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MGNREGA, also expanded as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is a scheme operated by the Central Government of India by revamping the old scheme and renaming it. The main objective of this scheme is to provide social security by assuring a minimum of 100 days of work per year to the families. To benefit from this scheme, the adult members must be prepared to deliver unskilled labour-intensive work. Background of MGNREGA The government was operating schemes like Jawahar Rozgaar Yojana, Food for Work Programme, and Sampurna Grameen Rozgaar Yojna. Based on the observations from this scheme, the government launched Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act first in the state of Maharashtra in the year 1970. During its launch, the scheme was called as National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). The scheme was introduced in the state during the period when Vasant Rao Naik was the chief minister. This act came to the aid of millions of farmer families in the state. The planning commission eventually accepted this scheme and extended throughout the nation. These acts helped the government gather some useful inputs needed to work in the lines of programs like ‘Rural Manpower Programme’ ‘Crash Scheme for Rural Employment’ ‘Drought Prone Area Programme’ and ‘Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Laborers Scheme’. Each of these schemes provided a useful ground for the government to plan newer schemes in an efficient way setting right the drawbacks of the earlier ones. The principal objectives of all these schemes are wage employment, food security, and producing valuable assets. Later renamed as MNREGA, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is a significant member in the lines of these schemes. Important <keyword id="8133544" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="features-of-mgnrega">features of MGNREGA</keyword> 1. Providing job security to the adult members in families for not less than 100 days in a year. 2. Creating permanent assets like wells, ponds, roads and others for the welfare of the community. 3. Providing employment opportunities to the applicants within a radius of 5 kilometres. 4. Providing minimum wages in order to assure security to families. 5. Providing security to the income of families by assuring unemployment allowances if work is not provided for about 15 days from the date of application. How to enroll in MGNREGA? Application to this job must be given in writing. The application must include the registration number of the job card, date from which the applicant is seeking employment, and the number of days for which the applicant wants the job. The application must give the names of the adult members in the family who are coming forward to do unskilled manual work along with the details like age, gender, and caste. The filled-in applications must be submitted to the Gram Panchayat. For registration under this scheme, an individual can appear personally and make a request. The authorities in the Gram Panchayat will verify the details in the application and decide if the case in the application is genuine and deserving to get the benefit. Once verified, every household will be given a unique registration number.

What is Magnerga and how can one Enroll in the scheme

Mumbai, Jun 10 () The government should come out with a policy for gainful employment of migrant labourers in their home states, especially in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, an SBI report suggested on Wednesday. The report further said that the government can create a comprehensive data base on migrant workers on the basis of travel history on Shramik special trains, call detail records and record of social sector schemes. "With approximately 58 lakh migrants having gone back to home states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal and more expected, we need a properly crafted policy of gainfully employing such migrant labourers in home states," said SBI Ecowrap. After the government imposed nation-wide lockdown on March 25, 2020 to curb the spread of coronavirus, lakhs of migrant workers returned to their home states. "...we need to build up a comprehensive database of migrant workers and formulate a policy for unorganised sector workers. Tracking the call detail records (CDRs) juxtaposed with travel history of the migrant labourers from Shramik Trains could be the first starting point of constructing such database," suggested the SBI report. The CDRs could give a clear idea of out-migration intensity into districts in states that exhibit a high level of migrant labour movements, the report said, adding these districts could then be the starting point for providing gainful employment to migrant labourers. The report further said that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal has accounted for close to 90 per cent of the total migrants and hence it is imperative that tailored policies are crafted to absorb such labourers. The report further said that with increasing number of migrant labourers back in home town, it will now be extremely difficult for state governments to provide employment. Against such a background, extending livelihood jobs to job card holders by banks could lead to more money in the hands of the poor and marginalised, it said. "The banks can advance say 40 per cent of the eligible amount to the MGNREGA cardholders based on a simplified application form with the caveat that the interest on such livelihood loans can be guaranteed by the government, the cost of which is minimal at around Rs 4,000 crore," said Ecowrap. ' Effectively, this loan will be self-liquidated when the MGNREGA cardholder contributes labour and pays off debt. It further said that MGNREGA is no longer linked to the Minimum Wages Act and as a result, for a number of instances MGNREGA wage is lower than the state's minimum agricultural wage. It has suggested a relook at such norms even for a temporary period. NKD CS MR

Frame policy for employment of migrants in home states, suggests SBI report

<ul><li>The Economic Survey 2018-19 highlights how technology has helped the Indian government plug leaks in the country's '<keyword id="7286241" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="food-for-work">food for work</keyword>' programme -- the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).</li><li>It attributes the programs success to the JAM trinity of Jan Dhan, <keyword id="144117" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="AADHAAR">Aadhaar</keyword>, and mobile payments.</li><li>The National Electronic Fund Management System (NeFMS) also also helped the government keep a more accurate account of which workers are on the payroll and if they're actually showing up for work.</li></ul>The origins of ‘food for work’ programs trace back to Kautilya’s Arthashastra — a Indian documents on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy. John Keynes, who popularised the theory, was still a century behind Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula who already had a ‘food for work’ program working in Lucknow when famine struck in 1784. In today’s day and age, India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is using technology to streamline the national ‘food for work’ scheme to bring financial and economic inclusion. The JAM trinity — Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and mobile payments — has eased the validation of beneficiaries and the process for releasing funds, according to Economic Survey 2018-19. Wages directly to the people Since it’s induction in 2005, the programme was riddled with issues. But, applying Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) and Aadhaar-linked Payments (ALP), the Indian government has been striving to reduce delays in the payment of wages, curb corruption and political interference, and plug up any leakages in the system. As a workforce programme, MGNREGA’s mandate is to alleviate distress and ensure payments happen in a timely manner. Before DBT, wages were transferred into panchayat bank accounts and most of the workers had to collect their wages from the gram panchayat office. And, in order for DBT to work — the workers needed bank accounts. That’s when the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was implemented to bring about universal access to banking facilities. The Economic Survey 2018-19 highlights that before the implementation of ALP and DBT, there used to be an average lag of 90 days before wage payments for recieved. After their implementation, that lag has been cut down one-third from 35% to less than 10%. Culling out the ‘ghosts’ in the system Bringing in <keyword id="7829443" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="aadhaar-linked-payments">Aadhaar linked payments</keyword> ensured that the government would not be funding any ‘ghost’ beneficiaries. The National Electronic Fund Management System (NeFMS), implemented in 2016 and currently functional in 24 states, bolsters that effort by providing a real time database of wages being credited into bank or post office accounts by the central government. NREGAsoft, a local language workflow based e-governance system, looks at registration and muster rolls, a form of attendance register signed by workers to check false reporting of numbers. The service isn’t available to the public but does make it easier for the government to keep track of who is employed under the scheme and whether they are actually showing up for work. The government’s also held accountable of its actions with the use of mobile apps like Gram Samvaad Mobile App and JanMnRega were rural workers have direct access to information and can give their own feedback on how the system is working. The supply demand gap Since the government now access to data, the Economic Survey 2018-19 asserts that it will be able to implement MGNREGA more effectively by pushing government officials to provide more jobs in distressed areas. This should help bridge the demand supply gap between jobs available and the enlisted worker by using data provide jobs where there is more demand for them and vice versa. The survey also highlights how the vulnerable sections of the society — women, scheduled class, and scheduled tribes — have increased their participation in the program during times of distress. Going forward, the government wants to expand the number of jobs available to workers under the scheme, upskill the workers it has enlisted, expand the use of JAM, and use digital infrastructure to expand MGNERA beyond wages to also offer micro-insurance, micro-pensions and micro-credit to the underserved sections of society.

Technology plugged the leaks in India’s ₹60,000 crore rural employment guarantee scheme

<ul><li>The government is increasing the annual funding for the <keyword id="6361863" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="MGNREGA">MGNREGA</keyword> scheme by 11% to ₹610.8 billion. </li><li>The scheme has been suffering from a funding crunch for the past few years, which has caused payment delays. </li><li>The <keyword id="6354642" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Modi">Modi</keyword> administration is trying to curry favour from rural Indian voters ahead of general <keyword id="6355644" type="DEFINITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="elections">elections</keyword>. </li></ul> The Indian government <a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1560027">announced</a> on January 15 that it was increasing funding for the previous administration’s flagship employment scheme, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREGA) programme,in its upcoming interim <keyword id="6358021" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="budget">budget</keyword>. This is a response to a petition from over 250 activists, lawmakers and <keyword id="45092" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="farmers">farmers</keyword> rights leaders complaining of the programme’s <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/250-lawmakers-activists-write-to-prime-minister-raising-concerns-over-mgnrega-fund-crunch/articleshow/67529649.cms">inadequate funding</a>. The move is an attempt to sustain rural consumption, which has been falling as of late amid low food prices, which has translated into a decline in rural income. In fact, two-wheeler sales, which are often used a proxy for rural demand, have been on a downward trend for most of a year before rebounding in December owing to discounts from bike manufacturers and lower fuel prices. A necessary hike Established through an act in 2005, the scheme aims to provide a minimum of 100 days of paid employment in a financial year to every member of rural household. The work entailed is usually manual work like construction. The Modi administration, acting through the Ministry of Rural Development, is allocating an additional ₹60.84 billion to the programme, taking its total funding for 2019-2020 to ₹610.84 billion - the highest ever annual allocation for the programme since its inception. In the previous Union Budget, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley had hiked the annual spend for the programme by 15% to ₹55 billion. The higher funding is necessary. The MGNREGA has been suffering from a funding crunch since 2017-18 as state governments have not received additional sanctions from the central government, which has been dealing with a fiscal crisis of its own. For example, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mgnrega-scheme-faces-fund-crunch/article25921235.ece">nearly 100%</a> of the funding for the scheme was exhausted by the beginning the January 2019, with three months left to go. Despite the funding crunch, which has manifested in payment delays and an insufficient compensation rate, the programme has managed to provide a cumulative total of 2.36 billion working days to beneficiaries on an annual basis in the last three years. The decision to increase funding for the programme comes as part of the government’s attempts to alleviate rural distress ahead of general elections in May. The scheme has gained popularity in the rural heartland in the last few years as it has provided indebted farmers an alternative source of income, which caused the BJP <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-the-bjp-embraced-mgnrega-the-living-monument-of-the-upas-failures/">to backtrack from its criticism </a>of the programme and double down on it starting in 2016. Aside from this, the Modi administration is already said to be preparing a generous package of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/interest-free-loans-and-income-support-the-upcoming-budget-may-be-a-song-for-indias-farmers/articleshow/67538156.cms">interest-free loans and income support schemes</a> for smallholder farmers in its upcoming Budget. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/interest-free-loans-and-income-support-the-upcoming-budget-may-be-a-song-for-indias-farmers/articleshow/67538156.cms">Interest-free loans and income support— the upcoming Budget may be a song for India’s farmers</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/nearly-90-of-rural-homes-in-india-have-savings-accounts-in-banks-report/articleshow/65438348.cms">Nearly 90% of rural homes in India have savings accounts in banks: Report</a>

The Modi government is looking to boost rural consumption with record outlay for employment scheme

Ever since the <keyword id="6354477" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Narendra-Modi">Narendra Modi</keyword> government took office, there has been an air of expectation in the country. Even the IMF and the World Bank expected a turnaround, predicting a growth rate of 6.4% in 2015. But a survey, which was conducted by the <keyword id="259702" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Labour-Bureau">Labour Bureau</keyword> during <keyword id="6355364" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="UPA">UPA</keyword>’s regime, paints a sorry picture of the state of <keyword id="6358907" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="unemployment">unemployment</keyword> in the country. 
 The latest survey conducted by the Labour Bureau has revealed that the rate of un<keyword id="6355127" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="employment">employment</keyword> in the country had increased to 4.9% in FY 2013-14. The major factor behind this rise was increase in unemployment in rural areas in spite of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. In FY 2012-13, the unemployment rate was 4.7%. 

	Despite the fact that MGNREGA was beneficial to 93% households in rural areas, the rate of unemployment went up to 4.7% in FY2013-14 from 4.4% in the preceding fiscal. However, the rate of unemployment in urban areas declined to 5.5% in FY2013-14 from 5.7% in the previous year. 
 

	Unemployment rate among men rose to 4.1% from 4%, and among women, it grew to 7.7% from 7.2%. 
 

	About 49.5% people are self-employed, 30.9% are casual labourers, 16.5% salary earners and the remaining 3% are employed as contractual workers.
 

	Gujarat had the lowest rate (1.2%) of unemployment in the country, while the northeastern state of Sikkim registered the highest rate.
 

	As many as 1,36,395 households were surveyed by the Labour Bureau, out of which 83,385 were in rural areas and 53,010 in urban areas.
 

	Although the survey was conducted during the UPA regime, it now remains to be seen how Narendra Modi delivers on his promise of ‘ache din’ as far as employment is concerned.

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What is Magnerga and how can one Enroll in the scheme

BI India Bureau

Frame policy for employment of migrants in home states, suggests SBI report

PTI

Technology plugged the leaks in India’s ₹60,000 crore rural employment guarantee scheme

Prabhjote Gill

The Modi government is looking to boost rural consumption with record outlay for employment scheme

Dilsher Dhillon

Will Modi’s ‘Ache Din’ Act As A Game-changer For The Unemployed?

Manish Kumar

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