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New Delhi, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday inaugurated India's first-ever <keyword id="10503331" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="driverless-train-operations">driverless train operations</keyword> on <keyword id="6366797" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Delhi-Metro">Delhi Metro</keyword>'s <keyword id="3274610" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Magenta-line">Magenta Line</keyword> along with the fully operational <keyword id="858140" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="National-Common-Mobility-Card">National Common Mobility Card</keyword> service on the <keyword id="6375348" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Airport-Express-Line">Airport Express Line</keyword> via video conferencing. The driverless trains will be fully automated, which will eliminate the possibility of human error, the government has said, adding that after the start of driverless services on the Magenta Line (<keyword id="3902090" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="janakpuri-west-botanical-garden">Janakpuri West-Botanical Garden</keyword>), the <keyword id="3274609" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pink-line">Pink Line</keyword> (Majlis Park-Shiv Vihar) of Delhi Metro is expected to have driverless operations by mid-2021. The Prime Minister's Office has said that these innovations will herald a new era of travelling comfort and enhanced mobility. The National Common Mobility Card, which will be fully operationalised on the Airport Express Line, will enable anyone carrying a RuPay-Debit Card issued from any part of the country to travel on the route using it. This facility will become available on the entire Delhi Metro network by 2022, the PMO said. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/top-10-most-expensive-natural-disasters-of-2020-in-the-world/slidelist/79986294.cms">Cyclone Amphan was the most expensive cyclone of 2020 and the fourth most expensive natural disaster overall</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/jack-ma-ant-group-asked-to-overhaul-its-business-model-by-china-central-bank/articleshow/79987683.cms">China's central bank wants Jack Ma's Ant Group to overhaul its business model</a>

PM Modi inaugurates India's first-ever driverless train operations on Delhi Metro's Magenta Line

<keyword id="48503" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="alstom" source="Orion">Alstom</keyword>, a global leader in smart and sustainable mobility, has been awarded the contract to design, manufacture, supply, test, and commission 312 standard gauge metro cars for <keyword id="6366797" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="delhi-metro" source="Orion">Delhi Metro</keyword> Phase IV expansion by the <keyword id="66" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="delhi" source="Orion">Delhi</keyword> Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). The order worth EUR312 million (Rs 2,643 crore approx.) includes the design and manufacturing of 234 standard gauge metro cars for Line 7 extension, which is 12.558 km of Pink line on the Mukundpur- Maujpur corridor and, the Line 8 extension, which is 28.92 km of Magenta line for the Janakpuri West - RK Ashram corridor, according to a statement from Alstom. Alstom will also design and manufacture of 78 standard gauge metro cars for the 23.622 km Silver line between Aerocity and Tughlakabad, including 15-year maintenance of these 78 cars. The statement said that Alstom would supply its Metropolis trainsets for this order. Metropolis trains offer a unique design, a wide range of configurations and ensure the highest performance due to the perfect combination of proven and reliable components and innovations, the company said. With its extensive track record, low lifecycle costs, and keen focus on passenger experience, Alstom said its Metropolis metros set the standard around the world. Talking about the new contract, Olivier Loison, Managing Director, Alstom India Cluster, said that "Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR) is amongst the largest urban clusters in the world. Faced with the realities of climate change, such megacities need reliable and sustainable public transport solutions. Alstom is pleased to continue the partnership with Delhi Metro, one of Asia's largest rapid transit systems. Our trains have a high recyclability of all materials and low-weight design to reduce energy consumption that will greatly contribute to minimising environmental impact in the region." Alstom said it had delivered more than 800 metro cars that are in service for the Delhi Metro network. The new trains will be built at Alstom's largest urban rolling stock manufacturing site in Sricity (<keyword id="37102" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="andhra-pradesh" source="Orion">Andhra Pradesh</keyword>), which has a strong portfolio of delivering for major domestic and international projects, according to the company. Currently, the Delhi Metro network consists of about 391 km with 286 stations. The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad in <keyword id="6357713" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="uttar-pradesh" source="Orion">Uttar Pradesh</keyword>, Gurugram, Faridabad, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh in Haryana. In addition to providing rolling stock, Alstom said it had in the past partnered with DMRC for several other projects, including the successful implementation of supply and commissioning of train control and signalling system for DMRC's Red line (L1), Yellow line (L2), Green line (L5), Violet line (L6), Pink line (L7) during Phase I, II and III. Alstom said it has also delivered metro trains for the cities of Delhi, Chennai, Lucknow, Kochi and is currently delivering trains and signalling for Bhopal-Indore Metro project, Kanpur-Agra Metro project, Mumbai Metro Line 3 and for India's first semi-high-speed rail network -- NCRTC-RRTS -- that connects Delhi, Ghaziabad and Meerut. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/indians-want-faster-yet-sustainable-delivery-of-their-goods-fedex-report/articleshow/95581055.cms">Indians want faster yet sustainable delivery of their goods: FedEx report</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/cityfurnish-raises-usd-2-5-million-in-debt-funding-round/articleshow/95582533.cms">Cityfurnish Raises USD 2.5 Million in Debt Funding Round</a>

Alstom bags Rs 2,643 crore order to design, manufacture 312 metro cars for Delhi Metro Phase IV

A new study shows that the glass ceiling is still alive, and that women are very under-represented at the very top of the income scale.
The study, published in an <a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w20560">NBER working paper by economists Fatih Guvenen of the University of Minnesota, Greg Kaplan of Princeton University, and Jae Song of the Social Security Administration</a>, uses individual earnings history data gathered by the Social Security Adminstration from 1981 to 2012 to investigate gender disparities in the top 1% of the income distribution.
The main result of the paper showed that, while the share of women in the top 1% and 0.1% has gone up quite significantly over the last thirty or so years, the gender breakdown at the top is still very lopsided.
This chart shows the proportion of women in the top 1% and 0.1% of earners. The dotted lines represent one year earnings, and the solid lines represent five-year average earnings. The black lines show the top 0.1%, and the grey lines show the rest of the top 1% outside of the 0.1%:
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image"><a title_source="Guvenen et. al., Oct. 2014" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/544e77b06bb3f70768911e8a-960/share of women in top earners.png"></a><a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w20560">Guvenen et. al., Oct. 2014</a></div></div></div>
The authors of the paper point out that in the early eighties, women only made up about 2% of the top 0.1% earner group, and just a little more than 3% of the rest of the 1%. By 2012, women made up 10.5% of the top 0.1%, and 17% of the rest of the top 1%.
While those proportions have gone up dramatically over the last three decades, women are still very under-represented in the top income cohorts. Fewer than one in five one-percenters are women.
The authors of the paper also noted that there has been very little increase in the share of women in the top 0.1% since 2000, as can be seen in the chart.
The above chart shows the glass ceiling by looking at the percentage of women in the highest income groups. Another way to look at the data is to look at the top income percentiles for men and women separately. This chart from the paper shows the average earnings for the top 0.1% of men (black lines) and for the top 0.1% of women (magenta lines):
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image"><a title_source="NBER" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/544e8917ecad047929911e8a-960/cd-14.jpg"></a>NBER</div></div></div>
The authors of the paper noted that, "In 2012, men had to earn roughly twice as much as women in order to be included in the top 1 percent of their respective gender-specific earnings distributions and nearly three times as much in order to be included in the top 0.1 percent of their distributions."
In other words, the top tenth of a percent of men are much richer than the top tenth of a percent of women.
One commonly proposed explanation for gender earnings gaps is that women are working in different <keyword id="6354910" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Careers">careers</keyword> than men. The authors of this paper, however, found that among top income groups, men and women are working largely in the same industries. This chart shows the distribution of different industries in which the top 0.1% of men and women worked:
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image"><a title_source="Guvenen et. al., October 2014" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/544e81086bb3f79723911e8a-960/top 0.1 percent male vs female industry shares.png"></a><a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w20560">Guvenen et. al., October 2014</a></div></div></div> 
According to the authors of the paper, "although some variation can be seen across industries, today there is no single industry, or subset of industries, in which top earning females are disproportionately absent."
With a growing interest in inequality, and a proliferation of new data sources and methods to study who is at the top, this paper sheds light on a previously understudied aspect of inequality. The glass ceiling, although weaker than thirty years ago, still clearly exists, with women very under-represented in the highest income groups.
For more detail and other results, <a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w20560">read the NBER working paper here</a>.

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PM Modi inaugurates India's first-ever driverless train operations on Delhi Metro's Magenta Line

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Alstom bags Rs 2,643 crore order to design, manufacture 312 metro cars for Delhi Metro Phase IV

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There's A Visible Glass Ceiling For Top Female Earners In These 3 Charts

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