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With the creation of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (now ISRO) in 1962, India has been an active patron to mankind’s space efforts. From Aryabhata to Chandrayaan-2, India has launched 113 satellites, including the <keyword id="6374683" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="First">first</keyword> privately built and funded satellite ExceedSat-1 which was launched from USA, as a part of <keyword id="6355315" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="elon-musk">Elon Musk</keyword>’s Space X project Falcon-9. Up until 2016, India’s space activities have been the exclusive domain of the State, however, the launch of the <keyword id="4835931" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="IRNSS-1H">IRNSS-1H</keyword> in 2017 was the herald of a new era in India’s Space endeavours. The IRNSS-1H marked the beginning of privatisation in this area by being the first Indian satellite, to be designed in collaboration with the private parties. In the following year, the ExseedSat-1 was to become the first privately funded and built satellite launched in collaboration with the private Space X project. Interestingly, up until now, all missions have been conducted for purposes of research, reconnaissance as well as for augmenting communication systems since there was a substantial State monopoly. With the recent announcement of the creation of the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre or IN-SPACe by the Government of India as part of its atma nirbhar Bharat scheme, which aims at providing a “level playing field” and a supportive regulatory regime to allow Indian private enterprises to grow and carve their own niche in the so-called “fast-growing global space sector”, India has in fact shown an inclination to capitalise on the US strategy of opening up the avidly touted space “sector” to private participation. While the initiative sounds exhilarating and will definitely go a long way in defining India’s image as an emerging global technology powerhouse, it is extremely difficult to fathom why private players, would be willing to readily come forward and invest billions, by confining their activities for research purposes alone, without any expectation of commercial gains or simply, return on their investment. This is so because, matters concerning space and space exploration are subject of a special branch of customary international law, that are mainly centred around five treaties and eleven agreements. The most significant of these is the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies or the Outer Space Treaty (OST) which India ratified in 1967, and which specifically lays down under Article I that outer space and space exploration including that on the moon and other celestial bodies, are to be carried out solely for, and in the interest of all countries, and that they are the province of all mankind. Article II restricts claims of sovereignty and national appropriation by any means whatsoever, Article VI places international responsibility on all activities carried on by governmental or by non-governmental entities, as well as mandates authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party. While there is considerable debate surrounding the applicability of the OST especially Article VI to private parties, since the US Supreme Court ‘s ruling in Medellin v Texas (2008) which held that Article VI is not self-executing in nature, regard must be had to the fact that these are domestic Court rulings and the fact that Space law is part of Customary International law which is affirmed by decades of State practise, cannot be denied, and neither can the fact that it is settled principle of international law that a State cannot, under the excuse of changes in domestic law, including subsequent Court rulings, renege from treaty obligations once ratified. In effect, the OST places strict checks upon the objectives behind exploring this uncharted territory by State and Non-State actors, far less allowing the possibility of even claiming rights of any kind. Moreover, it is no secret that private corporations operate predominantly with the object of individual gains and unless driven by the zeal to serve mankind and share profits with all countries, chances are that the investments made by private parties will have little to nil returns, far less any substantive protection. Also, the marked absence of a designated “Space Police” to patrol and check exploitative behaviour arising out of private activities owing to the presence of Article IV makes any form of substantive protection offered by States to private equity outside the Kármán line, ineffective. These are some of the many challenges apart from concerns regarding contamination of space including <keyword id="943402" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Space-Debris">space debris</keyword>, that will require extensive deliberations by the Indian Government unless it wants to face a fusillade of criticisms as well as expose itself to the risk of multiple treaty breach claims and possible sanctions from UN as well as its member States. Therefore, unless carefully planned and executed in collaboration with other State actors and under a highly controlled yet a pragmatic regime, that can ensure a balance between the needs of private investment and obligations posed by the OST, India’s space ambitions for the moment appear to be anachronistic and as surrealistic as the flying ambitions of Icarus and Daedalus. (This article was written by Nilanjan Sen, who is an experienced lawyer, specialising in International Law and Arbitration. His views are personal.) SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/coovid-vaccine-from-oxford-serum-institute-and-astrazeneca-shows-promising-immune-response/articleshow/77069321.cms">The COVID-19 vaccine from Oxford and AstraZeneca shows 'promising' results in early human trials</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/dil-bechara-kissing-booth-2-and-other-movies-you-can-watch-on-netflix-amazon-prime-disneyhotstar-this-week/slidelist/77142498.cms">Dil Bechara, Kissing Booth 2 and other movies you can watch on Netflix, Amazon Prime, Disney+Hotstar this week</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/work-from-home-effect-these-companies-are-shelling-out-for-employees-power-bills-internet-cost-and-more/articleshow/77139229.cms">WFH effect – These companies are paying for employees' power bills, internet cost and more</a>

OPINION| The fault in our stars: India’s bid at privatizing space

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The grandson of Ronald Williams announced on Wednesday that Williams had died.</li><li>Williams was a beloved <keyword id="6762469" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="TikTok">TikTok</keyword> personality who called his followers "grandchildren."</li><li>His grandson, Ryan Adams, posted memories from his videos in a TikTok compilation video.</li></ul>Beloved TikTok personality Ronald Williams, who had more than 9 million followers on the app, has died, according to his grandson. He was 79 years old. Williams' grandson, Ryan Adams, announced that his grandpa died in a post on Williams' TikTok account, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v3ebapp=v3">@ronaldwilliamsofficial</a>, on Wednesday. The video featured highlights from Williams' TikTok videos including him and Adams, who frequently appeared in his videos. "Thanks for the good times. Ronald Williams will never be forgotten," reads the caption of the video, which has over 3.8 million likes and 24 million views as of Thursday afternoon. "RIP Grandpa." Williams was born in 1941, according to information listed in both his TikTok bio and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHxSZ6vUjipY6rf4bWnIJ1A/about">YouTube channel description</a>. He <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6876960784207940870?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">posted on September 26, 2020, that he turned 79 years old</a>. Also known on some platforms as Grandpa Lou Pickles due to his resemblance to the <a href="https://rugrats.fandom.com/wiki/Lou_Pickles">character from "Rugrats,"</a> Williams built a <keyword id="6354632" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="social-media">social media</keyword> following throughout 2020, becoming a major presence on TikTok in particular as well as <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHxSZ6vUjipY6rf4bWnIJ1A/featured">YouTube</a> and <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ronaldwilliamsofficial/">Instagram</a>.He referred to his millions of TikTok followers as his grandchildren. His first TikTok video was posted on February 3, 2020. In it, Williams greets the audience, asks, "Don't I look like Grandpa Lou Pickles?" and promises that more TikTok videos would be on the way. Williams continued posting regularly on TikTok over the course of 2020, first <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6821236120701897989?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">hitting 1 million followers in April of last year</a>. He <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6790907140639919366?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">frequently played</a> <a href="https://www.foodandwine.com/desserts/candy/tiktok-jelly-candies-explainer">"Hit or Miss," a TikTok game involving jelly fruit candies</a> started by TikToker Jaden Sprinz.Adams, whose own TikTok handle is <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@watchyourhaircut?">@watchyourhaircut</a>, appeared in several of his grandfather's videos. In an email, Adams described Williams as "full of joy and happiness" and "a real life cartoon character (in a very good way)." He told Insider that Williams had dementia, and that they started making videos together after he moved in with Adams' parents. "The way you see him on the videos is exactly how he was off camera," Adams told Insider in the email. "Honestly I couldn't capture every great moment we had but we sure got a lot of it to look back on. He always put others first and wanted to make sure he could make someone feel good and happy. He never stressed about anything and hardly ever got upset. He showed me to appreciate the little things and to just enjoy life. He was so pure. His smile would literally brighten up the room." In late February, Adams <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6933297737093958917?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">posted a video on Williams' account</a> to let the audience know that they were taking a break from TikTok. He said Williams was in the hospital and asked people to keep him in their prayers. Other creators <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6935219554079575301?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">shared messages of support with Williams in video compilations</a> that <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6935928568044195077?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">were posted to Williams' account</a> before Adams announced that he had passed on Wednesday. Adams told Insider that Williams had served in the Army and that he loved to "play the blues," which his arthritis made more difficult. He also said that Williams played in bands with iconic American musician Frank Zappa (there are <a href="https://wiki.killuglyradio.com/wiki/Ronnie_Williams">records of a Ronald "Ronnie" Williams playing with Zappa</a>), and that his other hobbies were fishing and surfing. In another <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6943385139871239430?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">video posted to Williams' account</a>, Adams asked audiences to share their feelings about his grandfather and what he meant to them. "My grandpa meant so much to me. He taught me how to be myself. He broke my shyness," Adams <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ronaldwilliamsofficial/video/6943385139871239430?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=68912598098960563261259809896056326">said in the video</a>. "Nothing would bother this man. He was full of joy. His soul is the most purest I've ever seen in my life. He was my best friend. He's the best grandpa I could ever ask for, and he's in a better place where he's not in pain anymore."Adams told Insider that he "never had to worry what he thought of me because he would never judge me or anyone," and said that he "felt such at peace" while with Williams.Fans have flooded the comments of the most recent videos with messages of support and love, with <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ayh.tee/video/6943389215384177926?is_copy_url=0&amp;is_from_webapp=v3&amp;sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=6891259809896056326809896056326">some posting videos remembering him.</a> "He loved every single one of you," Adams said in his own video. "He did call you his grandkids for a reason, because he cared about you a lot. Not only you were happy to see him on these videos. It made him happy to see you happy."

Ronald Williams, beloved grandpa who had millions of followers on TikTok, has died at 79

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OPINION| The fault in our stars: India’s bid at privatizing space

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Ronald Williams, beloved grandpa who had millions of followers on TikTok, has died at 79

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