumatic stress and mental anxiety. I remember sitting in the bathroom thinking, 'Wait, I'm not gonna go back. I just don't think I should do this. What if they start booing again?' It was really hard for me," she said. </p>

Tearful Naomi Osaka addresses crowd at Indian Wells after heckler made her cry during tennis match

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Women represent fewer than 15% of full professors in <keyword id="6355109" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="economics">economics</keyword> departments, according to a recent study.</li><li>Economist Veronika Dolar says the <keyword id="456269" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="gender-gap">gender gap</keyword> in economics has long been one the largest of any field.</li><li>She says having more female economist role models could help encourage women to study economics.</li></ul><p>There is <a href="https://www.insider.com/male-jobs-women-underrepresented-numbers-2019-8">no shortage</a> of <a href="https://slate.com/technology/2021/02/boys-who-care-girls-who-code.html">disciplines and industries rife with sexism</a>. The STEM fields - science, technology, engineering, and mathematics - are <a href="https://www.wgu.edu/blog/why-are-there-so-few-women-in-stem1907.html">particularly well known</a> for <a href="https://medium.com/@elizaaguhar/the-anatomy-of-misogyny-in-stem-8e4b189a971a">their misogynistic cultures</a>.</p><p>But <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GyTN5PYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=aomp;oi=ao">I believe</a>, based on my personal experience, the experiences of <a href="https://macromomblog.com/2020/07/29/economics-is-a-disgrace/">my fellow female economists</a>, and <a href="https://www.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.221">hard data</a>, that there's a strong case to be made that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/business/economics-sexual-harassment-metoo.html">economics is the worst academic field</a> in which to be a woman.</p><p>And the consequences of this aren't felt only by the women who work in the field and must endure sexist policies and hostile behavior. Government policies would likely look very different were more women involved in drafting them.</p><h2>The numbers don't lie</h2><p><a href="https://jcom.sissa.it/archive/19/01/JCOM_1901_2020_A08">Most people realize</a> that women are underrepresented in STEM fields. But even though women are actually less well represented in economics, there seems to be little awareness of how bad things are in that field - and how slowly they're changing.</p><p><a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2017/08/25/gender-hostilities-disparities-among-economics-professors-keep-women-from-ascending-ranks">The field of economics is dominated by men</a>, in terms of both faculty and students, with disproportionately few women and members of historically underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups, relative to the overall population and to other academic disciplines.</p><p>By rank, women represent fewer than 15% of full professors in economics departments and 31% of faculty at the assistant level. Altogether, <a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=13968">just 22% of tenured and tenure-track faculty in economics</a> are women, according to a survey the American Economic Association conducted last year.</p><p>By many measures, the gender gap in economics is the largest of any academic discipline. For example, <a href="https://www.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.221">women received about 30%</a> of doctorate and bachelor degrees in economics in 2014 - the same as in 1995 - compared with 45% to 60% of degrees in business, humanities and the STEM fields. That's the latest year for which comparable figures are available.</p><p><iframe width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/8xYVA/4/"></iframe>Nationwide, <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/goldin/UWE">there are about three men for every woman</a> majoring in economics, and this ratio has not changed for more than 20 years. <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/01/19/women-are-underrepresented-economics-textbooks-says-new-analysis-implications-fields">Women are even underrepresented</a> in economics textbooks, in both real-life and imagined examples.</p><p>Both the <a href="https://builtin.com/women-tech/women-in-tech-workplace-statistics">tech sector</a> and the <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/321286/voters-academy-awards-gender/">film industry committee</a> that hands out Academy Awards - two groups <a href="https://sdtimes.com/softwaredev/theres-a-diversity-problem-in-the-tech-industry-and-its-not-getting-any-better/">called out</a> in recent years for <a href="http://dailyorange.com/2020/02/oscars-lack-diversity-inclusion-continues-2020/">their lack of diversity</a> - have better representation than the field of economics.</p><h2>A lack of role models and sexism</h2><p>It may seem strange that the field of economics would have such a gaping gender gap when one of the most powerful economists in the world, Janet Yellen, is a woman. She's currently the US treasury secretary and was chair of <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/07/19/the-subtle-sexist-whispering-campaign-against-janet-yellen/">the Federal Reserve</a> from 2014 to 2018.</p><p>But she is among the exceptions.</p><p>Women are notoriously underrepresented at the top of the economics field. <a href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/timeline">Just eight of the 140 Fed presidents</a> appointed since 1914 have been women, as are <a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23953/w23953.pdf">barely a fifth</a> of current members of the National Bureau of Economic Research - one of <a href="https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&amp;context=think_tanksanks">the most influential</a> economic policy think tanks in the US.</p><p>This can also been seen in <a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/about-aea/honors-awards/bates-clark">how few economic-related awards</a> are given to women, <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-prizes-in-economic-sciences/">including just two Nobel Prizes in the field</a> since 1969.</p><p>This lack of role models for female students interested in the field of economics <a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20180426">is one of the reasons</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.1.23">that fewer women study economics</a> in college or graduate school.</p><p>However, I believe the biggest reason for the gender gap is the widespread sexism in economics departments, which has been <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41349169">well reported and documented</a>. For example, a 2019 American Economic Association survey, which drew 9,000 responses from current and former members, <a href="https://review.chicagobooth.edu/economics/2019/article/climate-discrimination-economics">found that nearly half of women</a> reported that they had been discriminated against on the basis of sex or didn't speak at conferences and have kept away from social events to avoid possible harassment and disrespectful treatment.</p><p>A <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/23/business/economy/economics-women-gender-bias.html">team of researchers recently tried to quantify</a> just how much sexism women face when presenting papers and research data to their peers. They found that women are not only asked more questions during their presentations than men but that <a href="http://www.doi.org/10.3386/w28494">these queries were more likely to be patronizing or hostile</a> - something that I and many of my female peers have firsthand experience with.</p><p>And a <a href="http://www.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181101">2018 study</a> of posts on a popular economics jobs website found that nine of the top 10 words predictive of a post about a woman <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/22/hotter-lesbian-feminazi-how-some-economists-discuss-their-female-colleagues/">contained explicit sexual references</a>. It also found that posts about women contained 43% fewer academic or professional terms and were 192% more likely to contain terms related to personal information or physical attributes.</p><p>But despite this evidence of sexism within the field, what is surprising to me is how many <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/01/12/how-economics-is-trying-to-fix-its-gender-problem">male economists don't seem to think</a> that gender-based hostility has any effect on the underrepresentation of women in the profession or that it even exists.</p><p>Recently, I mentored an economics student who was at a different university studying gender discrimination in our profession. She came to me because she was unable to find anyone in her all-male economics department willing to advise her. She said she was told that such discrimination doesn't really exist in the field so it would be hard to do research on the topic.</p><p>Most of my female peers and I have experienced similar <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gaslighting">gaslighting</a> - told that we are too sensitive, overreacting, or taking it too personally when we brought up the issue.</p><h2>Economics' <keyword id="61889" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Diversity">diversity</keyword> problem</h2><p>Achieving more gender and other kinds of diversity in economics isn't just about political correctness. Diversity leads to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/new-study-finds-boosting-diverse-management-increases-productivity-2020-6">better results</a> and <a href="https://ploughshares.org/issues-analysis/article/diversity-makes-better-policy">policies</a> by altering group dynamics and decision-making.</p><p>Decades of research by organizational scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and demographers <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-diversity-makes-us-smarter">show that being around people who are different from ourselves</a> - and not just by gender, but by race, class, ethnicity, and sexual orientation - makes people more creative, diligent, and hard-working.</p><p>And the economics profession doesn't just have a gender problem. It has a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/07/business/economy/economics-race-gender.html">terrible track record on race</a>, too. While Black people make up about 13% of the US population, they make up <a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=13728">less than 3% of economic doctoral graduates, 2% of full professors</a>, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/business/economy/federal-reserve-diversity.html">less than 1%</a> of the staff at the Fed in Washington.</p><p>This lack of gender and racial diversity has consequences for policy. In terms of gender, for example, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12004">women economists are much more likely to believe</a> that regulations in the US are not excessive, that the distribution of income should be made more equal and that job opportunities are not the same for men and women, while policies over the last few decades <a href="https://mises.org/wire/yes-inequality-problem-when-caused-government">have generally favored</a> opposing objectives.</p><p>If the ultimate goal of economic research is to develop and communicate lasting insights, this evidence suggests that the value and impact of the economics profession is not only failing women in economics, it is failing everyone.</p><p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/veronika-dolar-1197635">Veronika Dolar</a>, assistant professor of economics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/suny-old-westbury-2652">SUNY Old Westbury</a></em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/156275/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced?format=jpeg" alt="The Conversation" height="1" width="1" />

Why the gender gap in economics is even larger than in STEM

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/598a05bc4fc3c04f498b61cc-1454/lean in management leadership women.jpg" alt="Sheryl Sandberg" data-mce-source="Krista Kennell / Shutterstock.com" data-mce-caption="Sheryl Sandberg, Chief Operating Officer of Facebook" /><p class="source"><span>Krista Kennell / Shutterstock.com</span></p><p class="caption">Making it into management matters. Sheryl Sandberg, Chief Operating Officer of Facebook, is pictured.</p></div><p></p></div></div><strong>• Among the highest earners, women earn 39 cents for every dollar a man makes in the US.</strong></p><p><strong>• This likely isn't because executive women are paid less than their male counterparts, but that they are underrepresented in higher levels of management.</strong></p><p><strong>• Promoting more women along the way could help improve diversity in the corner office. </strong></p><p>The gender pay gap is <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/top-two-percent-every-us-state-2017-7">twice as bad at the top</a>.</p><p>The average woman in the top 2% of US earners makes 39 cents for every dollar a man makes, according to an analysis of the 2015 American Community Survey (ACS) by labor economics research firm <a href="https://www.jobsearchintelligence.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Job Search Intelligence</a> (JSI). Overall, women in the US <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/gender-wage-pay-gap-charts-2017-3">earn an average of 79 cents for every dollar</a> a man makes.</p><p>Explaining the wage gap isn't easy: Occupation, industry, and tenure likely contribute to the majority of the pay gap, according to a <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/group/scspi/_media/pdf/key_issues/gender_research.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">report published in the Academy of Management Perspectives</a>. But the report also found that unexplained factors, including discrimination, could still account for a significant portion of the discrepancy.</p><p>The pay gap among the highest-earners may indicate that women are underrepresented in top leadership roles.</p><p>"What we see currently is that women are represented in accordance with educational attainment when they get out of college," said Paul Hill, president of JSI. "They start falling behind in their representation in management occupations when controlling for educational attainment. This is a real issue that is not reflected by simple wage gap analysis."</p><p>Women are passed over for promotions at each step of the career ladder, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/few-highly-paid-women-ceos-is-a-symptom-of-an-even-greater-problem-2017-5">Business Insider's Rachel Gillett reported</a>. Recent research <a href="https://womenintheworkplace.com/">by McKinsey &amp; Co. and Lean In</a> found that for every 100 women promoted to management, 130 men advance. The disparity grows over time - only 20% of senior executives are women.</p><p>Missing out on management opportunities has a compounding effect. Executive search firm <a href="https://www.spencerstuart.com/research-and-insight/2016-ceo-transitions" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Spencer Stuart</a> found that 90% of new CEOs of S&amp;P 500 companies were promoted from within the company's ranks in 2016. Of the 58 new chief executives last year, only four - a measly 7% - were women.</p><p>In fact, the US has so few high-earning women that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/top-two-percent-every-us-state-2017-7">many states do not report income for the top 1% by gender</a> for the sake of protecting the anonymity of the ones who do, according to JSI.</p><p>There is good news, however. The small number of women who have made it to CEO tend to out-earn their male counterparts. In 2016, the median income for female CEOs was $13.1 million, compared to $11.4 million for male CEOs, as <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/women-ceos-who-earn-most-few-female-executives-data-2017-5/">Business Insider's Veronika Bondarenko reported</a>.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/59888b9976084a507a8b562b-1200/gender wage gap top 2 percent.png" alt="Gender wage gap top 2 percent" data-mce-source="Andy Kiersz/Business Insider" /><p class="source"><span>Andy Kiersz/Business Insider</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>Although women CEOs may be well-compensated relative to their male peers, there's still work to do to close the gender pay gap, whatever the cause may be.</p><p>In 49 states, the average salary for a woman in the top 2% is below <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/top-two-percent-every-us-state-2017-7/">the national average of $206,000</a>. Only women in Connecticut and Washington DC earn more than $206,000 on average.</p><p>By contrast, salaries for men in the top 2% surpass the national average in all but five states: Alaska, Indiana, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Among all earners in the top 2%, men out-earn women by an average of $226,000.</p><p>In many states, the average male salary in the top 2% actually qualifies for the top 1%, which has a threshold of $389,436, the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/top-one-percent-every-us-state-2016-11">Economic Policy Institute calculated</a>. The average female salary does not qualify for the top 1% in any state.</p><p>Until more women land leadership roles at higher levels of management, this pay gap is likely to persist.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/difference-top-bottom-state-income-inequality-gap-wages-2017-1">Here's the massive gap in average income between the top 1% and the bottom 99% in every state</a></h3>        <div>            <div>    <script src="http://player.ooyala.com/v3/6e12e8b3387a44daacfb73afba25a76e"></script>    <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="1lOGlxODE6yycnwj6SWeciVyT0EE9k1w" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>    <script>    if (typeof RunFunctions === 'undefined') { var RunFunctions = []; }     RunFunctions.push(function()    {         var ooyalapopvideo = OO.Player.create('ooyalaplayer_popvideo', '1lOGlxODE6yycnwj6SWeciVyT0EE9k1w',{ autoplay: 'false' });     });    </script>    <noscript><div>Please enable Javascript to watch this video</div></noscript></div>        </div>        <script>(function() { function createPlayer() { OO.ready(function() { RunFunctions.forEach(function(ooyalaFunction) { ooyalaFunction(); }); RunFunctions = [];}); } createPlayer(); }()); </script>    </div>

There's a reason the highest-paid men in the US earn more than women - but it's not the pay gap

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/58b73dd4e46c1537008b45eb-2000/ap17060117195321.jpg" alt="donald trump joint address congress" data-mce-source="Pool/Jim Lo Scalzo via Associated Press" data-mce-caption="President Donald Trump addresses a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Feb. 28, 2017, as Vice President Mike Pence and House Speaker Paul Ryan of Wis., listen."><p class="source"><span>Pool/Jim Lo Scalzo via Associated Press</span></p><p class="caption">President Donald Trump addresses a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Feb. 28, 2017, as Vice President Mike Pence and House Speaker Paul Ryan of Wis., listen.</p></img></div><p></p></div></div>President Donald Trump prompted audible groans during his joint address to Congress on Tuesday night, when he brought up plans to highlight crimes committed by undocumented immigrants and create a Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement (VOICE) office.</p><p>"We are providing a voice to those who have been ignored by our media, and silenced by special interests," Trump said, introducing four guests he had invited whose family members had allegedly been killed by immigrants living in the US illegally.</p><p>"To Jamiel, Jenna, Susan, and Jessica: I want you to know - we will never stop fighting for justice. Your loved ones will never be forgotten, we will always honor their memory," Trump said.</p><p>The creation of  VOICE has prompted confusion and anger among immigration experts and advocates, who have been quick to point out that targeting criminal immigrants makes little sense given crime statistics on the matter.</p><p><span>Decades-worth of data indicate that immigrants commit far less and are far less likely to commit crime than native born Americans, as <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/immigrants-commit-less-crime-than-native-born-americans-trump-speech-2017-3">has been reported by Business Insider's Veronika Bondarenko</a>.</span></p><p>"The fact is, you can find crimes committed by any group, no matter how you define them. Immigrants, native-born, white men, Latino men - you're going to find criminals of any demographic category. And to choose one and blame them for crime in general is just very disingenuous," said Walter Ewing, a <a href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states">senior researcher at the American Immigration Council</a>, who added that VOICE is nothing short of "scapegoating."</p><p>Given that there is no data that proves undocumented immigrants are a demographic intrinsically prone to crime, blaming immigrants as a group for crime is poor logic, Ewing told Business Insider.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/58b715d7ae21f965038b4652-1200/bi-graphicsimmigrant crime.png" alt="BI Graphics_Immigrant crime" data-mce-source="Skye Gould/Business Insider" data-mce-caption="Citizens vastly outnumbered immigrants in almost all violent crimes in 2015."><p class="source"><span>Skye Gould/Business Insider</span></p><p class="caption">Citizens vastly outnumbered immigrants in almost all violent crimes in 2015.</p></img></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>Trump's message wasn't lost on his supporters, however, who approved of the way he specifically addressed victims' families.</p><p>"What President Trump did, and no other candidate on either side has acknowledged, is the tragic effects of illegal immigration," Maria Espinoza, national director of the Remembrance Project, which advocates for victims of crimes committed by unauthorized immigrants, told <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/feb/28/dreamers-victims-of-crimes-by-illegal-immigrants-a/">the Washington Times</a>.</p><p> A <a href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/17_0220_S1_Enforcement-of-the-Immigration-Laws-to-Serve-the-National-Interest.pdf">memo</a> released by Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly last week detailed the department's plans for the office, including the creation of a "programmatic liaison" between its Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency and victims of crimes committed by unauthorized immigrants.</p><p>The office will be funded by the resources that currently go toward advocacy efforts for undocumented immigrants, according to the memo, and the liaison will ensure the victims and their families are given information about offenders, including their immigration and custody statuses. ICE is currently "drafting outreach materials" for victims, <a href="https://www.dhs.gov/news/2017/02/21/qa-dhs-implementation-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united-states">according to the DHS</a>.</p><p>Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer called the VOICE program "ridiculous" on Wednesday, and said <keyword id="6355470" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Law">law</keyword> enforcement should be targeting all crime - not just those incidents that involve immigrants.</p><p>"The overwhelming majority of immigrants are law-abiding, they want to be part of the American dream, and most Americans agree with that," <a href="https://twitter.com/kylegriffin1/status/836945414876168192">Schumer said</a> on CBS This Morning. "So to put an office like this out there shows how anti-immigrant this president is."</p><h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/58b73a64e46c151c008b45ba-2000/ap17060107028291.jpg" alt="trump guests victims of immigrant crime" data-mce-source="Associated Press/J. Scott Applewhite" data-mce-caption="Guests with first lady Melania Trump, hug during President Donald Trump's address to a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Feb. 28, 2017."><p class="source"><span>Associated Press/J. Scott Applewhite</span></p><p class="caption">Guests with first lady Melania Trump, hug during President Donald Trump's address to a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Feb. 28, 2017.</p></img></div><p></p></div></div></h3><h2>'Hate speech results in hate crimes'</h2><p>Drawing a connection between immigrants and crime with no evidence can prove dangerous for undocumented immigrants who may now find themselves targeted by anti-immigration groups who now feel "emboldened" by Trump's presidency, Ewing said.</p><p>Last week, for instance, a gunman allegedly opened fire on two Indian men in an Olathe, Kansas bar, killing one and injuring the other, as well as a bystander who tried to intervene.</p><p>Alok Madasani, the injured victim, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/28/us/kansas-shooting-indians-fbi.html">told the New York Times</a> that the shooter had asked the two men whether they were in the country illegally and which visas they held - questions which critics say were <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/srinivas-kuchibhotla-alok-madasani/518160/">enabled by language Trump has perpetually used</a> to garner political appeal.</p><p>"We are looking at some of not only the most anti-immigrant and anti-refugee policies in our history, but also the creation of this nativist, xenophobic culture that actually is what has allowed for two guest workers from India to have been killed last week," Marielena Hincapié, executive director of the National Immigration Law Center <a href="https://www.facebook.com/DefineAmerican/videos/1260893680659716/">told media</a> Wednesday.</p><p>"The hate crimes that have happened in this country since the election have not happened in a vacuum. They have happened because hate speech results in hate crimes and hate incidents."</p><p>The <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/news/2017/02/15/hate-groups-increase-second-consecutive-year-trump-electrifies-radical-right">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> has backed this assertion up, calling 2016 an "unprecedented" year for hate due to the growth in the number of hate groups in the US to 917 from 892 the year earlier.</p><p>"The country saw a resurgence of white nationalism that imperils the racial progress we've made, along with the rise of a president whose policies reflect the values of white nationalists," the SPLC's Mark Potok said.</p><p>Trump addressed the Olathe shooting in his speech Tuesday, following several days of criticism for not mentioning it sooner: "We are a country that stands united in condemning hate and evil in all its forms," he said.</p><p>But Ewing said Trump's anti-immigrant rhetoric and policies have already been percolating for some time - and he has now made those ideas mainstream.</p><p>"It's not that he's directly provoking them, but the anti-immigrant groups see his presidency as a validation of their beliefs, and as a license to do what they've always wanted to do, which is attack immigrants either literally or figuratively," he said.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-trump-family-costs-taxpayers-travel-expenses-mar-a-lago-2017-2">The Trump family's lavish lifestyle is costing taxpayers a fortune</a></h3>        <div>            <div>    <script src="http://player.ooyala.com/v3/6e12e8b3387a44daacfb73afba25a76e"></script>    <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="RqNmx4OTE6RBhoUlXXu_BTxhzDBIYqe1" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>    <script>    if (typeof RunFunctions === 'undefined') { var RunFunctions = []; }     RunFunctions.push(function()    {         var ooyalapopvideo = OO.Player.create('ooyalaplayer_popvideo', 'RqNmx4OTE6RBhoUlXXu_BTxhzDBIYqe1',{ autoplay: 'false' });     });    </script>    <noscript><div>Please enable Javascript to watch this video</div></noscript></div>        </div>        <script>(function() { function createPlayer() { OO.ready(function() { RunFunctions.forEach(function(ooyalaFunction) { ooyalaFunction(); }); RunFunctions = [];}); } createPlayer(); }()); </script>    </div>

Trump wants to publicize crimes committed by immigrants - critics call it 'scapegoating'

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/57c9c4075124c9e04142d777-800" alt="Protesters clash with riot police during a rally to demand a referendum to remove Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro in Caracas, Venezuela, September 1, 2016. REUTERS/Carlos Garcia Rawlins" data-mce-source="Thomson Reuters" data-mce-caption="Protesters clash with riot police during a rally to demand a referendum to remove Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro in Caracas" /><p class="source"><span>Thomson Reuters</span></p><p class="caption">Protesters clash with riot police during a rally to demand a referendum to remove Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro in Caracas, Venezuela, September 1, 2016.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>Venezuela's economic and political crises have shown no signs of abating, and in response, more and more Venezuelans have decided their future is brighter outside of the country.</p><p>The embattled government of President Nicolas Maduro appears to have fended off a recall referendum that, had it happened this year, would have triggered a new election.</p><p>His continuing presence means there will likely be little or no change to policies that have contributed to spiraling inflation, widespread shortages, and rampant violence.</p><p>More and more young professional Venezuelans and those with advanced degrees <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latin-america-professional-worker-brain-drain-2015-8" target="_blank">have elected to relocate abroad</a> rather than deal with daily challenges like scrounging up <a href="https://twitter.com/nmcrooks/status/803038136066510848" target="_blank">satchels of cash</a> to pay for lunch or waiting hours in lines to scour barren supermarket shelves.</p><p>A 2015 Datanalisis survey of Venezuelans found <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/immigration/article81578152.html" target="_blank">10% of respondents</a> were working on exit paperwork. A Datin Corp poll conducted in September this year <a href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/09/13/almost-half-venezuelans-would-leave-country-if-could-poll-finds/" target="_blank">found</a> that 57% of registered voters, some 12 million people, wanted to leave the country, among them many people who said they admired late President Hugo Chavez.</p><p>"They are Chavistas and they declare themselves as such, but they are angry at President Nicolas Maduro because of the country's situation," Jesus Seguias, political analyst for Datin Corp, <a href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/09/13/almost-half-venezuelans-would-leave-country-if-could-poll-finds/" target="_blank">told</a> Fox News Latino.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/54de599f69bedd14408b4567-2400" alt="Hugo Chavez Venezuela" data-mce-source="REUTERS/Carlos Garcia Rawlins " data-mce-caption="A woman holds a story book about the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez during a writing workshop at the 4F military fort in Caracas December 14, 2014. The Communication Ministry held the writing workshop for children last weekend to promote the legacy of the socialist leader who ruled Venezuela for 14 years until he died of cancer in 2013. Picture taken December 14, 2014." /><p class="source"><span>REUTERS/Carlos Garcia Rawlins </span></p><p class="caption">A woman holds a story book about the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez during a writing workshop at the 4F military fort in Caracas, December 14, 2014.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>US government figures from earlier this year this year <a href="http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/04/venezuelan-asylum-applications-to-u-s-soar-in-2016/" target="_blank">showed</a> that Venezuelans were behind only the Chinese and Mexicans for the number of asylum requests submitted to the US. </p><p>In recent months, Venezuelans have also started migrating en masse to other parts of Latin America, where their personal connections are few, but the economic situation is more promising.</p><p>Even though Venezuela has seen a "pretty sustained level of outmigration" over the last decade or so, said Alejandro Velasco, a professor at New York University, "There's definitely been a spike over the course of the last year, for sure, and I think it's picked over the course of the last four, five months." </p><p>That increased outflux appears in part driven by the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/venezuela-colombia-border-reopening-economic-security-tensions-2016-8" target="_blank">August reopening of the border with Colombia</a>, which the Venezuelan government closed in August 2014 out of <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/venezuelas-border-crisis-2015-9" target="_blank">what it said were security concerns</a>.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/578cd62b4321f16c018b8e59-2400" alt="Venezuela Colombia border crossing" data-mce-source="REUTERS/Carlos Eduardo Ramirez" data-mce-caption="People line up, right, to cross over the Simon Bolivar international bridge to Colombia to take advantage of the temporary border opening as others come back after shopping in San Antonio del Tachira, Venezuela, July 16, 2016." /><p class="source"><span>REUTERS/Carlos Eduardo Ramirez</span></p><p class="caption">People line up, right, to cross over the Simon Bolivar <keyword id="6356001" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="international">international</keyword> bridge to Colombia to take advantage of the temporary border opening as others come back after shopping in San Antonio del Tachira, Venezuela, July 16, 2016.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>The arrival of skilled Venezuelan oil workers in past <a href="http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/economica/migracion-venezolana-trae-nueva-sangre-la-economia-colombiana-128292" target="_blank">has been credited</a> with reviving Colombia's oil industry, but more recently the government there has <a href="https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2016/11/24/colombia-deporto-21-venezolanos-que-estaban-realizando-actividades-comerciales-no-autorizadas/" target="_blank">deported Venezuelans</a> working without authorization.</p><p>Recent reports indicate many Venezuelans have elected to make the more arduous trek to Chile.</p><p><span>"In the last five years, the number of Chilean visas issued to Venezuelans rose from 758 to 8,381," Univision <a href="http://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/venezuelans-flee-to-chile-in-risky-nine-day-journey-by-road-and-river" target="_blank">reported</a> in September. "Almost 90 percent of visas issued to Venezuelans last year were work visas, most of them for immigrants ages 20 to 35."</span></p><p><span>Chile, on the opposite end of the continent, also has an economic situation <a href="http://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/venezuelans-flee-to-chile-in-risky-nine-day-journey-by-road-and-river" target="_blank">considerably different</a> from Venezuela's, with the region's third-highest minimum wage and a relatively easy immigration policy.</span></p><p>"In Chile, the people that I've mostly heard of that are going are sort of younger professionals" and people who have or are pursuing advanced education, Velasco told Business Insider. "The Chilean government has facilitated some of that through scholarships that are specific for Venezuelan students."</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/583f4b8dba6eb61c008b6ea6-2400" alt="Venezuela Chile migration emigrant immigration Maduro" data-mce-source="REUTERS/Cristobal Saavedra" data-mce-caption="A Venezuelan woman living in Chile, whose mouth is taped, takes part in a protest against the visit of Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro, who will slated to attend the investiture of Chile's then-President-elect Michelle Bachelet in Santiago, March 10, 2014." /><p class="source"><span>REUTERS/Cristobal Saavedra</span></p><p class="caption">A Venezuelan woman living in Chile, whose mouth is taped, takes part in a protest against the visit of Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro, in Santiago, March 10, 2014.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>That's not to say the trip to Chile is easy.</p><p>For some of the people <a href="http://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/venezuelans-flee-to-chile-in-risky-nine-day-journey-by-road-and-river" target="_blank">interviewed</a> by Univision, airplane tickets were too expensive, leaving them to take an overland journey lasting nine days, using ferries, boats, and buses that must cross thousands of miles of jungle and navigate perilous mountain roads and remote rivers.</p><p>They often arrive in Chile penniless, and some with injuries sustained during the trip. All of them must start off anew, regardless of their credentials. </p><p><span>"They are accountants, engineers, teachers, the majority of them very well-educated," Delio Cubides, executive secretary of the Catholic Chilean Migration Institute, <a href="http://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/venezuelans-flee-to-chile-in-risky-nine-day-journey-by-road-and-river" target="_blank">told</a> Univision. "Before they can work in their own fields they work as janitors, in restaurant kitchens or any other jobs that Chileans don't want."</span></p><p><span>Venezuelans who've traveled to the US recently often arrive with nothing and <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/immigration/article81578152.html" target="_blank">rely on donations</a> to get by while living cramped in single rooms or in converted spaces in warehouses. </span></p><p><span><span>"Miami is the capital of Latin American exile," Jose Antonio Colina, a Venezuelan immigrant in Florida, <a href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-03-21/venezuelans-flee-us-claiming-their-country-worse-cuba-1960s" target="_blank">told</a> PRI in March. "And Doral in recent years has become the capital of Venezuelan exile," so much so that it has earned the nickname <a href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-03-21/venezuelans-flee-us-claiming-their-country-worse-cuba-1960s" target="_blank">Doralzuela</a>. </span></span></p><p><span><span>The waves of outmigration in recent years have <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latin-america-professional-worker-brain-drain-2015-8" target="_blank">taken many of Venezuela's skilled workers</a>, and many more who are in their prime working years. Experts in the country <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latin-america-professional-worker-brain-drain-2015-8" target="_blank">calculated</a> at the end of 2015 that about 5% of Venezuela's roughly 30 million people had already left, and international headhunting firms have <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latin-america-professional-worker-brain-drain-2015-8" target="_blank">started </a> seeking out Venezuelan professionals.</span></span></p><p><span><span><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/57d31e44077dcc62238b4863-2400" alt="Venezuela Maiquetia Simon Bolivar international airport Caracas" data-mce-source="REUTERS/Carlos Garcia Rawlins" data-mce-caption="Passengers walk at the Simon Bolivar airport in La Guaira, outside Caracas, September 23, 2013." /><p class="source"><span>REUTERS/Carlos Garcia Rawlins</span></p><p class="caption">Passengers walk at the Simon Bolivar airport in La Guaira, outside Caracas, September 23, 2013.</p></div><p></p></div></div></span></span></p><p><span><span>This brain drain has not only <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latin-america-professional-worker-brain-drain-2015-8" target="_blank">pulled away oil professionals</a> at a time when the country's energy industry is struggling. It has also led to many <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latin-america-professional-worker-brain-drain-2015-8" target="_blank">medical workers and students leaving</a> the country, either to finish their training at functioning institutions or to avoid the hardships that plague Venezuela's health industry.</span></span></p><p><span><span>As Velasco noted, migration itself is not a recent development, but the makeup of the outflow has changed over time.</span></span></p><p><span><span>Between the end of the 1990s and 2003, many of the country's elites, driven away by political changes wrought by the administration of then-President Hugo Chavez, professor Emilio Osorio <a href="http://efectococuyo.com/principales/724-de-los-venezolanos-que-emigraron-no-regresaran-al-pais-de-persistir-condiciones-actuales" target="_blank">told</a> news site Efecto Cocuyo.</span></span></p><p><span><span>Between 2004 and 2009, Osorio <a href="http://efectococuyo.com/principales/724-de-los-venezolanos-que-emigraron-no-regresaran-al-pais-de-persistir-condiciones-actuales" target="_blank">said</a>, more talented and educated people departed the country, and in a third wave, running from 2010 to the present, young people and the middle class have headed for the exits.</span></span></p><p><span><span><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5245b99d6bb3f7ee402a504c-2048" alt="hugo chavez" data-mce-source="REUTERS" /><p class="source"><span>REUTERS</span></p><p class="caption">Late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, who died in 2013.</p></div><p></p></div></div></span></span></p><p>"I think that the issue with the brain drain is ... part of a longer history in Venezuela that's been going on certainly since the 1990s," Velasco told Business Insider.</p><p>"And in part I think ... that earlier sort of outward flow in the 1990s has facilitated the deepening of this brain drain now," he added.</p><p>Networks of Venezuelan expatriates had helped new arrivals get established, Velasco said, not only in communities like Doral but also at institutions like the Harvard Kennedy School, where economist Ricardo Hausmann has criticized Venezuela's floundering economy, much to Nicolas Maduro's <a href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-17/venezuela-s-president-bullying-harvard-professor" target="_blank">chagrin</a>.</p><p>Despite the financial, emotional, and sometimes physical shock of uprooting and relocating their lives to new countries, many Venezuelans who've emigrated seem uninterested in returning, at least to Venezuela in its present circumstances.</p><p>"I couldn't raise a child there. Venezuela was bad, and it's only got worse," Veronika Leniz, who left the country for Miami after becoming pregnant, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latin-america-professional-worker-brain-drain-2015-8" target="_blank">told</a> Reuters in October 2014. "It's an incredible difference, living here. I miss Venezuela so much, but I wouldn't go back," she said at the time.</p><p><span>"If anyone is thinking of going back [now], listen to my story and don't throw in the towel, don't give up," Enrique, who left Venezuela with his wife at the end of 2015, <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/immigration/article81578152.html" target="_blank">told the Miami Herald</a> this summer. "Don't go back yet."</span></p><p><span><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/56ba0e312e52651c008b5f39-2400" alt="men on ledge tower of david venezuela tower of david caracas" data-mce-source="Reuters" /><p class="source"><span>Reuters</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></span></p><p><span>Osorio, the Venezuelan professor, <a href="http://efectococuyo.com/principales/724-de-los-venezolanos-que-emigraron-no-regresaran-al-pais-de-persistir-condiciones-actuales" target="_blank">told</a> news site Efecto Cocuyo in November that 72.4% of Venezuelans who had left said they would not return to the country in its current situation. He also noted that there had been a "<a href="http://efectococuyo.com/principales/724-de-los-venezolanos-que-emigraron-no-regresaran-al-pais-de-persistir-condiciones-actuales" target="_blank">feminization</a>" of the outflux, made up of 67 men for every 100 women.</span></p><p>"I think what you see now is that there are fewer and fewer educated professionals, younger people, who are opting to stay, or even considering opting to stay," Velasco said.</p><p>"The tipping point basically, I think, has been reached where opportunities outside [the country] are far easier to come by and certainly better to imagine that opportunities inside."</p>     <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/insectothopter-cia-dragonfly-spy-drone-military-defense-espionage-spies-2016-12">In the 1970s the CIA created a spy drone the size of a dragonfly</a></h3>        <div>            <div>    <script src="http://player.ooyala.com/v3/6e12e8b3387a44daacfb73afba25a76e"></script>    <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="FhMjYwODE6c8sNux8Nyz7mjSqLhBpNvk" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>    <script>    if (typeof RunFunctions === 'undefined') { var RunFunctions = []; }     RunFunctions.push(function()    {         var ooyalapopvideo = OO.Player.create('ooyalaplayer_popvideo', 'FhMjYwODE6c8sNux8Nyz7mjSqLhBpNvk',{ autoplay: 'false' });     });    </script>    <noscript><div>Please enable Javascript to watch this video</div></noscript></div>        </div>        <script>(function() { function createPlayer() { OO.ready(function() { RunFunctions.forEach(function(ooyalaFunction) { ooyalaFunction(); }); RunFunctions = [];}); } createPlayer(); }()); </script>    </div>

You Searched For "Veronika Major" and got 7 results

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