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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Scientists have the most convincing evidence yet of an underground cave <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moon-missions-why-astronauts-have-not-returned-2018-7">on the moon</a>. </li><li>The large cave could be a safe, warm place for astronauts to work and live.</li></ul><p>In the ongoing effort to establish a permanent base on the moon where humans can live and work, scientists have discovered a possible game changer: a large <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/france-group-spends-40-days-in-cave-with-no-clocks-or-sunlight-2021-4">underground cave</a>.</p><p>For decades, scientists have suspected <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-plans-three-moon-missions-after-discovering-new-lunar-mineral-2022-9">the moon</a> may harbor caves below its surface. Now, a new paper from a team of researchers offers the most convincing evidence yet.</p><p>"Lunar caves have <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vanishing-radio-signals-mystery-objects-in-milky-way-galaxy-center-2022-1">remained a mystery</a> for over 50 years. So it was exciting to be able to finally prove the existence," the authors Leonardo Carrer and Lorenzo Bruzzone of the University of Trento told the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://apnews.com/article/moon-caves-nasa-astronauts-2dc57751f41a6e24f377c2259e8668ba#">Associated Press</a>.</p><p>The team speculates that, given how they think this cave formed, there could be hundreds more hidden under the lunar surface. Instead of building homes on the moon, we could inhabit the existing <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-hole-whats-inside-possible-alien-life-home-for-astronauts-2024-6">caverns beneath it</a>.</p><p>"Caves like this provide natural shelters against harmful radiation, extremes in temperature, and meteorite bombardment," Wes Patterson, a planetary geologist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory and a co-author on the study, told Business Insider via email.</p><p>"While making caves habitable for astronauts would still require bringing materials from Earth, the task would be far easier and more cost-effective than having to build habitats on the surface," he added.</p><h2 id="b239c3e0-e708-4387-89f3-2e42feb7d927">How such a large cave formed on the moon</h2><div type="image" title="The surface of the moon covered in holes, with a line of pits running down the right of the photo." height="1100" width="1100" msid="111794197" hostid="261"></div><p>Judging from the data, the researchers estimate the cave is about 150 feet wide and up to 260 feet long, which is slightly smaller than an American football field with the end zones cut off.</p><p>The cave sits deep within <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-teenager-digs-underground-man-cave-after-fight-with-mom-2021-5">a pit</a> called the Mare Tranquillitatis pit, which most likely formed when a lava tube collapsed. The moon has no active volcanoes today, but billions of years ago, its surface was covered with lava that flowed down and through valleys, carving tubes across the lunar surface.</p><p>Over millennia, some of those tubes became unstable and collapsed, creating pits such as the one the research team studied from radar images taken by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. We don't have a clear picture of what the caves look like inside, but <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/hawaii-man-fell-into-lava-tube-died-2019-11">lava tubes</a> such as those in Hawaii can offer some idea.</p><p>NASA's LRO has identified more than 200 of these pits on the moon, suggesting there could be hundreds of underground caves, too. The researchers reported in the paper, which was published Monday in the peer-reviewed journal <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=bb6d000940fa14eb3f866c8bd4b27e186b935a9a9e3791c4417a6d2313e44a7b&amp;postID=66968022c87a0f570985895c&amp;postSlug=scientists-discover-underground-moon-cave-astronauts-could-live-2024-7&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41550-024-02302-y%3Futm_medium%3Daffiliate%26utm_source%3Dcommission_junction%26utm_campaign%3DCONR_PF018_ECOM_GL_PBOK_ALWYS_DEEPLINK%26utm_content%3Dtextlink%26utm_term%3DPID100024933%26CJEVENT%3De70f4b97443911ef80a303610a82b839">Nature Astronomy</a>, that these caves could offer future astronauts protection against the extreme conditions on the moon's surface.</p><h2 id="eb3ecc6a-7871-4cb5-9860-0b7c7de2ed4d">The pros and cons of living in moon caves</h2><div type="image" title="A pit on the moon with a shadow cast over the bottom of it." height="415" width="415" msid="111794198" hostid="261"></div><p>Because the moon has no atmosphere to help regulate climate, its surface has drastic temperature swings. During the day, the sun's heat bakes the lunar surface to about 250 degrees Fahrenheit, and at night, it can dip below -200 F.</p><p>But in underground caves, the temperature would be both consistent and, as indicated by past research, very comfortable.</p><p>In a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL099710">2022 study</a> of the same region — Mare Tranquillitatis — a separate team of researchers used computer simulations to suggest that permanently shadowed regions within these lunar pits, and any adjacent caves, would remain at about 63 F.</p><p>"These caves would provide an environment where temperature is much easier to control," Patterson said.</p><p>Reaching these pits and caves is another matter. The cave inside Mare Tranquillitatis is more than 400 feet from the surface near the bottom of a steep slope lined with loose debris.</p><p>Getting up and down that slope would require some technological ingenuity, whether it's jet packs that can fly us in and out, some type of lunar elevator that can shuttle people up and down, or something else.</p><h2 id="0f5166c7-ccb7-47f3-90eb-eaab140eb646">To the moon cave and beyond</h2><div type="image" title="A person in a white spacesuit watering a plant on a mock-up of the moon's surface, with an image of Earth in the background." height="1414" width="2121" msid="111794195" hostid="261"></div><p>Radar technology could help scientists identify even more caves and tubes extending from open pits on the moon's surface. In the future, a spacecraft with a higher-resolution radar could even map the interior of all the pits LRO has identified, the Nature paper says.</p><p>Such a "complete survey" would allow them to assess the best locations for further exploration and future moon bases, the researchers wrote.</p><p>There's also a chance that moon caves harbor water, a crucial resource for any future moon bases.</p><p>Scientists have long known there's frozen water on the moon — just under its surface, in its permanently shadowed craters, and even in lonely H2O molecules sprinkled across the sunlit lunar dirt, less moist than the Sahara Desert.</p><p>Since underground caves are shielded from the merciless vacuum of space and the radiation of the sun, they could have water or ice, Bruzzone told the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-16/cave-discovered-on-the-moon/104102032">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>.</p><p>Access to lunar water is key to NASA's plans to establish a permanent base on the moon and, eventually, use it to hopscotch astronauts to Mars. Water wouldn't just be for drinking; it could also be broken down into its elementary components — hydrogen for rocket fuel and oxygen for breathing.</p><p>Bruzzone and his coauthors also noted that caves and lava tubes of different ages might act like fossilized records of the moon's history. Eventually, exploring them up close could help scientists better understand volcanic activity.</p>

Scientists found an underground cave on the moon where astronauts could live and think there may be hundreds more

A team of European researchers has discovered a new high-pressure mineral named donwilhelmsite in the lunar meteorite Oued Awlitis 001.<br /><br />This new mineral from the Moon could explain what happens in Earth's mantle, according to a study published in the journal American Mineralogist.<br /><br />The new mineral is mainly composed of calcium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen atoms.<br /><br />Donwilhelmsite was discovered within shock melt zones of the lunar meteorite Oued Awlitis 001 found in 2014 in the Western Sahara.<br /><br />This meteorite is compositionally similar to rocks comprising the Earth's continents.<br /><br />Eroded sediments from these continents are transported by wind and rivers to the oceans, and subducted into the Earth's mantle as part of the dense oceanic crust.<br /><br />While being dragged deeper into the Earth mantle the pressure and temperature increases, and the minerals transform into denser mineral phases.<br /><br />The newly discovered mineral donwilhelmsite forms in 460 to 700 kilometre depth.<br /><br />In the terrestrial rock cycle, donwilhelmsite is therefore an important agent for transporting crustal sediments through the transition zone separating the upper and lower Earth's mantle, said the study.<br /><br />This pan-European collaboration was essential to obtain the lunar meteorite, recognise the new mineral, understand its scientific relevance, and to determine the crystal structure of the tiny, the thousands part of a millimeter thick, mineral crystal with high accuracy.<br /><br />"At the GFZ German Research Centre for Geoscience, we used transmission electron microscopy to investigate microstructural aspects of the samples," said study co-author Richard Wirth.<br /><br />The new mineral was named in honor of the lunar geologist Don Wilhelms, an American scientist involved in landing site selection and data analyses of the Apollo space missions that brought to Earth the first rock samples from the Moon.<br /><br />Part of the meteorite Oued Awlitis 001, acquired by crowdfunding initiative "Help us to get the Moon!" is on display at the Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria.<br /><br /><strong>SEE ALSO:<br /><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/banks/news/sbis-profit-jumps-over-50-in-q2-plans-to-outperform-the-industry-in-credit-growth/articleshow/79039165.cms">SBI’s profit jumps over 50% in Q2 — India’s largest bank plans to outperform the industry when it comes to credit growth</a><br /><br /></strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/tcs-infosys-hcl-tech-and-wipro-share-price-jump-amid-us-election-result-between-biden-and-trump/articleshow/79038249.cms"><strong>Indian IT stocks are surging as the US Presidential election comes down to the wire</strong></a><br />

Moon meteorite in the Western Sahara contains an new mineral that could explain what's happening in the Earth's mantle

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Armin Rosen/Business Insider</span></p><p class="caption">Matthew Lee of Inner City Press working out of Ralph Bunche Park, across the street from United Nations headquarters in New York City. The UN's daily noon press briefing appears on his laptop screen.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>One of the fixtures of the UN press corps spent the first three days of this week reporting out of a public park.</p><p>On a rainy Wednesday morning, Matthew Lee of <a href="http://www.innercitypress.com/">Inner City Press</a> had set up a laptop and smartphone-based wifi hotspot on a row of benches under a construction scaffold in <a href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/ralph-bunche-park/history">Ralph Bunche Park</a>.</p><p>Lee sat with his laptop just feet away from a towering metal sculpture and a broad flight of stairs named after the Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky - and across the street from the UN's Manhattan headquarters.</p><p>That day, Lee wasn't allowed in the complex sprawling across the other side of 1st Avenue without someone signing him in as a guest. The park was the closest he could get to the UN.</p><p>"It's so different doing it this way," Lee, who had his UN resident correspondent credentials abruptly stripped from him last Friday, told Business Insider. People were occasionally bringing him files, but Lee said running his phone as a wifi hotspot limited his ability to contact sources.</p><p>He was also hampered by his distance from the center of the action after being cast out of the institution he covered for nearly a decade. </p><p>"Today the Security Council voted on Yemen sanctions," Lee told Business Insider. "People are tweeting at me asking, what does it mean?"</p><p>The UN headquarters towered over the opposite side of 1st Avenue, the neatly set tables of the delegates' dining visible through 4th-story window, and the front gates opening for the occasional black SUV. When Business Insider met Lee on Wednesday morning, he had just finished watching a briefing on the humanitarian situation in Syria on his laptop.</p><p>But for the first time since 2006, the work of the United Nations - significant and scandalous at times but usually just as plodding and routinized as that of any other large organization - was continuing without him.</p><p>On the afternoon of February 19, UN security presented Lee with <a href="http://www.innercitypress.com/UN1ejectsICP021916.JPG">a letter</a>, signed by UN Under-Secretary-General for Communication and Public Information Cristina Gallach informing him he had until 5 p.m. to clean out his office. According to Lee, the letter said his pass was revoked as the result of a January 29 incident, in which he <a href="http://www.buzzfeed.com/hayesbrown/this-journalist-has-kicked-off-a-shitstorm-of-drama-inside-t#.wf6xrg7lJk">watched, recorded, and live-tweeted</a> a meeting of the United Nations Correspondents Association (UNCA) from an interpreter's booth in the UN press briefing room.</p><p>Although Lee was not invited to the meetup, he claimed no closed meetings could be held in the briefing room and that he was within his rights to cover the event.</p><p>Stephane Dujarric, the spokesperson UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, told Business Insider that Lee had violated the UN correspondents' accepted standards of behavior in entering an interpreter's booth to observe what was considered to be a closed meeting and then refusing to leave the briefing room.</p><p>"Y<span>ou have more than 150 resident corespondents here, and nothing physically stops them from poking along on different floors and going places they shouldn't go," Dujarric told Business Insider. "If over 99% of the people behave when there's somebody who clearly breaks the rules there has to be a little bit of consequences. Otherwise it doesn't work."</span><span><span></span></span> </p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Thomson Reuters</span></p><p class="caption">Wider Image: Inside The United Nations Headquarters</p></div><p></p></div></div>Lee has reported extensively on alleged corruption within the UN system, a beat he claims his press corps colleagues have ignored. He's had a contentious relationship with UNCA - he actually served as a vice president of the organization but quit in 2012 to found the <a href="http://www.FUNCA.info">Free UN Coalition for Access</a> - and has been generally critical of the UN press corps.</p><p>He believes the UN-based press is passive, deferential, and generally incurious about the organization they're supposed to be covering.</p><p>"A number of people have said to me look, just write about the UN. Don't write about the journalists at the UN. I didn't come here to do that, but I've concluded that that's part of the story," Lee told Business Insider.</p><p>"The place is legally protected," Lee says, in reference to the UN's immunity under the US <keyword id="6355470" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Law">law</keyword>, the result of <a href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=III-1&amp;chapter=3&amp;lang=en">the US' 1970 accession</a> to the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations. "But it's also journalistically protected."</p><p>Lee says that February 19, he was marched out of UN headquarters by UN security guards, who Lee claims had physically ripped his press badge off of him. </p><p>He claims that he was removed from the UN "without the most basic due-process," and says he was never questioned over the details of the January 29 incident - the details of which <a href="http://www.buzzfeed.com/hayesbrown/this-journalist-has-kicked-off-a-shitstorm-of-drama-inside-t#.wf6xrg7lJk">are still in dispute</a>. </p><p>When contacted for comment, the Office of the Undersecretary General for Communications and Public Information did not deny that Lee had never been questioned over the incident before his pass was revoked.</p><p>"In conducting its investigation into the incident on 29 January, [Department of Public Information] reviewed several videos of what happened, including footage that was taken by Mr. Lee and posted on his website," a representative of the office wrote in an email to Business Insider. "DPI also spoke at length with the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General and officers from the UN Department of Safety and Security who were in attendance on 29 January. These steps were sufficient to determine that Mr. Lee's actions clearly infringed the guidelines that apply to all correspondents at the United Nations."</p><p>Lee thinks he was summarily ejected from the UN press corps. "The UN cannot be throwing journalists into the street," says Lee. "More fundamentally, the UN cannot do a supposed investigation of an incident for three weeks without talking to the defendant once. Not once."</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Getty Images/Mario Tama</span></p><p class="caption">The UN General Assembly chamber</p></div><p></p></div></div>Still, on Wednesday, Lee said he had everything he needed to cover the UN from across the street, even if his situation was far from ideal. Since Monday, he had been emailed documents from contacts in Burundi, and one of his sources had handed him a draft version of a Security Council resolution, which he scanned at a nearby FedEx store. He had <a href="http://www.innercitypress.com/ssudan29unaccountable022416.html">written a story on press freedom in South Sudan that morning</a>. </p><p>And he had discovered a way to save himself from having to hunt for a power outlet at a nearby coffee shop: A line of lights running across the ceiling of the construction scaffold had an electrical socket. And while the socket hovers awkwardly from a ceiling roughly 6 feet off the ground, the day before, a man who Lee says he had seen frequently in the park - a Haitian immigrant who claimed to be a former journalist, and who would often talk to Lee about affairs in his country of origin - promised to find him an extension chord. Sure enough, he brought one in a black plastic bag, which was sitting on a park bench next Lee's laptop.</p><p>The scaffold was enough to keep his computer dry amid a persistent rain, although cold raindrops flecked the outer edges of his computer screen. A wireless mouse sat on top of a damp packet of papers.</p><p>Lee was exhibiting remarkable durability amid a punishing February downpour. "As you see, we're perfectly dry here," he said, although that wasn't entirely true.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Armin Rosen/Business Insider</span></p><p class="caption">The view of UN headquarters from Ralph Bunche Park</p></div><p></p></div></div>Thanks to the UN's immunity under US law, the world body is practically a state unto itself, and Lee has little recourse outside of the UN system. Lee realizes he can't sue his way back into resident correspondent status. He could start building political pressure - Lee is an American citizen, and the US is the UN's <a href="http://www.unausa.org/advocacy/advocacy-agenda/un-funding">largest budgetary contributor</a>. But he says he's "queasy about saying no no, wait a second, this is the UN, I've got the US behind me." </p><p>Lee had a potential ticket out of Ralph Bunche park, though. During Monday's noon press briefing, Dujarric, the UN spokesman, confirmed the world body had <a href="http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/db160222.doc.htm">offered him a "non-resident correspondent" pass on a four-month trial basis</a>. As a result of his new status, Lee claims he would have to vacate his office, work out of a reporters' bullpen, and leave UN headquarters by 6 p.m. each day (Dujarric confirmed to Business Insider that Lee would have vacate his office under his new status).</p><p>On Wednesday Lee told Business Insider he won't accept reduced access, even though he's willing to acknowledge wrongdoing as part of some full restoration of his earlier status.</p><p>"You say we had a misunderstanding, you did something we don't like, we overreacted, why don't you clean my garage and we move on. That's how I view it. That's not how they view it. They view it as like, no, we didn't make a mistake, you made a mistake."</p><p>As Lee notes, the UN is notably unwilling to admit wrongdoing. "They didn't apologize for killing 10,000 people in Haiti," Lee says, in reference to the UN's role in that country's <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/cholera-outbreak-in-haiti-and-the-un-2015-4">cholera epidemic</a>, "so I don't expect them to apologize for pushing me into the street."</p><p>The UN was a vague curtain of blue-tinted windows hovering across a damp 1st Avenue. Although behind a security cordon and a high black fence, it was a place that Lee had come to know intimately over a decade of coverage. It was a place he didn't want to return to on anything less than his own terms.</p><p>"If I took this deal I'm hurting my readers, viewers, and the entire profession of journalism because I'm sending a message that if you ask hard questions they can screw you and you take it because you're desperate," Lee said. "And I am desperate. I want to be there. But I'm not so desperate that I'm going to sell out, you know?" </p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.dwell.com/renovation/article/look-inside-united-nations-restored-security-council-chamber">Royal Norwegian Consulate General New York via Dwell</a></span></p><p class="caption">Renovated UN Security Council.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>By Thursday, he had changed his mind.</p><p>Dujarric told Business Insider that Lee actually had picked up his green pass, and was back in the building working - even though he would still have to clean out of his office.</p><p><span>I asked Lee by email why he had opted for a course that he had described as capitulation just a day earlier. </span></p><p><span>"Thought about it a lot," he wrote, noting that he was "</span>working on lawyer's letter demanding no touching of office or files until this is resolved."</p><p>Then he listed nearly a half-dozen events unfolding inside Turtle Bay - topics that would be obscure even to some <keyword id="6356001" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="international">international</keyword> news junkies.</p><p>"Needed to cover today's North Korea, and <span class="aBn" data-term="goog_273519404"><span class="aQJ">tomorrow's</span></span> Syria, UNSC meetings wanted to ask the UN, in the <span class="aBn" data-term="goog_273519405"><span class="aQJ">noon</span></span> briefing, about Ban Ki-moon covering up or over the problems in Burundi, including of press freedom (only two of five radio stations re-opened, with agreements on what they can say -- like UN is trying) and about Western Sahara, Darfur repatriation scoop I wrote yesterday in park," and allegations of corruption within the UN system "<span>which I came back in and asked about. So</span> here I am."</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/tim-cook-apple-fbi-hack-iphone-san-bernardino-shooing-2016-2">Tim Cook: Apple won't hack iPhone used by the San Bernardino shooter</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="V3b2MxMTE65zuW9Z2NE6WgtWFPrwrXbd" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

One of the most dogged journalists in the UN press corps was reporting out of a park across from UN headquarters

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Scientists found an underground cave on the moon where astronauts could live and think there may be hundreds more

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Moon meteorite in the Western Sahara contains an new mineral that could explain what's happening in the Earth's mantle

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One of the most dogged journalists in the UN press corps was reporting out of a park across from UN headquarters

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