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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Archer Aviation announced it has received a certificate for commercial operations from the FAA.</li><li>However, it still needs certification for its Midnight eVTOL — on track to launch next year.</li></ul><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/see-inside-new-electric-aircraft-evtol-united-will-launch-2023-7">Archer Aviation</a> has received the green light for commercial operations.The California-based company, which has a market capitalization of $1 billion, announced Wednesday that the Federal Aviation Administration has granted it a Part 135 air carrier and operator certificate.It marks a major step forward for the firm, which is helping pave the way for electric-vertical-take-off-and-landing aircraft or <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-the-aviation-industry-is-excited-about-flying-taxis-2023-12">eVTOLs</a> — often referred to as air taxis.Archer hopes to transform urban travel, replacing an hourlong commute with a 10-minute flight on its quiet, sustainable aircraft.CEO Adam Goldstein previously told Business Insider that a seat should cost about $100. The aim is to replace ride-share services between city centers and airports.Archer said the FAA certificate allows it to refine its systems before it launches services for customers like United Airlines.However, its flagship aircraft, Midnight, still needs certification.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/united-electric-air-taxi-archer-evtol-2023-6">United Airlines has bet big on Midnight</a>, placing a $1 billion order for the vehicle in 2021.In Wednesday's press release, United's chief financial officer, Mike Leskinen, said: "The pace of progress and innovation that Archer has achieved over the last few years is nothing short of impressive and today marks another key milestone in their journey to bring safe, sustainable, and low-noise air taxi services to market.""Together, we look forward to shaping the future of air transportation and delivering unparalleled flying experiences to United passengers," he added.Archer is the second eVTOL company after <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-we-know-about-joby-aviation-evtol-startup-2021-3">Joby Aviation</a> to announce receipt of a Part 135 certificate from the FAA.The first commercial air taxi flights are planned for the Paris Olympics, courtesy of the German startup Volocopter. Archer is aiming to debut commercial flights next year.

Flying taxis just got another step closer to reality as $1 billion startup Archer received approval for commercial operations

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Sophia Tung rode in a Waymo for 6.5 hours around San Francisco.</li><li>She says she would've ridden longer, but the Waymo's battery was running low.</li></ul>A software engineer managed to make a Waymo drive her around San Francisco for 6.5 hours — marking one of the longest rides ever taken by a paying passenger.Sophia Tung, a former Twitter software engineer, told Business Insider that Waymo had given her a promo code for a free ride after the engineer set up a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/waymo-robot-taxi-self-driving-future-unremarkable-2024-9">livestream</a> that pointed to a Waymo depot, capturing the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/waymo-robotaxis-waking-neighbors-nightly-honking-2024-8">early morning honking</a> from the cars that were waking her and her neighbors. The company has said that it resolved the July issue.For the inconvenience, Tung said Waymo gave her a few promo codes that could be redeemed for a free ride. But she noticed the offer didn't come with any value cap and came to a realization."Well, clearly the best deal would be if I took the longest ride possible," Tung said.Tung said her initial idea for the challenge was to stay in a Waymo for 24 hours. But even without the limitations of a human driver, the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/robotaxi-ridesharing-tesla-waymo-uber-2024-10">Waymo</a> still had its own restrictions.Screenshots shared with BI show that Tung managed to stay in one Waymo for 6.5 hours, traveling 83 miles within San Francisco's dense grid. Sandy Karp, a spokesperson for Waymo, verified that Tung's ride was among the longest ever taken by a member of the public. Karp also said Waymo is "exploring" ways to set certain limits on rides.Here's how Tung did it.<h2 id="aa5be846-0ba6-4126-b423-4b376a01276f">Journey prep</h2><div type="image" title="Interior of a Waymo." height="674" width="899" msid="114264156" hostid="261" sizebytes="28926"></div>Even before she began her challenge, Tung said she knew it would be a "miracle" if she reached close to 12 hours inside the car.The engineer recognized that the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/waymo-jaguar-all-electric-self-driving-cars-i-pace-2018-3">Jaguar I-PACE</a>, Waymo's choice of electric vehicle for its autonomous fleet, had a limited range. Jaguar advertises a range of up to 246 miles for the I-PACE.That doesn't account for the cameras, GPUs, and "beefy computers" attached to Waymo's fleet that likely take up battery power, Tung said.Still, Tung said she prepared for a 24-hour haul by carrying multiple cameras with extra batteries, making a bathroom run before her trip, and eating high-carb, low-dairy snacks that would not overstimulate her digestive system.The Waymo was also limited to local roads within the city limits of San Francisco, which is less than 50 square miles. The company also restricts riders to four stops before passengers must step out and request a new ride.To circumvent this, Tung said she would edit her journey mid-ride to direct the Waymo to different parts of San Francisco.Just before the Waymo reached a stop, Tung said she would input a new destination on the other side of the city.Karp said the company is now "exploring" limiting the number of times users can edit their journey.<h2 id="a8d9ca0d-38ed-4520-b9f4-56f17407c428">Waymo's limit</h2>A screenshot shared with BI showed that Tung's ride began around 6:30 a.m. and ended around 1:10 p.m.The engineer had the Waymo drive by landmark spots and pick up a friend for a guest on her vlog. To limit the number of stops she would rack up from picking up and dropping off her friend, Tung said her friend crawled through the window so the Waymo wouldn't register a stop as it does when the door is opened."He did that in front of a Chick-fil-A, and people were like, 'What the heck?'" she said. Karp, the Waymo spokesperson. said this act would violate the company’s terms of service.What surprised Tung most was the limited number of issues she ran into during her long ride.Tung said it was a mostly smooth experience, save for a few slightly tricky situations when driving on narrower roads, running into a dead end, or dealing with aggressive drivers cutting off the Waymo."I honestly thought that there would be more interventions from the remote assistance people," she said. Tung added that there was one instance when Waymo appeared to call for remote assistance before it seemed to cancel the call and figure out the problem.Tung said she could've gone for a longer ride.According to Tung, her journey was limited because Waymo did not connect her with a fully charged car. She said all the cars she requested had a charge of 80% or less.Karp wrote that the company adopted the industry standard of charging to 80% to maximize the life span of the car's battery.<div type="image" title="Waymo" height="3024" width="4032" msid="114264152" hostid="261" sizebytes="293448"></div>When the car reached an estimated range of 20 miles left, Tung said the Waymo ended the ride."I certainly didn't realize how tired the ride was making me feel until I stepped out of the car after six and a half hours," she said. "My legs sort of just gave out."Karp said it was one of the "longer personal trips, but the Waymo Driver can operate for far longer without a disengagement."As a San Francisco resident, Tung said Waymo isn't her main mode of transportation. But she'll give the company some props."Having witnessed all of that, I'm more inclined to trust Waymo's driving more than even my own driving," she said.

A former Twitter engineer got a Waymo robot taxi to give her a 6.5-hour ride around San Francisco. Here's what happened.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Southwest Airlines and Archer Aviation are developing electric air taxi operations in California.</li><li>Southwest plans to use Archer Midnight eVTOL aircraft to cut customer travel time to the airport.</li></ul><a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/southwest-changes-activist-investstor-free-bags-open-seating-fees-2024-6">Southwest Airlines</a> and <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/united-electric-air-taxi-archer-evtol-2023-6">Archer Aviation</a> plan to develop an electric air taxi network for California airports.The two companies signed an agreement on Friday that would allow Southwest Airlines customers to use Archer's Midnight electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft as a speedy means of getting to and from airports in the future."This is a pretty huge deal for us and the industry," Archer Aviation chief commercial officer Nikhil Goel told Business Insider. "This is the first time Southwest has done anything like this, and so at this point, we're working with two of the biggest airlines in the US and three of the five largest airlines in the world by market cap."<div type="image" title="A Southwest Airlines Boeing 737 MAX 8 jet takes departs from San Diego International Airport en route to Denver on January 13, 2024 in San Diego, California." height="2672" width="4008" msid="111698219" hostid="261" sizebytes="525048"></div>Archer has also been working with <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/united-electric-air-taxi-archer-evtol-2023-6">United Airlines</a>, which ordered $1 billion worth of the company's Midnight eVTOL aircraft for similar use in 2021.The firm has inked deals internationally, as well. <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://investors.archer.com/news/news-details/2023/InterGlobe-Enterprises-and-Archer-Aviation-Announce-Plans-to-Launch-All-Electric-Air-Taxi-Service-Across-India-in-2026/default.aspx">Interglobe Enterprises</a>, the parent company of India's largest airline, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-low-cost-airlines-in-the-world-according-to-skytrax-2024-7">IndiGo</a>, signed an agreement in late 2023 with Archer that includes the purchase of 200 Midnight eVTOL aircraft for air taxi service in India.The Southwest deal aims to shorten airport commutes for customers flying through any of the 14 California airports where the airline operates.For example, let's say someone in Los Angeles wants to fly to Napa — but skip traffic to and from the airport.With Archer, they would go to the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://smdp.com/2024/02/14/air-taxi-start-up-to-operate-from-santa-monica-airport-and-expects-to-be-flying-by-2025/">Archer Vertaport, under development in Santa Monica</a>, for a short hop to Burbank Airport. There, they would board an 80-minute Southwest flight to San Francisco International Airport and then a 15-minute Archer flight to Napa. (For context, Napa is roughly 60 miles from SFO).<div type="image" title="The interior of Archer's Midnight eVTOL with wide seats with headrests." height="1333" width="2000" msid="111698220" hostid="261" sizebytes="60206"></div>Goel said this route could shave one to two hours off customers' travel time.Beyond the new partnership with Southwest, Archer said it is focused on completing the development and certification process and building up the manufacturing infrastructure to support the Midnight eVTOL, which is at the heart of the deal."For us at Archer, the next 18 months are almost solely dedicated to certifying and manufacturing the aircraft," Goel said.<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/flying-taxi-firm-archer-gets-faa-approval-for-commercial-operations-2024-6">Archer received FAA certification to commence commercial operations</a> in June, allowing the company to refine its systems before launching customer service.However, the Midnight eVTOL, a four-seat electric tilt-rotor aircraft, has not been certified.<div type="image" title="Concept drawing of an Archer manufacturing facility." height="1389" width="2000" msid="111698221" hostid="261" sizebytes="147092"></div>Archer is also working to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/stellantis-invests-additional-55-million-in-archer-following-recent-flight-test-milestone-1033522905">complete its </a><a target="_blank" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/stellantis-invests-additional-55-million-in-archer-following-recent-flight-test-milestone-1033522905">350,000-square-foot production facility</a> in Covington, Georgia, which will be operated in partnership with Stellantis. When fully operational, the factory is expected to be able to produce up to 650 aircraft a year, with room to expand capacity to 2,300 aircraft annually.Archer isn't the only player in the eVTOL business that's working with major airlines.<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/delta-makes-a-60-million-investment-in-evtols-joby-aviation-2022-10">Delta</a> and Japan's <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/airlines-investing-in-evtol-aircraft-united-american-2022-8">All Nippon Airways</a> are working with fellow mobility startup Joby Aviation for future air taxi services.

Southwest Airlines is teaming up with Archer to give passengers electric flying taxis

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The city of Dubai hopes to create a flying taxi network by 2026. </li><li>The network, built by Skyports, would take passengers to major city destinations via compact electric flying vehicles.</li></ul><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/emirates-launching-new-private-charter-service-with-embraer-phenom-100-2023-7#:~:text=Emirates%20has%20launched%20a%20new,small%20private%20jets%20from%20Dubai&amp;text=UAE%2Dbased%20Emirates%20has%20launched,Emirates'%20pilot%20academy%20in%20Dubai.">Dubai</a> hopes to be the city leading the flying taxi future by completing a fully operational flying taxi network by 2026.The CEO of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/drones-covid-19-samples-hospitals-uk-rural-photos-2022-4">Skyports</a>, which builds landing infrastructure for these aerial taxis, said Wednesday that he believed the city would be the first in the world to integrate a "fully-developed network" of flying taxis into its public transportation network, per the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/transport/dubai-flying-taxis-to-be-fully-operational-by-2026">Khaleej Times</a>, an English-language newspaper based in the United Arab Emirates.Skyports first announced the plans to build the vertiports — launching pads for these airborne taxis — in February, <a target="_blank" href="https://skyports.net/skyports-infrastructures-design-for-vertiports-approved-in-dubai/">per a press release</a> on their site. Four landing sites are planned to be built near Dubai International Airport, Palm Jumeirah, Dubai Downtown, and Dubai Marina."These initial locations will connect four of Dubai's most popular – and populous – areas, providing high-speed, zero-emissions connectivity," per Skyports' press release.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/see-joby-evtol-fly-for-price-of-uber-2023-8#one-of-the-biggest-backers-of-jobys-upcoming-evtol-is-delta-which-partnered-with-the-manufacturer-in-october-1">Joby Aviation</a>, a US startup that produces what is known as electric takeoff and landing vehicles, or <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/10-best-funded-electric-aviation-startups-joby-beta-evtol-startup-2022-1">eVTOLs</a>, joined Skyports in promoting the initiative, per the release.The flying car industry is predicted to be worth <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/flying-car-evtol-power-players-evtol-joby-lilium-vcs-urban-air-taxis?r=US&amp;IR=T">$150 billion by 2035</a>, and startups are trying to sell companies and governments on the idea that the tech will cut down on traffic and pollution in major cities. The compact aerial vehicles use electric power, and their propellors are built to be quieter than regular helicopters.A race among companies is underway to establish their own networks of short-term personal helicopter rides in places like New York, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/flying-an-evtol-simulator-around-los-angeles-honeywell-2021-5">Los Angeles</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/volocopter-drone-taxi-first-flight-paris-photos-2022-11">Paris</a>.Airlines, including Delta, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/american-airlines-flying-taxis-vx4-evtol-2022-7">American,</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/united-electric-air-taxi-archer-evtol-2023-6">United</a> are also investing in futuristic transportation to take passengers to and from the airport.Skyports did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Insider.

Dubai is hoping to launch a fully operational flying taxi service by 2026

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="6355315" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="elon-musk" source="Orion">Elon Musk</keyword> teased details about a cheaper <keyword id="107096" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tesla" source="Orion">Tesla</keyword> model just a few months ago.</li><li>Bloomberg reported Tesla has shifted to robotaxis, which Musk said will be revealed in August.</li></ul>If EV consumers were looking for a cheaper <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla">Tesla</a> in the immediate future, that hope may have to be put on hold for now. Bloomberg reported that the company's priorities have changed, shifting away from a mass-market <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-25000-electric-car-look-like-cybertruck-elon-musk-biography-2023-9">$25,000 Tesla</a> to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-to-reveal-robotaxi-this-year-elon-musk-2024-4">robotaxis</a>, which <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk">Elon Musk</a> said will be unveiled in August. The pivot comes after Tesla's disappointing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-having-terrible-year-tesla-lawsuits-compensation-2024-4">earnings report</a>, which revealed a 20% decline in vehicle deliveries for the first quarter. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-21/tesla-tsla-cybertruck-recall-is-latest-setback-to-stock-s-rough-2024">Bloomberg</a> reported that the company is also expected to report a 40% decline in operating profit and its first revenue decline in four years on Tuesday. In response, Musk is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-layoffs-continue-recruiters-2024-4">reducing head count</a> at his company by 10% and betting on robotaxis to give Tesla a much-needed boost. Musk announced on X at the beginning of April that Tesla plans to reveal its first robotaxi in August, which will likely require some significant advancements to the automaker's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-fsd">FSD software</a>. Currently, Tesla's so-called Full Self-Driving technology can allow a vehicle to change lanes automatically, self-park, and enter a highway, among other features. However, it still requires full-time supervision of a driver. The automaker is also facing several <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-employee-died-full-self-driving-fatal-crash-2024-2">lawsuits</a> related to the software. Tesla hasn't revealed many official details on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-25000-electric-car-look-like-cybertruck-elon-musk-biography-2023-9">what the robotaxi will look like</a>. Still, Musk has offered various statements on his vision of the company's autonomous cab, including removing human-oriented controls such as mirrors, pedals, and steering wheels.He also said that Tesla owners could turn their vehicles into a robotaxi, earning them up to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-tesla-robotaxi-app-make-money-repurposing-cars-autonomous-2019-4">$30,000 annually</a>. But the Tesla CEO has made some grand promises about robotaxis before. In 2019, Musk said the company would have <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-robo-taxis-elon-musk-pt-barnum-circus-2019-4">a million autonomous cabs</a> on the road within the next year, a claim that was met with much <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musks-robo-taxi-prediction-a-publicity-stunt-an-expert-says-2019-4">skepticism</a> and never materialized. The company hasn't rolled out any autonomous cabs nor received government approval to test such vehicles on public roads. Sources familiar with the company's plans told Bloomberg that it's all hands on deck for robotaxis. One source told the outlet the timeline for a prototype rollout and production capacity for robotaxis is getting priority over a cheaper Tesla model. The pivot is a marked shift in focus for Musk and the company. In December, Musk was <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-new-affordable-model-details-elon-musk-teases-after-cybertruck-2023-12">teasing details about a $25,000 Tesla</a>, saying the company was "quite advanced" in its work on the car and that it would be "not like any car production line that anyone's ever seen." For now, the cheaper Tesla appears to have been put on the back burner. Reuters reported in early April that sources familiar with the company's plans said that the $25,000 model is dead. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-scrapping-25k-car-report-elon-musk-denies-2024-4">Musk has denied that report</a>, and sources even disputed the claim to Bloomberg. Either way, analysts have said that <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-robotaxi-not-enough-model-2-needed-wedbush-analysts-2024-4">Musk's bet on robotaxis is risky</a> and the Tesla leader should be focused on delivering a cheaper electric car — a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ev-demand-still-strong-despite-slowdown-hybrids-survey-2024-1">big demand among US drivers</a> looking to make the transition. Wedbush analysts even wrote that it's "crucial" for Tesla to deliver a cheaper model within the next 18 months. A Tesla spokesperson did not respond to a request for comment.

A cheaper Tesla model may not happen in near future. How about a Tesla robotaxi instead?

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The era of electric air taxis is near, with eVTOLs expected to fly commercially starting next year.</li><li>One expert said eVTOLs fly at low altitudes and could create airspace and security challenges.</li></ul>The US's first <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/united-electric-air-taxi-archer-evtol-2023-6">electric vertical-takeoff and -landing aircraft</a> are expected to fly commercial passengers as soon as 2025.At launch, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/airlines-investing-in-evtol-aircraft-united-american-2022-8">these zero-emission, piloted air taxis</a> — which take off and land like a helicopter but fly like an airplane — are expected to hop between city centers and major airports as a faster and more efficient alternative to driving. The battery-powered vehicles are also much quieter than the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/helicopter-ride-nyc-east-hampton-price-increase-airport-noise-regulation-2022-4">noisy helicopters that commonly fly over densely populated cities</a>.According to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.aerosociety.com/news/will-the-aerial-taxis-of-the-future-be-safe/#:~:text=With%20orders%20for%2010%2C000%20eVTOLs,one%20estimate%20from%20JP%20Morgan.">the Royal Aeronautical Society</a>, more than 10,000 eVTOLs are on order worldwide in deals worth some $60 billion.Carriers, including American Airlines, United Airlines, and Virgin Atlantic Airways, as well as noncommercial operators like the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/first-electric-air-taxi-delivered-to-us-joby-evtol-2023-10">US Air Force, have placed orders</a> for the new type of aircraft.The investments signal confidence in the futuristic eVTOLs and the burgeoning market for urban air mobility, which JPMorgan analysts have predicted <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/top-startups-evtol-flying-car-industry-urban-air-mobility-2022-4">could be worth about $1 trillion</a> by 2040.However, the widespread commercialization and expansion of eVTOLs will depend on public acceptance and how regulators and operators address infrastructure challenges both on the ground and in the air.<h2 id="1aca0131-7716-4576-b98f-4cfc4392b0c8">Existing landing zones will need to be electrified with expensive chargers</h2>With up to 200 of the US-based Archer Aviation's Midnight aircraft on order, United is expected to operate the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/united-to-use-electric-air-taxi-in-chicago-new-york-2023-3">US's first commercial eVTOL route starting in 2025</a>.In June, the aircraft<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/flying-taxi-firm-archer-gets-faa-approval-for-commercial-operations-2024-6"> received federal approval to fly commercially </a>as a Part 135 operator, meaning it can run non-scheduled operations like on-demand private charters. It still needs further approvals to fly for airlines like United, but the latest certificate puts it one step closer.United's planned hopper service is set to fly 10 to 20 minutes between downtown Manhattan and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey, offering an alternative to a drive that often takes more than an hour.A later, second United eVTOL route is planned between Chicago's city center and O'Hare International Airport.<div type="image" title="United Airlines Archer Aviation Midnight eVTOL concept drawing." height="1432" width="1866" msid="110773504" hostid="261" sizebytes="77084"></div>All the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-connectivity-software-can-make-flying-taxis-reality-2024-2">eVTOL destinations have established spots for the electric aircraft</a> to take off from and land on. This type of operation is favored because the landing spots don't take up much space and can be placed near high-density sites such as sports arenas, finance districts, or concert venues.Archer's chief growth and infrastructure officer, Bryan Bernhard, told Business Insider that <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/see-inside-tour-evtols-the-flying-taxis-revolutionize-commuting-2023-11">Midnight would primarily use these existing heliports</a> or VTOL-specific "vertiports" to start. It also plans to repurpose already-built city infrastructure, such as parking-garage rooftops, as additional landing zones.Regardless of location, facilities that want to welcome eVTOLs like the Midnight must invest in chargers. Bernhard said Archer's would be expensive to purchase and install but would not put a massive new strain on the power grid.He said the challenge lay in striking the right balance between battery conservation and terminal convenience when choosing where to place landing zones.<div type="image" title="The rear two seats of an Archer Midnight eVTOL with x-shaped seatbelts." height="3024" width="4032" msid="110773503" hostid="261" sizebytes="963482"></div>"We're utilizing existing assets and existing routes, so it'll be easy to integrate into that," he said. "But you want to be strategic on where the charger is so the vehicle doesn't have a long taxi path before it can take off."Bernhard added that the Midnight's charger had about the same power output as a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ev-charging-stations-explained-levels-plugs-tesla-supercharger-2022-12">high-speed EV charger.</a><h2 id="be9d0476-d82b-4eb1-a3d5-a187d219bab6">Newly built vertiports may not be welcome in less-urban areas</h2>Henry Harteveldt, a travel analyst, told BI that the continued development of high-density batteries was crucial to eVTOL operators' hope of carrying more people and cargo longer distances.This would lead to the need for newly built vertiports.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.jobyaviation.com/news/joby-to-launch-air-taxi-service-uae/">Joby Aviation,</a> the first and only other US eVTOL manufacturer to secure an FAA certification, has, for example, partnered with eVTOL infrastructure provider Skyports to build four vertiports around Dubai.A Joby spokesperson told BI the company's global operations, which it plans to also extend to places like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.jobyaviation.com/news/joby-ana-partner-nomura-real-estate-vertiports-japan/">Japan</a>, would "blend into the background" and not disrupt daily life."We worked with NASA to analyze the acoustic footprint of the aircraft, demonstrating that at takeoff, it is quieter than a conversation at a distance of 100 meters and is barely perceptive when flying overhead at an altitude of just 500 meters," Joby said.<div type="image" title="Joby in Dubai" height="1500" width="2000" msid="110773508" hostid="261" sizebytes="138736"></div>Across the world, Rani Plaut, the CEO of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.airev.aero/">Air</a>, an Israeli company developing a two-seater eVTOL, told BI that the more infrastructure built to support the growing air-taxi market, the quicker the public would become accustomed to it.Harteveldt said, however, that this unique challenge of public acceptance would be particularly difficult in less-urban communities."There could be an opportunity to build new vertiports in places like office parks or shopping centers," he said. "However, one thing we know to be true is that communities will not want eVTOLs buzzing in and out at all times, even if they're electric."Harteveldt suggested that the optimal places for new vertiports were on top of or adjacent to convention centers or on waterfronts in places like New York City and San Francisco.<div type="image" title="Pilots training in Joby Aviation's eVTOL." height="784" width="1185" msid="110773509" hostid="261" sizebytes="111536"></div>Fortunately for operators, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.faa.gov/airports/new_entrants/aam_infrastructure">Federal Aviation Administration's</a> official vertiport guidance, coming in 2025, is set to be performance-based. Bernard said the fewer regulatory requirements would make building new US facilities quicker and less costly.<h2 id="09227db6-e9ec-4a66-b5e5-58d27f280cdd">eVTOL operators need to consider airspace safety, security, and efficiency</h2>While manufacturers will face infrastructure challenges on the ground, the industry must also figure out how to efficiently <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/delta-makes-a-60-million-investment-in-evtols-joby-aviation-2022-10">incorporate eVTOLs into the airspace network</a>.Airspace is used by everything from helicopters and passenger airliners to private jets and student pilots — meaning everyone has to work together with air-traffic control to safely share the skies.<div type="image" title="Archer Aviation" height="1000" width="1500" msid="110773505" hostid="261" sizebytes="148762"></div>Bernhard said the first couple of years of flying the Midnight would involve a few vehicles on existing and approved aviation routes and that Archer intended to use the same operating procedures that exist for other rotorcraft vehicles.He said opening newly certified pathways and new landing locations would take another few years, but conversations about the logistics of air traffic management would ignite.While the era of air taxis is almost here, Harteveldt said he didn't see eVTOLs littering the skies anytime soon. He said this "Jetsons"-like dream would be limited by safety and noise restrictions, especially since the eVTOLs would be flying at lower altitudes."How do you ensure these aircraft don't intentionally do anything that jeopardizes safety and security in places like Washington, DC, or London or Paris, and many others," he said. "You aren't going to want to have these eVTOLs operating in proximity to some of these places."

Flying taxis are closer than ever to reality. The booming industry needs to overcome infrastructure hurdles. 

This article is part of "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/5-g-and-connectivity-playbook">5G and Connectivity Playbook</a>," a series exploring some of our time's most important tech innovations.Within 10 years, you might be stuck in traffic on the way to the airport — surrounded by a cacophony of horns and motors — choosing whether to roll up your window to prevent the smell of fumes or leave it down so a whiff of air could momentarily soothe your anxiety. As you’re stuck on the freeway, something in the sky catches your eye. It’s not your airplane leaving without you — and it’s not a news chopper covering the sprawl. It’s an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/see-inside-tour-evtols-the-flying-taxis-revolutionize-commuting-2023-11">air taxi</a>.Air taxi is the name for an electric vertical-takeoff and -landing aircraft, also known as an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/flying-taxis-dubai-skyports-joby-aviation-evtol-vertiports-2023-9">eVTOL</a>. These flying vehicles are made for short-haul flights, such as a dash from Manhattan to Newark Liberty International Airport, and could be billed as the safer, faster, and more-energy-efficient future of transportation.There are <a target="_blank" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/evtol-air-taxi-industry">hundreds of companies</a> in the advanced-air-mobility market, some with fully functioning aircraft being used in test flights and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-the-aviation-industry-is-excited-about-flying-taxis-2023-12">displayed in showcases</a> worldwide. But some experts say if air taxis are going to go mainstream, an overlooked element will need to be scaled up: software.<h2>Infrastructure is a top priority</h2>Before accepting customers in the US, AAM companies will have to go through a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.faa.gov/air-taxis">certification process</a> mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration, which could be issued as early as 2025 or 2026. From there, the process of becoming operational will “move really fast,” said Yu Yu Zhang, the program director of advanced air mobility at the Center for Urban Transportation Research. That is, if specific infrastructure is in place, she said.“When we talk about infrastructure for AAM, there are two parts,” Zhang told Business Insider. One part is the physical infrastructure, such as a vertiport — where air taxis can take off, land, and recharge. The other part is the digital infrastructure.While the AAM industry has primarily focused on developing and certifying new <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/10-best-funded-electric-aviation-startups-joby-beta-evtol-startup-2022-1">aircraft</a>, companies are beginning to build the digital infrastructure — the hardware and software that can enable a service — that will make mainstreaming the field possible, Zhang said. There’s no official process for creating this infrastructure yet, but companies are working toward an automated ecosystem that supports safe and efficient flights. There are two software categories that fall under <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/first-electric-air-taxi-delivered-to-us-joby-evtol-2023-10">eVTOL vehicles</a>, Susan Shaheen, a professor in residence at the University of California, Berkeley, and a codirector of the university’s Transportation Sustainability Research Center, told BI. There’s consumer-facing software such as digital apps people can use to book a flight and back-end software for operations, aircraft control, and air-traffic management. The latter will “play a critical role in ensuring safety and efficient operations,” Shaheen said.<h2>New digital solutions are in progress</h2>Some startups are focused on advancing the operations side of the software. In May, students at Purdue University launched <a target="_blank" href="https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2023/Q2/purdue-startup-aerovy-mobility-develops-cloud-software-to-support-infrastructure-for-electric-aircraft.html">Aerovy Mobility</a>, which focuses on cloud-based technology that supports aircraft energy needs, such as recharging at a vertiport. Meanwhile, other eVTOL developers face specific software challenges related to their aircraft. For example, Wisk, a subsidiary of Boeing, developed an autonomous four-seat air taxi. Because it’s a self-flying aircraft, there are unique software needs, Becky Tanner, the chief marketing officer at Wisk, told BI. This eVTOL uses software that builds on the same technology that supports automated pilot functions during commercial flights, but with <a target="_blank" href="https://wisk.aero/autonomy/">added features</a> that support pilotless voyages with human oversight. <div type="image" title="Image of a yellow flying taxi with multiple propellers around the wings. The craft looks similar to a large helicopter." height="2161" width="4337" msid="107862745" hostid="261" sizebytes="302768"></div>The other side of the software effort at Wisk is technology that “integrates things from outside Wisk into Wisk,” Tanner said. In this case, the goal is for customers to have “stitched-together, seamless experiences where they can book multiple forms of transportation in a one-stop shop,” she said. In practice, this could look like booking your Wisk ride with the same app you used to get a car to the vertiport.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/see-pitch-deck-air-taxi-startup-volocopter-raise-170-million-2022-7">Volocopter</a>, a German company, is approaching software holistically through a product that integrates factors including but not limited to passenger booking, pilot dispatch, airspace navigation, and battery management. The cloud-based platform is called VoloIQ and has been in development since 2020. The technology is supported by Microsoft Azure and described as the “digital brains” behind Volocopter’s eVTOL system.Part of VoloIQ is already live and used in test flights, Klaus Seywald, the director of digital products and strategy at Volocopter, told BI. There are also <a target="_blank" href="https://www.volocopter.com/en/blog/french-evolution-first-to-fly-2024">plans to launch</a> limited commercial services this year in Paris and Rome, and those flights are set to be available to book through a VoloIQ-linked app. At the start, the app will show customers which routes and flights are available, but over time, Volocopter plans to move toward an on-demand model, Seywald said. <div type="image" title="Image of a Volocopter aircraft called the VoloCity. The craft is a white helicopter with multiple propellers. People are around the aircraft taking photos." height="2245" width="4000" msid="107862748" hostid="261" sizebytes="466900"></div>Volocopter also sees a “stand-alone business case” for VoloIQ as a third-party software, Seywald said. The idea is that rather than developing a new system, other eVTOL companies could use VoloIQ to support their products. “The problems it solves are not mostly Volocopter-specific but industry-specific,” Seywald added. <h2>Getting air taxis in the skies could hinge on the customers</h2><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/tech/what-is-software">Software</a> is an essential part of the success of a mobility provider, Seywald told BI. “Building and certifying a new vehicle is one thing, but you have to think about how do you actually operate it,” he said. “The certifications are within reach, but operation, I think, has not gotten enough attention.” Seywald thinks the industry will start scaling around 2026 and that by 2028 or 2029, the average person will be able to afford and start using this mode of transportation. Until then, Shaheen said, AAM businesses have the opportunity to learn from other shared-mobility industries, such as <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-history">ride-hailing companies</a>.“We have seen from shared-mobility deployments if you build it, riders do not always come,” she said. “It is very important to demonstrate viable use cases and to serve a mobility need.” Part of getting customers to use flying taxis will hinge on addressing social barriers including safety, equity, affordability, and convenience, Shaheen said. In part, service providers can approach this by developing and using Americans with Disabilities Act-accessible consumer apps.“If software and digital platforms can enhance the safety and convenience of eVTOL, then these tools could help address these obstacles,” she said.

How flying taxis could go mainstream 

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The Montgomery Bus Boycott began in December 1955 after Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat.</li><li>Black taxi drivers provided alternative transportation for thousands of boycotters.</li></ul>On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was commuting home from her job as a seamstress on a bus when the driver asked her to vacate her seat for a white rider. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/15-surprising-facts-about-rosa-parks">Parks' refusal</a> to do so sparked one of the seminal moments of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/civil-rights-moments-historic-past-150-years-2019-1">civil rights movement.</a>Within days, calls for a boycott spread throughout Montgomery. The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/montgomery-bus-boycott-photos-anniversary-civil-rights-movement-2019-12">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a> not only catapulted figures like Parks and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/martin-luther-king-jr-facts-2019-1">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/speeches-martin-luther-king-jr-2019-1">national fame</a>, but also galvanized the city's African American community to action.Black-owned newspapers and church ministers <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/montgomery-bus-boycott.htm">spread</a> the news of the boycott. On December 5, around 40,000 Black bus riders — representing at least 75% of Montgomery's bus ridership — <a target="_blank" href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott">refused</a> to take the bus, delivering a critical blow to the city's transportation system."We came to see that, in the long run, it is more honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation," King <a target="_blank" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/statement-ending-bus-boycott">said</a> when he announced the end of the boycott, a year later, on December 20, 1956.Without the help of Black taxi drivers, the boycott would have been severely hampered.<div type="image" title="montgomery bus boycott" height="1556" width="2348" msid="106864875" hostid="261" sizebytes="296546"></div><h2>A need for alternative transportation</h2>After recognizing the resounding success of the boycott's first day, Black leaders met to discuss how they could continue the boycott until the city met their demands to end busing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-segregation-looked-like-jim-crow-era-america-2023-3">segregation laws</a>.The organizers knew that to continue the boycott, they would need alternative transportation. Montgomery's Black-owned taxi companies, which operated a total of around 210 cabs, volunteered to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/how-black-businesses-helped-save-the-civil-rights-movement">lower</a> their fares to just 10 cents, so passengers paid the same as they would for a bus ride.The city's bus system felt the squeeze, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/montgomery-bus-boycott.htm">losing</a> 30,000 to 40,000 bus fares daily."Without the automobile, the bus boycott in Montgomery would not have been possible," Gretchen Sorin, author of "Driving While Black: African American Travel and the Road to Civil Rights," <a target="_blank" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-automobiles-helped-power-civil-rights-movement-180974300/">told</a> Smithsonian Magazine.<div type="image" title="Woman walking to work during the Montgomery Bus Boycott." height="2366" width="3155" msid="106864876" hostid="261" sizebytes="579060"></div><h2>Facing police pressure</h2>In the face of the mounting boycott, Montgomery police <a target="_blank" href="https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2015/11/30/the-montgomery-bus-boycott">instituted</a> a minimum fare law and <a target="_blank" href="https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1829">even arrested</a> taxi drivers who helped the city's Black residents. In 1956, King was <a target="_blank" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-arrested-speeding-mia-holds-seven-mass-meetings">arrested and jailed</a> for driving 30 miles per hour in a 25 miles per hour zone.The city also pressured car insurance companies to revoke or refuse insurance to Black car owners, according to the National Archives.But Black organizers refused to cave to the pressure. Protestors simply chose to walk to places and organized carpools. More than 200 people volunteered their cars to stop between roughly 100 pickup stations throughout the city, according to the National Park Service.In his <a target="_blank" href="https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1829">diary</a>, civil rights leader <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bayard-rustin-walter-naegle-march-on-washington-civil-rights-history-2023-11">Bayard Rustin</a> remembered speaking with men who walked as much as 14 miles every day in honor of the boycott, and reflected on the Black drivers who helped keep the city moving."I wondered what the response of the drivers would be, since 28 of them had just been arrested on charges of conspiring to destroy the bus company," Rustin wrote in his diary. "One by one, they pledged that, if necessary, they would be arrested again and again."On June 5, 1956, a Montgomery federal court ruled that laws requiring racial segregation on buses violated the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/roe-wade-loving-virginia-interracial-marriage-scotus-overturns-2022-6">14th Amendment</a>. Six months later on December 21, Montgomery's buses were integrated.

Black taxi drivers helped fuel the Montgomery Bus Boycott, even as they faced arrests and police pressure

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Saudi Arabia is planning a zero-carbon region called The Line in its Neom development project.</li><li>Neom is working with Volocopter on electric flying taxis for transportation.</li><li>While it's promoting sustainability, Saudi Arabia has indicated it won't phase down fossil fuels.</li></ul>Of all the glitzy projects <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-arabia-population-gdp-gulf-kingdom-taking-sports-tech-2023-9">Saudi Arabia</a> is embarking on, perhaps the most eccentric is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/neom-what-we-know-saudi-arabia-500bn-mega-city-2019-9">Neom</a>. The kingdom plans to spend over half a trillion dollars transforming the desert into 10 futuristic regions, including a floating port city and a yachting hub.The most famous of them is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/neom-saudi-prince-mbs-new-images-megacity-dystopia-2023-5">The Line</a>, a 0.12-mile-wide and 105-mile-long city with a mirrored facade. Saudi Arabia hopes Neom will become home to nine million people in a "vertical garden city" with daily essentials within a five-minute walk.It says high-speed rail will take citizens from one end to the other in 20 minutes. It plans to have no roads, traffic, or pollution, with everything powered by renewable energy. And it aims to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-city-that-knows-your-every-move-saudi-arabias-new-smart-city-might-be-a-glimpse-of-the-future/">gather much more data</a> about residents and services than other so-called smart cities do.<div type="image" title="The Line, NEOM" height="1280" width="1920" msid="105821667" hostid="261"></div>It plans to have four airports to connect it internationally. Only one, Neom Bay Airport, is currently operating. London Heathrow is its only destination outside the Middle East.The route is run by Saudia, the kingdom's flag carrier, which on Monday announced the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-arabia-snubs-boeing-huge-airbus-order-2024-5">largest aviation order in Saudi history</a>, to the tune of 105 Airbus narrowbody jets.The kingdom hopes more investment in aviation — including the launch of a new airline, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudia-arabia-establishing-new-airline-to-attract-tourists-riyadh-air-2023-3">Riyadh Air</a> — will help promote it as a tourist destination.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-boom-supersonic-updated-ultra-fast-aircraft-overture-2022-7">Boom Supersonic</a>, an American startup designing an airliner that could cross the Atlantic in 3.5 hours and use only sustainable aviation fuel, announced last November an <a target="_blank" href="https://boomsupersonic.com/press-release/boom-supersonic-announces-new-aircraft-engine-and-investment-milestones">investment from Neom</a>. It didn't disclose the size of the investment.Since 2021, Neom has worked on a joint venture with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/volocopter-drone-taxi-first-flight-paris-photos-2022-11">Volocopter</a>, a German company designing electric vertical-takeoff-and-landing aircraft, better known as eVTOLs or flying taxis. Powered by batteries, they wouldn't emit any carbon.Neom, which has ordered 15 of its aircraft, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.neom.com/en-us/newsroom/neom-invests-in-volocopter">invested $175 million</a> in Volocopter's Series E funding round in November 2022.Borja Blond, the CEO of the Neom-Volocopter joint venture, described its ambitions last November during a presentation at the Dubai Air Show, which Business Insider attended.The plan is for Neom to operate three kinds of Volocopter's eVTOLs: the VoloCity, the VoloRegion, and the VoloDrone. Neom aims to have a fleet by 2025, though it's not clear how many aircraft that would entail."We really believe that Volocopter is close to getting their aircraft certified," Blond said.Volocopter is aiming to be certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency in time for the Olympics next summer in Paris, where it plans to run its first service.<div type="image" title="Germany-based company Volocopter 2X's air taxi is flown by test pilot Damian Hischier during a demonstration of South Korea's Urban Air Mobility services at Gimpo International Airport in Seoul in November 11, 2021" height="2335" width="3509" msid="105821668" hostid="261"></div>The drone, designed to carry up to 330 pounds, would be used for some cargo.Since the VoloCity is designed to travel only 35 kilometers, or about 22 miles, at a time, it'd function as a flying taxi to take people around a region like The Line.Neom plans to use the VoloRegion, with its top speed of 137 mph and range of 220 kilometers, to take passengers between regions, though the presentation said it could also work intraregionally."We need to think about connecting all those regions within a seamless manner and being very well aligned with the vision that we have here," Blond said. "Basically we want to operate with 100% renewable energy."Neom plans to leave 95% of the region untouched, serving as one of the world's largest nature reserves. The Line is designed with huge mirrors partly to reflect the vast natural landscape.Blond said Neom does not "have the opportunity to build big runways, a lot of airports," adding that that makes eVTOLs a good solution for Neom's transportation needs.He said the goal is to create safe flight routes for the VoloRegion aircraft over less populated areas."We want to bring a blueprint to the rest of the world: This is what we have done. This is how we can progress to future cities," Blond said.<h2 id="05eaaaa2-f44e-4a21-871b-3a0e4f07211c">Saudi Arabia won't phase down fossil fuels</h2>But while the country is pushing renewable energy at home, it's pushing for huge profits from fossil fuels abroad.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vision-2030-saudi-arabia-plan-future-proof-oil-economy-2023-8">Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 plan</a> — which includes Neom and The Line — aims to make its economy less reliant on oil, but the kingdom recently suggested it won't decrease its exports of the fossil fuel.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cop28-al-jaber-there-is-no-science-fossil-fuels-climate-2023-12?utm_medium=newsletter&amp;email=lkatzman%40insider.com&amp;x=ef75c6b3afca456fd7d58c5b58a7f24a7e67dc124c5dce0fab96d69a216d7ffe&amp;utm_source=Sailthru&amp;utm_campaign=Insider%20sustainability%2C%20December%207%2C%202023&amp;utm_term=INSIDER%20SUSTAINABILITY%20SEND%20LIST">Asked at</a> December's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-04/cop28-saudi-energy-minister-says-won-t-agree-to-fossil-fuel-phase-down">COP28 summit</a> whether he'd agree to phasing down fossil fuels, the country's energy minister said, "Absolutely not," Bloomberg reported.An investigation by Channel 4 and the Centre for Climate Reporting published last November said officials from Saudi Arabia's Oil Sustainability Program acknowledged the country had a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.channel4.com/news/undercover-filming-highlights-saudi-plan-to-artificially-raise-oil-demand">state-backed plan to target Africa and Asia with oil products</a>.Speaking about the dissonance between Saudi Arabia's green-energy plans and its status as the top oil exporter, Jim Krane, an energy-geopolitics expert at Rice University, <a target="_blank" href="https://time.com/6210210/saudi-arabia-aramco-climate-oil/">told Time last year</a>: "They like to have their cake and eat it."The Saudis' ambition is to be the last man standing in the global oil market," he added. "They want the last drop of oil drilled to come from a Saudi field."

Saudi Arabia's futuristic Neom project aims to embrace green flying taxis, and will have 4 airports

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A San Francisco-based Lyft driver said Waymo's self-driving taxis have made the job more competitive. </li><li>He also said the growing number of ride-hailing drivers has made it more difficult to make money.</li></ul>Nick Boenzi, a part-time Lyft driver in his 40s, said the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-lyft-driving-rideshare-gig-economy-worker-arizona-virginia-pandemic-2024-1">competitive nature of ride-hailing</a> has made it difficult for him to make money. And it’s not just his fellow drivers in San Francisco who he has to contend with. That’s because hundreds of self-driving taxis from the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/san-francisco-driverless-taxis-controversial-expoerience-tiktok-2023-8">Alphabet-owned Waymo</a> are also picking up riders in San Francisco — Boenzi sees the distinctive white vehicles several times an hour while driving. He said these taxis aren’t only competing with him for riders — but infringing upon his most effective ride-hailing strategy. “Self-driving cars in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/waymo-expands-autonomous-taxi-service-public-san-francisco-2021-8">San Francisco</a> are taking the most profitable rides which have the highest pay-per-mile,” he told Business Insider via email. “The short rides.” If a driver wants to make the most money as fast as possible, Boenzi said long rides are the way to go. But if they want to be profitable, he said shorter rides are better because they tend to pay more per mile, making them more lucrative once <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/driving-for-uber-lyft-how-make-money-car-expenses-gas-2024-2">driving expenses</a> like gas, depreciation, and maintenance costs are considered. Boenzi said a ride is only worth it if it pays <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-uber-drivers-make-fulltime-cancelling-rides-gig-economy-2023-11">at least $1 a mile</a>, including any miles spent relocating to a busier area after a ride ends. He’d rather make $14 in an hour driving four miles than $25 in the same hour driving 32 miles.The problem, according to Boenzi, is that riders tend to turn to Waymo taxis for shorter rides — in part because these vehicles <a target="_blank" href="https://waymo.com/blog/2024/01/from-surface-streets-to-freeways-safely-expanding-our-rider-only-testing/">aren’t allowed</a> on the freeways just yet. When he can’t find short rides to his liking, he often heads to San Francisco International Airport, where Boenzi said he typically finds the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-uber-drivers-make-fulltime-cancelling-rides-gig-economy-2023-11">most profitable</a> “longer rides.” But he said the airport has also <a target="_blank" href="https://africa.businessinsider.com/careers/a-millennial-uber-driver-who-starts-his-day-at-330-am-explains-how-hes-made-it-his/c3sp7zb">become increasingly competitive</a> as more drivers turn to it for customers.“The airports usually can guarantee business — when it gets slow, that is where people will go,” he said. “But there have been over 200 drivers waiting all day every day it seems. And it is getting harder every day.”<h2>More drivers, ride challenges, and self-driving taxis make ride-hailing competitive</h2><div type="image" title="A self-driving Waymo car in San Francisco." height="2483" width="3731" msid="107693114" hostid="261"></div>When Lyft has “<a target="_blank" href="https://help.lyft.com/hc/zh-cn/articles/360001943867-Ride-Challenges">ride challenges</a>,” which incentivize drivers to complete a certain number of trips by a deadline to earn a bonus, Boenzi said the competition can get even more intense.The week of October 16 to 22 — when Boenzi said there was a ride challenge in effect — he earned $217 before Lyft took its cut in 15 hours of booked time, according to a document viewed by BI. Roughly a month before, when he said there wasn't a challenge, he earned nearly $1,400 in 43 hours of booked time. Despite only having roughly three times as many booked hours, his earnings were over six times higher than the challenge week.Boenzi is one of several ride-hailing drivers who’ve told BI that an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-lyft-driving-rideshare-gig-economy-worker-arizona-virginia-pandemic-2024-1">increase in drivers</a> has contributed to fewer available — and lower-paying — trips. In November 2023, Uber announced it had a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-lyft-driver-pay-protest-valentines-day-gig-economy-california-2024-2">record 6.5 million</a> active drivers and couriers. This came after the number of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-drivers-record-high-5-million-cost-living-inflation-2022-8">global Uber drivers</a> increased by over 30% in 2022 to a record five million. In the fall of 2022, Lyft said it had its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-uber-drivers-make-hours-burnout-tipping-arizona-2023-10">highest number</a> of active drivers in over two years. Lyft didn't respond to BI’s question about the growth of drivers in recent years.Many drivers say the rollout of Uber and Lyft’s “<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-lets-drivers-see-earnings-before-accepting-trip-2022-7">up-front fares</a>” features — which have provided drivers with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-make-money-uber-lyft-driving-part-time-tips-2023-11">more information</a> about trips before they accept them — have also resulted in lower pay. Some drivers say this has impacted their earnings more than the competitive driving landscape.Boenzi said he isn’t sure how much more competitive Waymo’s taxis have made ride-hailing, but he thinks it could be a big reason some drivers are seeing less demand in the city and crowding at airports. Waymo didn't respond to BI's question about competition.A Lyft spokesperson told BI via email that the typical US driver is earning <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lyft-earnings-gig-driver-rider-payments-uber-hourly-pay-stock-2024-2">over $30 per utilized hour</a>, including tips and bonuses, and that the company has a healthy business in San Francisco. In an email, Uber told BI that its drivers remain busy, their earnings are strong, and more ride-hailing customers are on the platform than ever before.In 2023, Boenzi earned nearly $22,000 after Lyft fees across roughly 1,700 trips and 25,000 online miles, according to a document viewed by BI.Lyft has a self-driving partnership with the riderless technology company Motional in Las Vegas, which has led to the completion of <a target="_blank" href="https://autonomous.lyft.com/partners/">over 100,000</a> self-driving Lyft trips. Uber has two self-driving partnerships — one with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.uber.com/newsroom/waymo-on-uber/">Waymo in Phoenix</a> and the other with Motional in Las Vegas. The company said it has not seen any significant impacts on drivers’ earnings in these cities. <h2>Driverless cars have come under scrutiny in San Francisco </h2>Before last August, Waymo and Cruise, majority-owned by General Motors, collectively had <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/california-agency-vote-san-francisco-robotaxi-expansion-amid-heavy-opposition-2023-08-10/">over 500</a> self-driving taxis operating in San Francisco. But they were only allowed to offer trips in certain parts of the city during certain parts of the day. But an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/san-francisco-waymo-cruise-robotaxis-streets-transport-2023-8">August ruling</a> by the California Public Utilities Commission opened the door for these companies to provide 24-hour service to the entire city, excluding freeways. However, the rollout was bumpy.One week following the ruling, Cruise agreed to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cruise-slashes-robotaxi-fleet-half-after-collision-incidents-san-francisco-2023-8">cut its driverless fleet in half</a> following two reports of crashes. In October, San Francisco <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-cruise-self-driving-robotaxis-were-banned-in-san-francisco-2023-10">banned Cruise</a> from operating in San Francisco after it failed to disclose video footage of a woman being pinned under one of its vehicles. Waymo’s rollout also <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/san-francisco-waymo-driverless-car-torched-crowd-2024-2">hasn’t been perfect</a>. On Saturday, a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/san-francisco-waymo-driverless-car-torched-crowd-2024-2">San Francisco crowd</a> set a Waymo taxi on fire. No one was injured, and the motive for the incident is unclear. But unlike Cruise, Waymo continues to operate in the city. The company told BI it has a couple hundred self-driving taxis in its San Francisco fleet.<h2>Driving full-time can lead to burnout</h2>Boenzi said he started driving for Lyft in 2023 because he wasn’t making as much as he used to by renting out his vehicles through the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/pros-cons-turo-use-for-renting-2023-4">Turo</a> platform — and he needed extra income to help pay off his substantial amount of credit card debt.He said he tries to drive several days in a row if he can but that he sometimes has to take multiple days off because driving can be draining, particularly when he has to sit in a lot of traffic.In addition to looking for shorter trips, Boenzi said he’s had success pivoting to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-eats-grubhub-doordash-sue-new-york-city-restaurant-fees-2021-9">food delivery platforms</a> when ride-hailing is slow — he said these sometimes pay more per mile than ride-hailing. Going forward, Boenzi said he’d like to start another <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/best-ways-to-earn-passive-income">passive income business</a>, such as a car wash, laundry mat, or vending machines business. He used to work as a financial analyst and said returning to a similar role could be another option. Once he gets another income stream, he said he’ll likely reduce his Lyft hours.“My driving days will soon be just a couple hours a day, or I will take a break from driving until it is more profitable,” he said.Are you a gig worker willing to share your story about pay, schedule, and tipping? If so, reach out to these reporters at jzinkula@insider.com.

A San Francisco Lyft driver shares how Waymo's self-driving taxis are competing with his top earnings strategy: short rides

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Flying-taxi companies hope to revolutionize the daily commute for the cost of an Uber.</li><li>Competition led to one lawsuit before it was settled and Archer and Wisk agreed to work together.</li><li>Nature inspires many of the futuristic designs, Frank Stephenson told BI.</li></ul>Picture the scene: It's rush hour and you're running late for a meeting on the other side of town. If you're in a city with good public transportation, you could pile onto a busy metro train or you could get in a car or taxi and slog through traffic.In a few years, if everything goes according to plan, you might be able to open an app to hail a non-polluting aircraft and avoid the ground congestion altogether.This is the vision for Archer Aviation, one of several companies building electric vertical-takeoff-and-landing aircraft, better known as eVTOLs or flying taxis.It shouldn't cost much more than an Uber, either. Adam Goldstein, the CEO of Archer, previously told Business Insider he expects a seat in its six-passenger <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/united-electric-air-taxi-archer-evtol-2023-6">Midnight aircraft</a> to cost about $100.An <a target="_blank" href="https://www.uber.com/global/en/r/routes/manhattan-ny-to-ewr/">Uber from Manhattan to Newark Airport</a> costs $85 for a 40-minute drive. Archer says its Midnight flying taxi would need 10 minutes for the same journey, which the company plans to make its first commercial service in 2025.BI attended the Dubai Airshow last month, where Goldstein started the sustainability conference with a speech about the company's ambitions."The transportation grid is still stuck in two dimensions. There's lots of trips out there where people are willing to spend 60, 90, or even 120 minutes in a car," he said. "Now we can solve these trips by going to the air."Helicopters are the main alternative today, but they're expensive and many cities have banned their mass use due to noise complaints. Goldstein said that Archer's Midnight is "near silent when flying overhead."Volocopter, a German startup set to bring its flying taxis to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-arabia-neom-project-green-city-fossil-fuels-oil-2023-12">Saudi Arabia's planned megacity Neom</a>, hopes to run its first service during next summer's Paris Olympics.Most other eVTOL firms, including Archer, are targeting certification by 2025. Goldstein said Archer wants to start mass operations in 2028, when "hundreds" of flying taxis would operate in one city as Los Angeles transportation officials plan for their use during that year's Olympics.<h2>Why the flying-taxi designs look unique</h2>Frank Stephenson got his start designing cars. After Ford sponsored his design education, he worked for the company in Cologne, Germany. He also designed the Mini Cooper and the Fiat 500 and worked as a design director for Ferrari, Maserati, and McLaren.His enthusiasm for aircraft was infectious as he spoke to BI at the Dubai Airshow. Midway through a sentence, the Italian Air Force's aerobatics team roaring overhead through plumes of red, white, and green smoke diverted his attention.At first, pivoting to aviation might seem like a curious move, but for Stephenson, it made perfect sense."I think from as far back as I can remember, as a kid even, I was just interested in anything that moved," Stephenson told BI.After leaving McLaren, Stephenson started his own design studio where his first client was Lilium Air Mobility.<div type="image" title="A model of a eVTOL Lilium Jet, electric vertical take-off and landing jet is displayed during the Farnborough International Airshow 2022 on July 18, 2022" height="2336" width="3500" msid="106100926" hostid="261"></div>These sleek, modern aircraft often appear as if they were plucked from the set of "Blade Runner," but for Stephenson, "everything I design is based on influences from nature.""There's nothing more intelligent than nature in design," he told BI. "Who the heck says it has to look like an airplace anyways, because what's an airplane? It's a sausage with wings on it."For Lilium, he was first inspired by the sea, because "a fish is theoretically more aerodynamic than a bird.""The engineers were like, 'Oh my gosh, we've never thought about doing it like this before. And it works really well.' So that world opened up to me. It's like the first days of the automobile."<h2>United Airlines has ordered $1 billion's worth of Archer's Midnight craft</h2>"Once you can start replacing work-and-going-home trips with this aircraft, it's beyond my wildest imagination how you change where people live and work, and how much you can really impact mobility going forward," Nikhil Goel, Archer's chief commercial officer, told BI."Sustainability is big, but it's also just sexy," he added. "It's a really great way to get from A to B."Goel, a former McKinsey consultant who cofounded <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/joby-aviation-to-acquire-uber-elevate-wins-75-million-investment-2020-12">Uber Elevate</a> before joining Archer, has the polished air of a Silicon Valley executive."The best-case scenario is probably still more than I would expect," he said. "I always say that if you'd asked Steve Jobs, 'How many iPhones would you sell in 2023?' He would have predicted probably a tenth of what we have today."So best-case scenario, I don't know, everybody in the world is able to use this to go from A to B."<div type="image" title="Nikhil Goel of Archer smiling wearing a grey suit and cyan tie stood in front of the Midnight eVTOL at the Dubai Air Show" height="3200" width="4800" msid="106100927" hostid="261"></div>There's still a lot to get through first. After aviation authorities certify them, eVTOL companies would need to scale up manufacturing. Then comes the infrastructure: building enough vertiports — eVTOL takeoff facilities — for mass use.Vertiports are similar to helipads but include recharging and hangaring options.But the money involved suggests that airlines believe there's promise. American Airlines, United Airlines, and Azul Brazilian Airlines have each made $1 billion deals with Vertical Aerospace, Archer, and Lilium, respectively.Goldstein said United's order with Archer has a further $500 million option, which would bring the total up to 300 aircraft."We are working with the best manufacturing suppliers in the game — Honeywell, Safran, Garmin, FACC — so we think from a certification perspective, we've nearly eliminated all the risks," Goel said.He added that the biggest priority for the coming year is the "final stages of certification."Archer has also started building its main manufacturing plant in Georgia, where it will work with the auto giant Stellantis to produce up to 2,300 aircraft a year. Archer added that the factory will be capable of producing 650 vehicles a year when it starts its first phase of operations in 2024."Already on day one, it will be less than half the cost of a helicopter," Goel told BI. Helicopters cost about $10 per passenger mile, whereas Goel said the Midnight will cost about $4 to $5 per passenger mile.He said it's cheaper because there's "very little maintenance cost" and "it's 100% all electric so there's no fuel cost.""As we increase the utilization and load factor, the aircraft will be at $2 to $3," he added. "And then from there, you add in autonomy, scale manufacturing, our long-term goal is to get about $1."<h2>Self-flying taxis</h2>Not every eVTOL company is prioritizing passenger transportation. AutoFlight, a Chinese startup with offices in Germany and California, is first targeting certification for its cargo eVTOL."Developing an aircraft is a really expensive adventure, and we believe the cargo version will be much quicker to certify, and produce and sell, and generate revenues," Jocelyn Moreau, AutoFlight Europe's head of operations, told BI."What we see here at the Dubai Airshow, and at the Paris Air Show, is that there will be a high demand for cargo as well as for passengers," he added.Moreau, a former manager at Airbus Helicopters Deutschland GmbH, joined the eVTOL space because "it was the new revolution going on.""With two colleagues of mine, we left Airbus to be part of the revolution, and try on our own an exciting adventure," he said.Moreau told BI he expects AutoFlight's cargo eVTOL to be certified in China within six to 12 months, but that a passenger version could take another two or three years to get certified.The emphasis on cargo also means AutoFlight is better positioned to explore self-flying-aircraft options."We are already flying autonomously with the cargo version," Moreau said. "There is no pilot, there's no cockpit. There's nothing.""For the passenger version, we believe we need a pilot first," he added. "And maybe in a few years' time when people are used to flying, then there will be no pilot."Goldstein said Archer is aiming for its aircraft to be fully autonomous in 2030. It's made progress after reaching an agreement with Wisk Aero, an eVTOL company owned by Boeing, following a two-year dispute.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/flying-taxi-rivals-archer-and-wisk-settle-dispute-will-collaborate-2023-8">Wisk accused Archer of stealing trade secrets</a> in a 2021 lawsuit. The complaint alleged that Archer hired ten Wisk engineers and produced an aircraft with "a striking resemblance" to a Wisk patent. A forensic investigation found that two of those former Wisk engineers downloaded thousands of files shortly before leaving for Archer, according to the lawsuit.In August, the rivals settled and agreed to work together. Wisk is now Archer's exclusive provider of autonomous-flying technology, and Boeing agreed to invest an undisclosed amount into Archer as part of a $215 million funding round.In a press release, Archer said the agreement would help it avoid "hundreds of millions of dollars of spending" on research and development.<h2>'You don't get tired of them — they just look right'</h2><div type="image" title="Frank Stephenson wears a black suit and poses in front of AutoFlight's Prosperity I" height="1399" width="2500" msid="106100928" hostid="261"></div>After Lilium, Stephenson also designed eVTOLs for Archer and AutoFlight, which he said is "probably the most effective design so far."Unlike Archer's Midnight, AutoFlight's Prosperity I doesn't need the propellors to tilt — horizontal rotors take the aircraft up and down, and the ones on the back push it forward."The intention I always had from the beginning was: How simple can you reduce all the elements, and it doesn't look boring, it still looks futuristic?""It ends up looking beautiful because it's so functional when it does," Stephenson told BI. "There's nothing really ugly in nature — something might shock you, but it doesn't look wrong.""The cars and the objects that are designed for efficient functionality tend to last a long time in terms of aesthetics. You don't get tired of them — they just look right.""It's an incredibly interesting field to be in right now," he added. "30 years from now, I might sound stupid. But right now, we're breaking new ground."

Flying taxis could take to the skies by next year. Here's why the aviation industry is so excited about eVTOLs.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Riders are reportedly using San Francisco's self-driving taxis, operated by Cruise, to hook up.</li><li>A 2018 study predicted that more autonomous vehicles could mean more sex on the road.</li></ul>With no one in the front seat driving, some people are using <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-self-driving-cars-work-and-their-safety-2023-2">self-driving taxis</a> for a little bit more than just transportation.The San Francisco Standard <a href="https://sfstandard.com/2023/08/11/san-francisco-robotaxi-cruise-debauchery/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">spoke to four separate individuals</a> in the city who said they have either fooled around or had sex in one of the robotaxis from autonomous vehicle company Cruise over the last few months.Cruise and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/waymo-testing-fully-automated-cars-san-francisco-2022-3">Waymo</a> have been <a href="https://getcruise.com/media-resources/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">operating</a> fully driverless vehicles in San Francisco since early 2022, and got the go-ahead last week from the city to further expand their services and offer <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/robotaxis-san-francisco-cruise-waymo-autonomous-vehicles-california-2023-8">fully driverless rides 24/7</a> going forward. Cruise operates about 300 vehicles at night and 100 during the day, the company revealed at a California Public Utilities Commission hearing, according to the Standard. Waymo has a fleet of 250 robotaxis in service, a spokesperson confirmed to Insider."It seems like I'm a trailblazer," one passenger told the Standard. The publication granted him and all others named in the piece anonymity, but referred to him by the alias Alex. "It's also fun to realize that this is like the first place you can do this in the country." Alex told the Standard that he's had sex in robotaxis three times. One of Alex's partners in robotaxi sex, whom the Standard called Megan, said that her encounter with Alex was her first time ever <a href="https://www.insider.com/san-francisco-driverless-taxis-controversial-expoerience-tiktok-2023-8?inline-endstory-related-recommendations=">riding in an autonomous vehicle</a>."Was it the most comfortable? Was it the most ideal? Probably not," Megan told the Standard. "But the fact that we were out and about in public, the whole taboo of it being kind of wrong made it more fun and exciting." A 2018 study by Scott Cohen and Debbie Hopkins in the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328569891_Autonomous_vehicles_and_the_future_of_urban_tourism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Annals of Tourism Research journal</a> predicted that passengers might use <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/self-driving-cars-could-be-used-for-sex-nightlife-study-2018-11">robotaxis for sex</a>."Hotels-by the hour are likely to be replaced by connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs)," the researchers wrote. "This will have implications for urban tourism, as sex plays a central role in many tourism experiences. Such private CAVs may also be put to commercial use, as it is just a small leap to imagine Amsterdam's Red Light District 'on the move."When a porn video of a couple having sex in a moving <a href="https://www.insider.com/elon-musk-responds-to-tesla-porno-on-twitter-2019-5">Tesla on Autopilot</a> surfaced in 2019, Tesla CEO Elon Musk seemed unsurprised, tweeting "Turns out there's more ways to use Autopilot than we imagined. Shoulda seen it coming…" Insider reported at the time — when access to self-driving cars wasn't nearly as accessible to the public as it is now — that most <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/self-driving-cars-could-be-used-for-sex-nightlife-study-2018-11">autonomous cars</a> would likely have security or surveillance in place through cameras or other monitoring, though the researchers point out in the study that surveillance could be "rapidly overcome, disabled, or removed." In other words, people can get pretty creative in figuring out ways around these systems.Both Cruise and Waymo do have cameras and microphones inside their self-driving vehicles as well as on the outside, which the companies say are used for safety and rider support. Cruise says <a href="https://getcruise.com/cameras-inside-the-car-for-safety-and-support/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">on its website</a> videos from its vehicles are used for customer support, safety reasons, vehicle maintenance, security, operations, or if legally required. Both companies say on their websites that microphones are only active during rider support calls. Cruise's community rules also specify that passengers are required to wear a seatbelt.Waymo declined Insider's request for comment."When users sign up to use the Cruise platform, they agree to follow our Community Rules which explicitly condemn any illegal activity or inappropriate behavior while using our service," Cruise told Insider in a statement.Since having sex in a vehicle within public view would certainly constitute "inappropriate behavior," it's safe to say you're definitely not allowed to have sex in a Cruise robotaxi. But if that isn't stopping everyone, the company may find itself tasked with enforcing that rule a bit more often than it would like.

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