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<br /> <keyword id="6360409" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="NASA">NASA</keyword> has successfully launched the Colorado High-resolution Echelle <keyword id="2267524" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Stellar-Spectrograph">Stellar Spectrograph</keyword> (<keyword id="6362158" type="SPORT" weightage="80" keywordseo="chess">CHESS</keyword>) to study the birthplace of stars more comprehensively. The sounding rocket payload called CHESS was launched from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.<br />
<br />
In deep space lies an abundance of atoms – carbon, oxygen and hydrogen – that will grow into new stars and new planets over millions of years.<br />
<br /> Kevin France, chief investigator at the <keyword id="120083" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="University-of-Colorado">University of Colorado</keyword> at Boulder, said that these atoms are the building blocks for the next generation of stars and planets.<br />
<br /> CHESS is equipped with a spectrograph, which can parse out just how much of any given wavelength of light is present. The spectrograph soared above the <keyword id="6359982" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="80" keywordseo="earth">Earth</keyword>’s atmosphere to look at the <keyword id="453303" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Ultraviolet-light">ultraviolet light</keyword> from a bright <keyword id="6355599" type="COMPANY" weightage="80" keywordseo="star">star</keyword> – light that is blocked by the atmosphere and cannot be seen from the ground.<br />
<br />
As ultraviolet light courses towards the Earth, it bumps into the interstellar atoms and molecules along the way. Incidentally, both the interstellar atoms and molecules can block certain wavelengths of light.<br />
<br />
Researchers know which wavelength is blocked by what. So by measuring what light is missing, they can also map out the atoms and molecules that are present in space.<br />
<br />
CHESS enables researchers to see whether they have ionised or neutral carbon or even carbon monoxide molecules.<br />
<br />
Eventually, they get to know about how old the cloud is and learn how stars form from these clouds.<br />
<br />
France reported that good data had been received by the spectrograph and the mission was a success.<br />
<em>Image: Thinkstock</em><br />

NASA’s New Spectograph To Study Birthplace
Of Stars

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Astronomers took a new image of the Tarantula Nebula with the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/james-webb-space-telescope-has-captured-dazzling-images-of-cosmos-2022-8">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</li><li>The nebula, also called 30 Doradus, is about 160,000 light-years away.</li></ul><p>Astronomers focused the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-hidden-details-infrared-galaxies-2022-7">James Webb Space Telescope</a> on the Tarantula Nebula, one of the brightest and most active star-forming regions in our galactic backyard, and found thousands of young stars they hadn't seen before, <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-041">images released by NASA</a> on Tuesday show. </p><p>The Tarantula Nebula, also called 30 Doradus, is an immense cloud of gas and dust about 160,000 light-years away in the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astronomers-share-images-of-galaxies-from-retired-telescopes-2022-6">Large Magellanic Cloud</a>, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The nebula has birthed some of the hottest and most massive known stars, a few that are more than 150 times the mass of our sun.</p><p>To find out more about this stellar birthplace, astronomers trained three of Webb's high-resolution infrared instruments on it. By gathering infrared light, the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-launches-james-webb-space-telescope-2021-12">$10 billion dollar telescope</a> is able to cut through cosmic gas and dust, penetrating deeper into the cosmos than <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/webb-infared-early-universe-hubble-ultraviolet-insights-breathtaking-images-2022-8">telescopes that use visible light</a>. </p><p>Webb's new image of the nebula taken with the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), above, shows strands of gas that look like spider webs, "a burrowing tarantula's home, lined with its silk," <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-041">according to NASA</a>.</p><p>The image, which spans 340 light-years, shows distant galaxies in the background that look like fuzzy white dots. A cluster of massive young stars can be seen at the center of the image in sparkling blue. The space around the young stars is where gas has been cleared out by the stars' intense radiation and stellar winds.</p><div type="image" title="A side-by-side display of the same region of the Tarantula Nebula brings out the distinctions between Webb’s near-infrared (closer to visible red, left) and mid-infrared (further from visible red, right) images." height="720" width="1280" msid="94037229" hostid="261" sizebytes="93760"></div><p>Astronomers looked at the same region in longer infrared wavelengths detected by Webb's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). In the above right image, "the hot stars fade, and the cooler gas and dust glow," <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-041">NASA said</a>. Webb's mid-infrared lens reveals tiny points of light, which are not fully formed stars, but protostars still in the process of forming in cocoons of dust, according to the NASA.</p><div type="image" title="Webb's Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) took a look at what appeared to be a bubble in the nebula, but found a young star still cocooned by a cloud of gas." height="1983" width="1773" msid="94037231" hostid="261" sizebytes="143456"></div><p>Using Webb's Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec), astronomers also caught an emerging star being released from a cocoon of dust. When nascent stars form inside nebula, they are surrounded by cocoon-like pillars of gas and dust, which block visible light. </p><p>Astronomers believe the Tarantula Nebula belongs to our universe's distant past. It has a similar chemical composition to the gigantic star-forming regions observed at "<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/studying-galaxy-growth-spurts-in-the-early-universe-with-nasas-roman">cosmic noon</a>" — a time period when the cosmos was only a few billion years old and star formation was at its peak. As Webb's new observations confirm, the nebula is still actively spawning stars.</p><p>Researchers hope Webb's observations will better their knowledge of how stars formed in the deep cosmic past, since their understanding still has gaps. </p><p>"Webb will provide astronomers the opportunity to compare and contrast observations of star formation in the Tarantula Nebula with the telescope's deep observations of distant galaxies from the actual era of cosmic noon," the Space Telescope Science Institute, the organization that manages Webb, said <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-041" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">in a statement</a>.</p>

Webb telescope's new photo of the Tarantula Nebula caught thousands of never-before-seen baby stars

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-launches-nasa-ixpe-satellite-black-holes-dead-stars-2021-12">NASA</a> launched the <keyword id="12594489" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="james-webb-space-telescope" source="Orion">James Webb Space Telescope</keyword> on Saturday, after years of delays and budget hikes.</li><li>Webb is 100 times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and expected to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-first-year-in-space-2021-12">revolutionize astronomy</a>.</li></ul><p><keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword> sent $10 billion worth of delicate hardware screaming into the skies above French Guiana on Saturday, when it launched the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-live-nasa-launch-james-webb-space-telescope-2021-12">James Webb Space Telescope</a> at 7:20 a.m. ET.</p><p>JWST, or "Webb" for short, is the first big telescope to rocket past Earth's atmosphere since the Hubble Space Telescope, which launched in 1990.</p><p>Webb, a collaboration between NASA, the <keyword id="11921802" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="european-space-agency" source="Orion">European Space Agency</keyword>, and the Canadian Space Agency, is six times larger and 100 times more powerful than its predecessor. Astronomers expect it to fill a mysterious gap in the historical record of our universe — the first 400 million years after the Big Bang — and to identify distant worlds that could host alien life.</p><div type="image" title="james webb space telescope gold octagon mirror in large white cleanroom" height="1618" width="2157" msid="88493132" hostid="261"></div><p>"What I'm thinking about is looking at the universe in new light. We've never seen the universe as Webb will show it to us," Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator, said in a livestream minutes before the launch.</p><p>An Ariane 5 rocket, with Webb tucked inside its fairing, roared to life and heaved itself off a launchpad at Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana at 7:20 a.m. ET on Saturday. Roughly three minutes later, 75 miles above Earth, the rocket's nose shed its outer shell, exposing Webb. The body of the Ariane 5 rocket fell away, leaving its upper stage to fire its engines and give Webb one final boost away from Earth before it, too, separated and fell away.</p><div type="image" title="james webb space telescope in space above earth" height="1080" width="1920" msid="88493614" hostid="261"></div><p>A decade behind schedule and over budget, Webb has finally careened into the blackness of space. Over the next six months, it has to unfold itself, align its mirrors, calibrate its instruments, cool to a frigid minus 380 degrees Fahrenheit, and travel 1 million miles from Earth. Then it can begin to study the universe.</p><p>"I won't breathe a sigh of relief until we declare we're operational, 180 days after launch," Bill Ochs, NASA's project manager for Webb, said in a November press briefing.</p><h2>Webb will unfold itself in space — with 344 opportunities for failure</h2><p>It will take about a month for Webb to reach its destination: an orbit around the sun, trailing Earth by 1 million miles, which is about four times the distance between the moon and Earth. Along the way, the telescope must unfold itself — a risky proposition.</p><p>Webb has two major components: a hexagonal mirror made of 18 gold-coated segments and a sunshield the size of a tennis court, which deflects sunlight to keep the telescope cool. Both were too large to fit in a rocket, so NASA folded them up like a drop-leaf table.</p><div type="image" title="james webb space telecsope folded up hanging above hole with yellow railings" height="1872" width="2496" msid="88493134" hostid="261"></div><p>"Unfolding Webb is hands down the most complicated spacecraft activity we've ever done," Mike Menzel, NASA's lead mission systems engineer for Webb, said in a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUAvXYW5bmI">video</a> on the subject.</p><p>Webb's design includes 344 unique mechanisms with no backup. NASA calls these "single-point failures," since each must work perfectly for the telescope to function. About 80% of those points are part of the two-week unfolding process, Menzel said.</p><p>If it unfolds according to the plan, Webb will then spend about four months aligning and focusing its mirrors. Then the observatory will calibrate its <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">science</keyword> instruments: four cameras and spectrographs designed to observe the universe in different wavelengths of <keyword id="12812690" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="infrared" source="Orion">infrared</keyword> light.</p><h2>Webb's first year in space could change our understanding of the universe</h2><div type="image" title="hubble ultra deep field image 10,000 galaxies pinpricks of light" height="1650" width="2200" msid="88493135" hostid="261"></div><p>For <keyword id="12206000" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="telescopes" source="Orion">telescopes</keyword>, peering into the distance is also looking back in time. That's because it takes time for light to travel. The farther away an object is, the older its light is by the time it reaches Earth.</p><p>Thanks to Hubble, astronomers have seen the light of ancient galaxies from 400 million years after the Big Bang. Some of those galaxies were much larger than scientists expected, meaning they grew rapidly in those first 400 million years.</p><p>"We have this 13.8-billion-year story — the universe — and we're missing sort of a few key paragraphs in the very first chapter of the story," Amber Straughn, a scientist on NASA's Webb team, said in a November press briefing. "JWST was designed to help us find those first galaxies."</p><p>During its first year, Webb is scheduled to hunt for those primordial galaxies, as well as conduct nearly 400 investigations from thousands of scientists all over the world.</p><div type="image" title="An artist’s impression shows the planet K2-18b, its host star and an accompanying planet in this system. K2-18b is now the only super-Earth exoplanet known to host both water and temperatures that could support life. UCL researchers used archive data from 2016 and 2017 captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and developed open-source algorithms to analyze the starlight filtered through K2-18b’s atmosphere. The results revealed the molecular signature of water vapor, also indicating the presence of hydrogen and helium in the planet’s atmosphere." height="1750" width="2333" msid="88493136" hostid="261"></div><p>Those projects include imaging every planet, moon, and asteroid in our solar system, starting with Mars and moving outwards; analyzing distant planets' atmospheres for gases that could signal alien life; and searching for signs of platinum and gold that's forged when massive dead stars collide. Webb's infrared cameras will also allow it to peer through clouds of dust that obscure the universe's stellar nurseries, the dense regions where gases collapse into stars.</p><h2>NASA has launched a controversial name into space</h2><div type="image" title="james webb space telescope artist illustration gold panels octagon on purple foil platform" height="1708" width="2277" msid="88493137" hostid="261"></div><p>Webb's name has stirred controversy. More than 1,000 people, including scientists who applied for observing time with Webb, signed a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PS_rtSOzaH40q1r_jQkhJhXmW97DOw-S6dqGA0jDKzM/edit">petition</a> to rename the telescope earlier this year.</p><p>The petition argues that the telescope's namesake — James Webb, NASA's second administrator — helped enforce government policies discriminating against LGBTQ employees in the 1950s and 60s. The letter cites archival documents indicating that prior to his tenure at NASA, when Webb was undersecretary of state, he met with President Harry Truman to discuss enforcing those policies.</p><p>According to other <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/417/1161/190082/">documents</a> from a 1969 court case, NASA fired at least one employee after an official interrogated him about his sexuality. The firing took place during Webb's tenure as NASA administrator. NASA conducted a review of the historical documents this summer and ultimately decided against changing the telescope's name.</p><p>"We have found no evidence at this time that warrants changing the name of the James Webb Space Telescope," NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said in a statement at the time.</p><p><em>This post has been updated with new information.</em></p>

NASA launches its long-awaited $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope, kicking off a cosmic revolution

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NASA’s New Spectograph To Study Birthplace Of Stars

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Webb telescope's new photo of the Tarantula Nebula caught thousands of never-before-seen baby stars

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NASA launches its long-awaited $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope, kicking off a cosmic revolution

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