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The <keyword id="19895345" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Supreme-Court" source="keywords">Supreme Court</keyword> on Thursday opined on the need for identifying creamy layers in <keyword id="20490946" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="SC/STs" source="keywords">SC/STs</keyword>, as four out of seven judges of the Constitution Bench on Thursday suggested excluding these people from the benefit of affirmative <keyword id="19914887" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="reservation" source="keywords">reservation</keyword>. Justice BR Gavai expressed his view that the state must evolve a <keyword id="19958928" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="policy" source="keywords">policy</keyword> for identifying the <keyword id="22418374" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="creamy-layer" source="keywords">creamy layer</keyword> for the <keyword id="19936432" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Scheduled-Castes" source="keywords">Scheduled Castes</keyword> and <keyword id="19957637" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Scheduled-Tribes" source="keywords">Scheduled Tribes</keyword> (SCs and STs). The suggestion of identifying creamy layers in scheduled castes and scheduled tribes was part of the judgment delivered on Thursday by the seven-judge bench, whereby a majority judgment of 6:1 held that <keyword id="20495193" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="sub-classification" source="keywords">sub-classification</keyword> within the SC/STs is permissible. The judgment was delivered by the seven-judge bench led by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud, which overruled an earlier judgment in the EV Chinnaiah matter, which held that sub-classification was not permissible because SCs and STs form homogenous classes. Besides CJI Chandrachud, other judges on the bench were Justices BR Gavai, Vikram Nath, Bela M Trivedi, Pankaj Mithal, Manoj Misra, and Satish Chandra Sharma. Justice Bela M Trivedi, in a dissenting opinion, said that she disagreed with the majority judgment that sub-classification within the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes is permissible. Justice BR Gavai suggested that the state evolve a policy for identifying the creamy layer, even from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to exclude them from the benefit of <keyword id="20572974" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="affirmative-action" source="keywords">affirmative action</keyword>. "I am therefore of the view that the State must evolve a policy for identifying the creamy layer even from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes so as exclude them from the benefit of affirmative action. In my view, only this and this alone can achieve the real equality as enshrined under the Constitution," Justice BR Gavai said. Justice Gavai further added that the criteria for exclusion of the creamy layer from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for the purpose of affirmative action could be different from the criteria as applicable to the Other Backward Classes. Expressing similar opinions to Justice Gavai, Justice Vikram Nath, Justice Pankaj Mithal, and Justice Satish Chandra Sharma, they said that they agreed with his brother's judge for the exclusion of the creamy layer for affirmative action. In the order copy, Justice Vikram Nath said, "I am also in agreement with the opinion of Brother Justice Gavai that the 'creamy layer' principle is also applicable to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and that the criteria for exclusion of creamy layer for affirmative action could be different from the criteria as applicable to the other backward classes." An identical view was also given by Justice Pankaj Mithal, who said, "It is reiterated that periodical exercise has to be undertaken to exclude the class of person who after taking advantage of reservation has come to march, shoulder to shoulder with the general category." Relatable suggestions came from Justice Satish Chandra Sharma, who remarked that the identification of the 'creamy layer' of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ought to become a constitutional imperative for the state. "However, on the question of the applicability of the 'creamy layer principle' to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, I find myself in agreement with the view expressed by Justice Gavai, i.e., for the full realization of substantive equality between the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the identification of the 'creamy layer' qua Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ought to become a constitutional imperative for the State," Justice SC Sharma said in the order copy. Justice Gavai, in his order copy, also highlighted disparities and social discrimination that are highly prevalent in rural areas. "I have no hesitation in holding that putting a child studying at St Paul's High School and St. Stephen's College and a child studying in a small village in a backward and remote area of the country in the same bracket would obliviate the equality principle enshrined in the Constitution," Justice Gavai said. Justice Gavai noted that some of the officers from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes categories, who, after receiving the benefit of reservation under the Constitution, have reached high positions, are doing their bit to pay back to society. "They are providing coaching and other facilities to the less advantaged so that they can compete and come up in their life. However, putting the children of the parents from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who on account of the benefit of the reservation have reached a high position and ceased to be social, economically and educationally backward and the children of parents doing manual work in the villages in the same category would defeat the constitutional mandate," Justice Gavai said. "However, I may observe that, taking into consideration that the Constitution itself recognises the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to be the most backward section of society, the parameters for exclusion from affirmative action of the person belonging to this category may not be the same that applies to the other classes. If a person from such a category, by bagging the benefit of reservation, achieved a position of a peon or maybe a sweeper, he would continue to belong to the socially, economically, and educationally backward class," Justice Gavai said. "At the same time, the people from this category, who, after having availed of the benefits of reservation, have reached the high echelons in life cannot be considered to be socially, economically, and educationally backward to continue availing of the benefit of affirmative action. They have already reached a stage where, on their own accord, they should walk out of the special provisions and give way to the deserving and needy," Justice Gavai said. Justice Gavai quoted the observations of Dr BR Ambedkar, which are as follows: "History shows that where ethics and economics come into conflict, victory is always with economics. Vested interests have never been known to have willingly divested themselves unless there was sufficient force to compel them." The Supreme Court on Thursday ruled by a majority judgment of 6:1 that sub-classification within the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes (SC/STs) reservation is permissible. The top court was dealing with the issue of whether subclassification of the Scheduled Castes for reservation is constitutionally permissible. The apex court was dealing with the constitutional validity of Section 4(5) of the Punjab Act, which depends upon whether any such classification can be made within the class of Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes or whether they are to be treated as a homogenous class. The Punjab Government had stipulated that fifty percent of the vacancies of the quota reserved for Scheduled Castes in direct recruitment shall be offered to Balmikis and Mazhabi Sikhs, subject to their availability, by providing first preference from amongst the Scheduled Caste candidates. On March 29, 2010, the Punjab and Haryana High Court struck down the provisions, relying on the decision in EV Chinnaiah. The appeal was filed in the top court against the High Court judgment. In August 2020, the top five-judge benches referred the matter to a larger bench.

Creamy layer of SC/STs must be identified and excluded from affirmative reservation: SC Justice Gavai

<ul><li>Although banned in the 1990s, manual cleaning of <keyword id="79680" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Sewers">sewers</keyword> continues till date.</li><li>To help eradicate this, the Modi government has announced that it is working with urban local bodies to use technology to clean sewer systems.</li><li>Further, the government also announced ₹85,000 crore provision for the upliftment of scheduled caste and other backward classes, along with ₹53,700 crore for scheduled tribes.</li></ul>Indian finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that there will be no manual cleaning of sewers anymore. The government has identified suitable technologies and equipment for this task, and that it is working with local bodies for the adoption of these technologies. “Our government is determined that there shall be no manual cleaning of sewer systems and septic tanks. Suitable technologies for such tasks have been identified by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,” the Finance Minister said. To make sure this policy is carried out effectively, she said that the ministry is “working with urban local bodies for the adoption of these technologies”. She further announced that the policy will be taken to its “logical conclusion” through legislative and institutional changes. Manual cleaning of sewer systems and septic tanks is a dangerous task and has claimed hundreds of lives. According to data provided by the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis, 123 workers were <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/official-data-shows-one-manual-scavenging-death-every-five-days-5361531/">reported</a> to have died between January 2017 and September 2018. The job of <keyword id="6390598" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="manual-scavenging">manual scavenging</keyword> has historically been undertaken by the <keyword id="45041" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="dalit">Dalit</keyword> community in India, which brings out the social inequalities prevalent in the country. Even though the Indian government outlawed the practice in the 1990s, it continues to happen even in 2020. Sitharaman also announced a provision of ₹85,000 crore for 2020-21 for the upliftment of scheduled castes and other backward classes. Similarly, the scheduled tribe community gets a provision of ₹53,700 crore. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/budget/news/union-budget-2020-live-updates-news-and-highlights/liveblog/73824572.cms">Check live Budget 2020 updates here</a>

“There will be no manual cleaning of sewers anymore,” announces Nirmala Sitharaman

<ul><li>Two days after introducing fee hikes for the general and reserved categories, the <keyword id="69419" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Central-Board-of-Secondary-Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</keyword> (<keyword id="6356155" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="cbse">CBSE</keyword>) has rolled back the fee to ₹ 50 for the Scheduled Caste(SC)/ Scheduled Tribes(ST) students. </li><li>However, this is only for the students studying in the Delhi government schools. </li><li>Last week, the board had increased the exam registration fee for SC and ST students by 24 times, making it ₹1,200 from the existing ₹50. </li><li>The board also doubled up the exam fee for class 10th and 12th students of general category to ₹1,500.</li></ul>Two days after introducing fee hikes for the general and reserved categories, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has rolled back the fee to ₹ 50 for the Scheduled Caste(SC)/ Scheduled Tribes(ST) students, IANS reported. However, this is only for the students studying in the Delhi government schools. And the centre announced that the rest of the amount shall be paid by the Delhi government. The decision came after the Human Resource and Development Ministry (MHRD) directed the board to restore the previous fee. "On the direction of HRD Minister, CBSE has decided to restore the practice of depositing only ₹50 on CBSE registration portal from SC/ST students of Delhi govt schools. For the remaining amount, CBSE will take up reimbursement of increased fees directly with Delhi state government after finalising the list of candidates, news agency IANS reported quoting a statement from CBSE. Then proposed fee hikes Last week, the board had increased the exam registration fee for SC and ST students by 24 times, making it ₹1,200 from the existing ₹50. The board also doubled up the exam fee for class 10th and 12th students of general category to ₹1,500. Earlier, the registration fee for general category students was ₹750. This is after five years that the board has increased the examination fee, after it faced a loss of ₹250 crore. The board has spent nearly ₹500 crore on the 10th and 12th class exams in the last year, while the earnings stood at ₹ 250 crore, The Hindu <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fee-for-scst-students-restored-to-50-cbse/article29088067.ece">reported</a>. Given that, several student bodies and parents have been protesting the move. The All India Democratic Students’ Organisation also called for a nationwide protest. The Telangana Parents Association (PTA) is seeking the government to <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/parents-oppose-steep-hike-in-cbse-exam-fee/article29086785.ece">withdraw from the increased exam fees.</a> Odisha CM <keyword id="43385" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Naveen-Patnaik">Naveen Patnaik</keyword> also urged the Human Resource Ministry to roll back the fee hikes. “The CBSE has recently caused a sharp hike in the examination fees of Class X and Class XII students, causing resentment among parents and other stakeholders. The abnormal rise, specifically in the fees in respect of SC and ST students by 24 times has come as a shock,” <a href="https://odishatv.in/odisha/cbse-class-10-12-exam-fee-hike-odisha-cm-urges-hrd-minister-to-rollback-decision-393268">Patnaik said</a>. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/six-times-increase-in-up-board-exam-fees/articleshow/70187452.cms">Exams will a costly affair after UP Board's 6-fold hike in fees for school and college students</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/du-enrolls-more-students-than-it-can-accommodate/articleshow/70340036.cms">DU enrolls upto 40% more students, breaching its capacity causing infrastructure crunch</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/smriti-irani-wants-schools-to-initiate-programmes-on-sex-education/articleshow/70498330.cms">Here’s why Indian government’s ‘good touch-bad touch’ sex education might not be enough</a>

India’s CBSE has rolled back the hike in exam registration fees in just two days

<ul><li><keyword id="6355455" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-railways">Indian Railways</keyword> is aggressively conducting recruitment drives, as nearly 300,000 positions lie vacant. </li><li>Exams will be held for another 1,42,577 posts in 2019-20, the Railway Ministry informed. </li><li>The Railways hired over 460,000 employees in the last ten years.</li></ul>Indian Railways is aggressively conducting recruitment drives, as nearly <a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-recruiting-people-for-nearly-3-lakh-vacancies-govt-1562748963696.html">300,000 positions</a> lay vacant, the ministry revealed. The new entrants will be hired by the <keyword id="4164109" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Railways-recruitment">Railways Recruitment</keyword> Board(RRB) and Railways Recruitment Cell (RRC) of Railways. It had hired over 460,000 employees over a period of ten years, <keyword id="6355222" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="piyush-goyal">Piyush Goyal</keyword>, Railways Minister<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/railways-recruiting-people-for-over-2-94-lakh-vacancies-govt/articleshow/70156445.cms?from=mdr"> told</a> ET. In 1991, the total strength of employees stood at 165 billion, which has decreased to 124 billion, as on June 2019, he said. However, employee shortages haven’t impacted its quality of services. With automated systems implemented across industries largely, the quality of service has improved over time — which reduced the dependence on human workforce. "Therefore, it is not correct to correlate the quality of service with employee strength," Mint reported citing the Railway Minister. The recruitment board is conducting examinations to fill these positions. According to the government data, examinations for 1,51,843 posts have taken place and will be held for another 1,42,577 posts in 2019-20 — which includes reserved categories and economically weaker sections. The ministry recently <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/railway-recruitment-23-000-job-vacancies-10-quota-for-ews-in-railways-in-next-2-years/story-HAgmRuI9Uljr31Ugth8JKK.html">announced </a>that Railways will be the first to implement 10% EWS quota — providing 23,000 jobs for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) over the next two years, Hindustan Times reported. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indian-railways-introduce-buzzing-bees-to-keep-elephants-away-from-train-tracks/articleshow/70169025.cms">Indian Railways introduce ‘buzzing bees’ to keep elephants away from train tracks</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/union-railway-budget-2019-public-private-partnership-ppp-proposal-updates-and-news-nirmala-sitharaman/articleshow/70085380.cms">Union Budget 2019: Indian Railways has been opened up to private partnerships for faster development</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/6000-teaching-vacancies-in-iits-and-nits/articleshow/70168945.cms">IITs, NITs are facing a dearth of teachers as 6,000 posts lie empty</a>

Indian Railways is on an aggressive recruitment drive to hire 300,000

<ul><li>The second phase of polling for India’s general elections gets underway on April 18. </li><li>Out of the eight constituencies in <keyword id="6357713" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Uttar-Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</keyword> that head to polls, four - Nagina, Bulandshahar, Hathras and Agra - are <keyword id="6394494" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="reserved">reserved</keyword> constituencies. </li><li>This means that no candidate from a general category can contest elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from these constituencies. Only candidates from a Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) are allowed to contest.</li></ul> The second phase of polling for India’s general elections gets underway on April 18. Out of the eight constituencies in Uttar Pradesh that head to polls, four - Nagina, Bulandshahar, Hathras and Agra - are reserved constituencies. <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Candidates </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Constituency </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">BJP </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Congress </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">SP </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">BSP </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Independent </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Nagina </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Dr. Yashwant Singh </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Omvati Devi </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;"> </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Girish Chandra </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Charan Singh </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Bulandshahar </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Bhola Singh </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Banshi Singh </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;"> </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Yogesh Varma </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Manoj Kumar Singh, Radhika Devi </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Hathras </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Rajvir Diler </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Triloki Ram </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Ramji Lal Suman </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;"> </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Tilak Singh </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Agra </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Prof. S.P. Singh Baghel </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Preeta Harit </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;"> </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Manoj Kumar Soni </td><td style="border-left:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-right:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-bottom:solid #434343 2.25pt;border-top:solid #434343 2.25pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;">Babu Lal, Ambedkari Hasnuram Ambedkari </td></tr></tbody></table> But what does that mean? No candidate from a general category can contest elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from these constituencies. Only candidates from a Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) are allowed to contest. SCs and STs are designated categories of disadvantaged groups, the former of which are colloquially referred to as “Dalits”. Reserved constituencies are a result of India’s various reservation and representation laws. Around 131 out of 545 seats (24%) in the Lok Sabha are allocated to SCs and STs. Uttar Pradesh has the most number of reserved seats, with 17, followed by West Bengal, with 12, and Madhya Pradesh, with 10. As expected, India’s political parties overwhelmingly <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/major-parties-confine-dalit-candidates-to-reserved-seats/article26602129.ece">make their SC and ST candidates stand from these constituencies</a> as opposed to non-reserved ones. Who has the upper hand? While there is no real strategy to winning elections in a reserved constituency, the key lies in playing to non-<keyword id="45041" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="dalit">Dalit</keyword> voters such as upper castes and non-dalit OBCs because the Dalit vote often gets split across several candidates. In fact, the BJP has done a better job of winning reserved constituencies compared to its national counterpart- the Congress. Out of 8 elections since 1989, <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-elections-in-reserved-seats-bjp-beat-congress-across-the-country/articleshow/68749926.cms">it has won 30% </a>of the reserved seats compared to Congress’s 28% by reportedly catering more effectively to upper-caste voters. Even in 2014, the BJP won more than half the reserved seats, <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-polls-fight-in-reserved-seats/articleshow/68490887.cms?from=mdr">at 67,</a> followed by Trinamool Congress and the Congress, which won 12 each. This aligns with Opposition claims that the BJP is a party of upper castes - a claim that’s given credence by the government’s <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-quota-bill-becomes-law/article25980845.ece">10% quota bill</a> - and that it ignores the plight of disadvantaged sections of society. The history of reserved seats The reserved constituency system began to be enforced by the Constitution in 1950, and having been extended every ten years since, are currently scheduled to last until 2020, pending a further renewal. In 2002, the Delimitation Commission increased the number of reserved seats from 119, bearing in mind the relative increase in SCs and STs as a proportion of India’s total population - <a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/A-Series/A-Series_links/t_00_005.aspx">24.4%</a> as per the 2001 Census. In February 2016, the Supreme Court <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-to-decide-on-reservation-extension-for-parliamentary-and-assembly-seats/articleshow/51161909.cms">decided to review the Constitutional amendment</a> that allowed the system of reserved constituencies to last until 2020 but ultimately decided to continue with it. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-election-2019-indian-companies-want-their-employees-to-vote-and-theyre-pushing-incentives/articleshow/68904366.cms">Indian companies want their employees to vote — and they’re pushing incentives</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/some-of-indias-rich-and-famous-find-their-names-deleted-from-the-voters-list/articleshow/68845149.cms">Some of India’s rich and famous find their names deleted from the voter’s list</a>

Nearly a quarter of the seats in the Lok Sabha are “reserved” and they matter a lot in this election

The Indian government has several social security schemes in order to boost the financial security for the citizens and support the economic development of the country. Here is an overview of a few important social security schemes currently operating in India. <keyword id="2473706" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pradhan-Mantri-Jan-Dhan-Yojana">Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana</keyword> (PMJDY) Announced by the Prime Minister on 15th August 2014, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana aims at the comprehensive financial inclusion of all households in the country. The aim of the scheme is to facilitate universal access to banking facilities for all households. The scheme wishes to ensure at least one bank account to every household besides promoting financial literacy, pension facility, insurance and access to credit. PMJDY provides unbanked individuals easy access to banking services combined with an awareness regarding financial products by creating financial literacy programs. The additional facilities these bank accounts carry are RuPay debit card, accident cover of Rs 1 lakh, overdraft facility to those showing up satisfactory credit history over six months. <keyword id="2750528" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pradhan-Mantri-Jeevan-Jyoti-Bima-Yojana">Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana</keyword> (PMJJBY) The PMJJBY is provided for persons in between 18 and 50 years with a bank account. Aadhaar is the primary KYC for the bank account. The persons consenting to benefit from this scheme must enable auto debit from their account. This scheme provides Rs 2 lakh risk coverage in the event of the death of the individual on any reason. The annual premium for this scheme is Rs 330 which will be auto-debited from the subscriber’s bank account before 31st May of every year during the coverage period. <keyword id="2747429" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pradhan-Mantri-Suraksha-Bima-Yojana">Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana</keyword> (PMSBY) Available to people between the age group 18 and 70 years, the individuals must have a bank account to benefit from this program. This scheme provides a risk coverage of Rs 2 lakh for accidental death and Rs 1 lakh for partial disability. The annual premium of Rs 12 per year is auto debited from the individual’s bank account through auto debit facility. <keyword id="2746514" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Atal-Pension-Yojana">Atal Pension Yojana</keyword> (APY) APY is available for all persons with a savings bank or post office savings bank account between the age group of 18 and 40 years. The subscribers to this program will get a guaranteed monthly pension of Rs 1,000 or Rs 2,000 or Rs 3,000 or Rs 4,000 or Rs 5,000. In the event of his death before 60 years, the pension will be given to his spouse till the original subscriber would have otherwise attained the age of 60. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana There are three sub-schemes under this program. Shishu gives a loan of Rs 50,000; Kishore gives a loan anywhere between Rs 50,000 and Rs 5 lakhs and Tarun gives a loan anywhere between Rs 5 lakhs to Rs 10 lakhs. These loans do not need collaterals. This scheme intends to create the first generation of aspiring entrepreneurs and existing small businesses that wish to expand. Stand Up India Scheme The Stand Up India scheme provides a bank loan between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 crore to at least one borrower from the scheduled caste or scheduled tribe category and at least one woman borrower per bank branch for the purpose of setting up greenfield enterprises in any one of the sectors including manufacturing, services or trading. Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana This scheme is aimed at benefiting persons beyond the age of 60 against a full fall in their income due to some unexpected market conditions. Under this scheme an initial lump sum payment of any amount between Rs 1,50,000 to Rs 7,50,000 will entitle the individual for a monthly pension of Rs 1,000 per month to Rs 5,000 per month depending on the payment made. A guaranteed return of 8% per annum will be paid to the individual on a monthly basis.

Here’s a snapshot of social security schemes in India

<ul><li>Narendra Modi government’s <keyword id="6361164" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="reservation">reservation</keyword> bill, which got approved by India's Parliament, sets aside 10% of seats for the poor including those from upper castes in private colleges. </li><li>However, the proposal does not mention reservation for the historically oppressed castes </li><li>‘Economically weaker’ will be determined based on annual family income of up to ₹800,000 (US$11,000) and other indicators like land holdings </li><li>Only minority educational institutions need not reserve seats </li></ul>India had mandated, so far, that higher educational institutions in India have a designated quota for affirmative action for its backward and scheduled castes and tribes — with the exception of private institutions. However, that is about to change. The Narendra Modi government’s reservation bill, which got approved by India’s Parliament on Wednesday (January 9), has spelt out that private colleges, whether or not they are aided by the state, will now need to reserve 10% of seats for ‘economically weaker’ sections among upper castes. But the bill does not specify any such affirmative action for the historically-oppressed castes or backward castes within the Hindu caste system. ‘Other backward castes’ (OBCs) make up about 52% of India population, according to the last count done by the Mandal Commission report in the 1980s. The historically marginalised <keyword id="390686" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Scheduled-Castes-and-Scheduled-Tribes">scheduled castes and scheduled tribes</keyword> made up about 25% of the country’s population as of the government’s <a href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/scs-sts-form-25--of-population-says-census-2011-data/1109988/">census</a> in 2011. Only educational institutions run by minorities will be allowed to operate without reserving seats for the poor, according to the bill. It’s unclear which minorities will be included. While the exact definition of economically weaker sections for private educational quotas for colleges is vague from the bill, it states that it will be based on family income and other indicators of economic disadvantage that will be notified by the government. Elsewhere, all other reservations sought in the bill will make eligible anyone with an annual family income up to ₹800,000 (US$11,000). Given India’s average per capita income is under $2000, that ceiling is likely to cover almost all of middle class in India. The move is expected to rile up millions of middle-class Indians who complain about lack of seats in educational institutions every year, even where there is no reservation for lower castes. But the anger may really boil over from the country’s scheduled castes and tribes, which have been at the bottom of the social pyramid for centuries. They form as much as 24% of the country’s population. Most of them have been identified as backward on almost all counts of development including their economic status. Supreme Court lawyer Karuna Nundy <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/india-plans-job-quotas-upper-caste-poor-election-nears-190108072534072.html">told</a> Al Jazeera that the income bracket under the reservation bill “would include the Indian upper middle class, which makes the proposal doubly ridiculous." Leaving them out of reserved access in private education may trigger political backlash, from a sizeable population, for the government that will be seeking reelection in less than five months. Perception game India’s middle class, mostly made of people with the most social privileges if not more, have historically fumed at any kind of affirmative action. But contrary to that perception, even the state-backed premier institutions like the Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs) have <a href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/number-of-unclaimed-seats-at-iit-increases-iit-bhu-reports-highest-number-of-vacancies-kanpur-and-hyderabad-the-lowest-4404441.html">struggled</a> to fill their seats reserved for lower castes. Earlier this year, government data showed that out of the nearly 11,000 seats across all the IITs in India, a whopping 274 seats went unfilled since 2013. In 2017, the IITs reported 121 vacant seats. Even in private primary schools, which are required by law to reserve admissions for poor children under the India’s Right to Education Act, as much as 7% of such reserved seats <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/7-of-seats-for-poor-in-private-schools-go-empty/articleshow/62842199.cms">go empty</a> because of lax monitoring and apathy. These numbers show that the opposition to any affirmative action in education may be based on perception than ground realities.

Modi’s bill leaves out the oppressed castes from reservation in private colleges

<ul><li>Supreme Court has passed landmark judgment that will have a major impact on reservation benefits for members of the <keyword id="45041" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="dalit">Dalit</keyword> and <keyword id="188858" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Adivasi">Adivasi</keyword> communities. </li><li>Indian states will no longer be required to furnish data proving backwardness while providing reservations for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) during job promotions. </li><li>The principle of '<keyword id="125815" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="creamy-layer">creamy layer</keyword>' has been extended to include SC/ST members.</li></ul> The Supreme Court has made it easier to grant caste-based reservations to members of the Dalit community (Scheduled Castes) and Adivasis (Scheduled Tribes) during job promotions. But, the apex court has also potentially made it harder for economically advanced SCs and STs to reap reservation benefits by extending the 'creamy layer' exclusion to those members. On Wednesday, the Supreme Court said that Indian states would no longer be required to furnish data proving backwardness while providing reservations for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes during job promotions in the public sector. That had been a requirement since the 2006 Supreme Court judgment in the M Nagaraj Vs Union of <keyword id="3658" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> case, which made it mandatory for states to furnish 'quantifiable data' on backwardness of SCs and STs, showing insufficient representation in the government jobs in question. The <keyword id="387162" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="data-collection">data collection</keyword> requirement had been a huge hurdle for granting promotions to the reserved castes and promotion cases often wound up in courts, which pronounced judgments denying promotions to SC and ST candidates because of the lack of data. A five-member bench led by Chief Justice <keyword id="6355251" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="dipak-misra">Dipak Misra</keyword> <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-refuses-to-refer-to-7-judge-bench-its-2006-verdict-on-sc/st-job-promotion/articleshow/65960548.cms">ruled </a>that the 2006 judgment went against the 1992 judgment made by the Supreme Court in the Indra Sawhney verdict, observing that SCs and STs are the "most backward or the weakest of the weaker sections of society" and should be presumed to be backward. What is ‘creamy layer’? However, the court also ruled that the ‘creamy layer’ exclusion will also now include members of the SC and ST community, reversing all previous Supreme Court judgments that had made an exemption for the creamy layer to be applicable to SC and ST castes. The ‘creamy layer’ principle essentially restricts the benefits of caste-based reservation to reach members of other backward castes only who are deemed to have an annual family income above ₹800,000 ($11,000) per annum for a period of three consecutive years as of 2017. The reservation benefits for the SC and ST community had thus far been based on the spirit of reversing centuries of social discrimination including 'untouchability' and many have argued that reservations shouldn’t be seen from the prism of poverty alleviation. The Supreme Court bench noted - “The whole object of reservation is to see that backward classes of citizens move forward so that they may march hand in hand with other citizens of India on an equal basis. This will not be possible if only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public sector and perpetuate themselves, leaving the rest of the class as backward as they always were.” It added, the principle “does not in any manner tinker with the Presidential List under Articles 341 or 342 of the <keyword id="441445" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Constitution-of-India">Constitution of India</keyword>.” And only “those persons within that group or sub-group, who have come out of untouchability or backwardness by virtue of belonging to the creamy layer, who are excluded from the benefit of reservation.”

All you need to know about the landmark Supreme Court verdict on reservation quotas for job promotions

<ul><li>During the Monsoon Session of Parliament 2018, the <keyword id="6779836" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="123rd-amendment">123rd Amendment</keyword> to the <keyword id="441445" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Constitution-of-India">Constitution of India</keyword> was passed to include the <keyword id="78503" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="National-Commission-for-Backward-Classes">National Commission for Backward Classes</keyword> (<keyword id="55013" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="NCBC">NCBC</keyword>).</li><li>The NCBC will address the grievances and development of <keyword id="6362098" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="other-backward-classes">other backward classes</keyword> (<keyword id="45661" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="OBC">OBC</keyword>). </li><li>This move is expected to remove the dichotomy between center and state reservation lists and bring about more transparency in the implementation of laws.</li></ul>On Monday, the Rajya Sabha <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-give-constitutional-status-to-ncbc/articleshow/65247524.cms">passed the 123rd Amendment</a> to the Constitution which means the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) will now be included in the constitution, pending the President’s assent. The bill was originally introduced back in April 2017, where it failed to pass because BJP didn’t have the sufficient number of votes to push it through. Passing of bill during the Monsoon Session of the Lok Sabha is symbolic in the sense that the government recognises that backward classes not only need reservations, but development as well. This means that the NCBC will have the right to ‘investigate and monitor’ how safeguards put in place for backward classes under the law are being implemented. One might wonder why the NCBC needs to come under the constitution when the NCBC Act, 1993 is already in place. The <a href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/constitutional-status-to-ncbc-welcome-but-also-raises-anxieties-ps-krishnan-1370279.html">problem</a> lies in the fact that though there’s a uniform Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) for both, the center and state, the list for other backward classes (OBC) varies from state-to-state and centre-to-state. That being said, the disparity is only glaringly obvious is the southern states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. <a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/A-Series/A-Series_links/t_00_005.aspx">According</a> to the Nation Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), nearly 40% of <keyword id="3658" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>’s population belongs to the OBC category. Constitutional rights <div type="image" title="ncbc" msid="65322709" hostid="261"></div>

 Once the bill comes into power, the NCBC will have the <a href="http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-one-hundred-and-twenty-third-amendment-bill-2017-4725/">same powers</a> as the National Commission for Scheduled Classes (NCSC) and the National Commision for Scheduled Tribes. As of now, it’s the NCSC that looks into complaints and welfare measures that pertain to schedules classes, Anglo-Indians as well as backward classes. With the NCBC, the body will have more power in the decisions that pertain to the development of backward classes as well as addressing their grievances. Article 338 B (1) makes it clear that the commission is specifically for helping the OBC community. This is will be enforced through the powers of the civil court that will also be enforced via the NCBC under the Constitution. When it comes to addressing the dichotomy between the center and state OBC lists, Article 342 (A) dictates that a Presidential list will be issued in consultation with governor of a given state and any changes thereafter can only be made via parliamentary law. This adds transparency to the process of inclusive growth. All of these functions of the NCBC will be implemented through a five-member panel put in place by the President, who will also decide their tenure and responsibilities. Its implementation in the Constitution will also mean that the original NCBC Act of 1993 will be repealed, since the existence of both would result in a redundancy.

NCBC’s constitutional backing may help 40% of the Indian population

Following Maharashtra and Haryana, Jharkhand is the third state going for assembly (Vidhan Sabha) polls after the Narendra Modi government came to power for its consecutive second term. Presently, the state of Jharkhand is ruled by the BJP government in alliance with the All Jharkhand Students' Union (AJSU). The present Chief Minister of the state is Raghubar Das. BJP assumed power in the state assembly after winning in the 2014 assembly elections from 37 seats while its ally AJSU contributed 5 seats for the alliance. Thus, the strength of the alliance in the state’s Vidhan Sabha is 42 out of total number of 81 seats thereby giving a seat more than the majority mark of 41 seats. The tenure of the present government is ending on 5 January 2020 and hence the Election Commission has announced the assembly elections in the state to be held in November and December 2019. Polling Dates For the 2019 assembly elections, polling in the state of Jharkhand will take place in 5 phases on 30 November 2019, 7 December 2019, 12 December 2019, 16 December 2019, and 20 December 2019. The votes will be counted on 23 December 2019. Reserved seats and voters The state of Jharkhand has 81 assembly seats out of which 9 are reserved for Scheduled Castes and 28 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes. The total population of Jharkhand is 3.2 crore comprising of 86 lakhs Scheduled Tribes and 39 Lakhs of Scheduled Castes. The voters population comprises of 1.18 crore males and 1.08 crore females. The number of service voters is 40,336. Detailed schedule of Jharkhand Assembly Elections 2019 <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Gazette notification </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Nomination last date </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Nominations scrutiny </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Last date for withdrawal </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Polling date </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Counting date </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Phase -1 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">6.11.2019 Wednesday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">13.11.2019 Wednesday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">14.11.2019 Thursday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">16.11.2019 Saturday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">30.11.2019 Saturday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">23.12.2019 Monday </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Phase -2 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">11.11.2019 Monday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">18.11.2019 Monday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">19.11.2019 Tuesday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">21.11.2019 Thursday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">07.12.2019 Saturday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">23.12.2019 Monday </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Phase -3 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">16.11.2019 Saturday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">25.11.2019 Monday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">26.11.2019 Tuesday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">28.11.2019 Thursday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">12.12.2019 Thursday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">23.12.2019 Monday </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Phase -4 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">22.11.2019 Friday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">29.11.2019 Friday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">30.11.2019 Saturday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">02.11.2019 Monday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">16.12.2019 Monday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">23.12.2019 Monday </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Phase -5 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">26.11.2019 Tuesday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">03.11.2019 Tuesday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">04.11.2019 Wednesday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">06.11.2019 Friday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">20.12.2019 Friday </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">23.12.2019 Monday </td></tr></tbody></table> Constituency wise polling dates in Jharkhand <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Constituency </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Polling Date </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">27-Chatra (SC) 68-Gumla (ST) 69-Bishunpur (ST) 72-Lohardaga (ST) 73-Manika (ST) 74-Latehar (SC) 75-Panki 76-Daltonganj 77-Bishrampur 78-Chhatarpur (SC) 79-Hussainabad 80-Garhwa 81-Bhawanathpur </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Phase -1 (30.11.2019, Saturday) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">44-Baharagora 45-Ghatsila (ST) 46-Potka (ST) 47-Jugsalai (SC) 48-Jamshedpur East 49-Jamshedpur West 51-Seraikella (ST) 57-Kharsawan (ST) 52-Chaibasa (ST) 53-Majhgaon (ST) 54-Jaganathpur (ST) 55-Manoharpur (ST) 56-Chakradharpur (ST) 58-Tamar (ST) 66-Mandar (ST) 59-Torpa (ST) 60-Khunti (ST) 67-Sisai (ST) 70-Simdega (ST) 71-Kolebira (ST) </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Phase -2 (07.12.2019, Saturday) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">19-Kodarma 20-Barkatha 21-Barhi 24-Mandu 25-Hazaribagh 26-Simaria (SC) 22-Barkagaon 23-Ramgarh 28-Dhanwar 34-Gomia 35-Bermo 50-Ichagarh 61-Silli 62-Khijri (ST) 63-Ranchi 64-Hatia 65-Kanke (SC) </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Phase -3 (12.12.2019, Thursday) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">38-Sindri 39-Nirsa 40-Dhanbad 41-Jharia 42-Tundi 43-Baghmara 36-Bokaro 37-Chandankiyari (SC) 13-Madhupur 15-Deoghar (SC) 29-Bagodar 30-Jamua (SC) 31-Gandey 32-Giridih 33-Dumri </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Phase -4 (16.12.2019, Monday) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">1-Rajmahal 2-Boiro (ST) 3-Barhait (ST) 4-Litipara (ST) 5-Pakur 6-Maheshpur (ST) 7-Sikaripara (ST) 10-Dumka (ST) 11-Jama (ST) 12-Jarmundi 8-Nala 9-Jamtara 14-Sarath 16-Poreyahat 17-Godda 18-Mahagama </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Phase -5 (20.12.2019, Friday) </td></tr></tbody></table>

Jharkhand Election date, Polling date, Counting Date, all Schedule you need to know

Union Minister <keyword id="20150028" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chirag-Paswan" source="keywords">Chirag Paswan</keyword> expressed his disagreement with the <keyword id="19895345" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Supreme-Court" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Supreme Court" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Supreme Court">Supreme Court</keyword>'s observation on <keyword id="22418374" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="creamy-layer" source="keywords">creamy layer</keyword> among Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and said that the <keyword id="22663720" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Lok-Jandhakti-Party" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Lok Jandhakti Party" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Lok Jandhakti Party">Lok Jandhakti Party</keyword> (Ram Vilas) will be filing a review peition against the ruling. Emphasising that <keyword id="20053971" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Dalit" source="keywords">Dalit</keyword> people in various spheres of life still face <keyword id="21301343" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="untouchability" source="keywords">untouchability</keyword>, Paswan said that the basis of giving <keyword id="19914887" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="reservation" source="keywords">reservation</keyword> to Scheduled Caste is 'untouchability,' so there is no point of creamy layer in it. "We disagree with the observation of the Supreme Court and we have registered this disagreement prominently. We are clear about this that the base of the Scheduled Caste is untouchability. It does not have an educational or economic basis. In such a situation, there can be no provision of creamy layer in it, reservation within the reservation is not correct, because even today the example of a Dalit youth is given who is prevented from riding a mare," Chirag Paswan told reporters on Sunday. "There are many such big names, who are on high posts, but even after they go to the temple, the temple is washed with Ganga water, so even today discrimination takes place based on untouchability... We, LJP (Ram Vilas) are also going to file a <keyword id="20143564" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="review-petition" source="keywords">review petition</keyword> in the Supreme Court regarding this matter," he added. The Supreme Court, in a landmark ruling on Thursday, ruled that states have the power to sub-classify SCs and STs and said that the authority concerned, while deciding if the class is adequately represented, must calculate adequacy based on effective and not quantitative representation. The top court ruled by a majority judgement of 6:1, that sub-classification within the SCs and STs reservation is permissible. As many as six separate opinions were delivered in the case. The judgement was delivered by the seven-judge bench led by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud, which overruled earlier judgement in the EV Chinnaiah matter, which had held that sub-classification was not permissible because SC/STs form homogenous classes. Besides CJI Chandrachud, other judges on the bench were Justices BR Gavai, Vikram Nath, Bela M Trivedi, Pankaj Mithal, Manoj Misra, and Satish Chandra Sharma. Justice Bela M. Trivedi, in a dissenting opinion, said that she disagreed with the majority judgement that sub-classification within the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes is permissible.

We will file review petition against top court's verdict on SC/ST subclassification: Chirag Paswan

With Indians rushing to file their ITRs ahead of the July 31st deadline that's coming up tomorrow, did you know that residents of just one Indian state are exempt from filing <keyword id="19901478" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="income-tax" source="keywords">income tax</keyword> returns, or paying taxes at all? Yes, <keyword id="19903425" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Sikkim" source="keywords">Sikkim</keyword> is the only state in the country where the residents do not have to pay income tax. But why is that the case? Let's delve into it. An erstwhile princely kingdom for almost 333 years prior to its amalgamation, Sikkim merged into independent India in 1975, thereby becoming the country's 22nd state. But this happened on one condition- that it will be allowed to continue with its old <keyword id="21152786" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tax-laws" source="keywords">tax laws</keyword> post the merger. Sikkim has its own income tax manual, which stipulated that no resident of Sikkim was to pay taxes to the center. Hence, honoring the merger agreement, the Indian government granted a special tax exemption to Sikkimese residents from Indian income tax regulations. This changed in 2008, when the <keyword id="19908389" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Union-Budget" source="keywords">Union budget</keyword> repealed the state's tax laws. However, to maintain the exemption status enjoyed by the state's residents, it inserted section 10 (26AAA). Under this section, any income generated by a Sikkimese, be it from a source within the state, or by way of dividend or interest on securities, would be tax-exempt. At present, any individual who has been domiciled (noted as having fixed, principal and permanent residence) in Sikkim as of April 26, 1975 would be considered a Sikkimese, and hence, exempt from paying income tax. As per data from PRS Legislative Research, the state's estimated own tax revenue for 2023-24 stood at Rs 1,727 crore. However, if a Sikkimese has rental income from properties situated outside of the state, or has an income from source that is not located in Sikkim, it will be subject to relevant taxes. Nevertheless, the provisions of tax exemptions would not apply to any Sikkimese woman, who marries a non-Sikkimese or an outsider, on or after April 1, 2008. Market regulator SEBI has also exempted residents of Sikkim from mandatorily having a PAN card for investing in Indian stock markets, equities, cash market and even mutual funds. <h2>Decoding Section 10 (26) of the IT Act</h2>All these income-tax exemptions also extend to a few other regions in the country, but only if you are a member of the scheduled tribes. Section 10(26) of the Income Tax Act applies to Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and <keyword id="19919396" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tripura" source="keywords">Tripura</keyword>, along with the North Cashar hills district, Karbi Anglang district, Chakma district, Mara district, and Lai District. Simply put, it stipulates that if you belong to the scheduled tribes and generate any income, the source of which lies in the above mentioned regions, or by way of dividend or interest on securities, your income would be tax-exempt. But any income generated outside of these regions would be taxable.

You Searched For "Scheduled Tribes" and got 12 results

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We will file review petition against top court's verdict on SC/ST subclassification: Chirag Paswan

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