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The central government has relaxed the norms of Leave Travel Concession (LTC), and will now reimburse full train fare of tickets bought for children aged between five and 12 years.<br />
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The move has come after Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) received several references, when various ministries sought clarification about the reimbursements of these fares.<br />
<br />
After consulting with Department of Expenditure and Finance Ministry, it was decided that for children in government employees’ family, aged from 5 to 12 years, the actual rail fare shall be reimbursed for LTC.<br />
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Earlier, Railways had decided to charge full fare for children in this age group, for whom full berth or seats were sought at the time of reservation. However, if a berth or seat was not sought at the time of reservation, then half of the adult fare was to be charged. <br />
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<a href="http://images.financialexpress.com/2016/02/railway-budget-2.jpg"><em>Image source</em></a><br />

Government employees will now be reimbursed for full rail fares for children between 5 to 12 years

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Altcoin is short for "alternative coin" and - as the name suggests - is an alternative <keyword id="11892695" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cryptocurrency" source="Orion">cryptocurrency</keyword> to Bitcoin.</li><li>Altcoins have become a major segment of the cryptocurrency markets, with projects like Ethereum (ETH), Stellar Lumens (XLM), and Uniswap (UNI) distinguishing themselves as platforms with innovative capabilities.</li><li>The altcoin markets are characterized for their volatility and are highly speculative investments subject to speculation.</li></ul><p>Since the emergence of Bitcoin, the concept of a decentralized, trustless peer-to-peer (P2P) payment network has inspired an entire class of digital assets. The crypto markets are a product of Bitcoin's success, and the fast-growing space consists of more than 9,000 altcoins.</p><p>Now we have altcoins, which began to emerge in 2011 in an attempt to reinvent Bitcoin, with their own rules and improvements on different features.</p><h2><strong>What is an altcoin? </strong></h2><p>Altcoin is a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-cryptocurrency" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cryptocurrency</a> alternative to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-bitcoin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bitcoin</a> - its name is a portmanteau of "alternative" and "coin." Since Bitcoin is widely regarded as the first of its kind, new cryptocurrencies developed after are viewed as <em>alternative</em> coins - or altcoins. The emergence of altcoins began around 2011, with the first generation formed using the same blockchain engine as Bitcoin.</p><p>The first altcoin was Namecoin, which is based on Bitcoin's code and was released in April 2011. Namecoin is integral to the history of altcoins in that it showed that there's enough room in the crypto markets for more than one kind of coin.</p><p>Blockchains today can run several hundreds of "altcoins," fueling similar currency projects with unique rules and mechanisms. Altcoins like <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-ethereum" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ethereum</a> can provide developers with a toolkit and programming language to build decentralized applications into the blockchain.</p><h2><strong>Understanding how altcoins work </strong></h2><p>To understand how altcoins work, it's good to first understand how blockchain technology works - which is where all cryptocurrencies operate. </p><p>The blockchain network is a distributed ledger that stores data like cryptocurrency transactions, NFT ownership, and decentralized <keyword id="11895316" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="finance" source="Orion">finance</keyword> (DeFi) smart contracts. This ledger is often referred to as a "chain" comprising "blocks" of data, which are used to verify new data before additional blocks can be added to the ledger.</p><p>This network, on which Bitcoin operates, is groundbreaking because it's a decentralized, trustless, P2P payment network that functions without a central authority or entity facilitating transactions. And altcoins function on the exact same premise as Bitcoin: to operate using this blockchain technology. </p><p>However, there have been some altcoins that have emerged to instead improve on the flaws of Bitcoin or to achieve some other goal. For example, Litecoin was designed by former Google engineer Charlie Lee as a "lite version of Bitcoin."</p><h2><strong>Understanding forks</strong></h2><p>A fork refers to an update in network protocol (the open source software blockchains run on). There are two kinds of forks: a hard fork and soft fork. A soft fork is a minor upgrade to the software, and typically means nothing for users. A hard fork is a major change to the network, and requires users/miners to update to the latest software in order to continue mining. If developers decide they do not like the direction a blockchain network is going in, they can do a hard fork and create a new coin. Since 2009, Bitcoin has seen over <a href="https://mapofcoins.com/bitcoin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">400 hard forks</a>. </p><p><strong>In the news:</strong> In the past year, crypto and celebrity influencers have come under fire for promoting cryptocurrencies. Even social media platforms like TikTok have <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/tiktok-crypto-bitcoin-investing-trading-ban-sponsored-ad-content-branded-2021-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">banned crypto promoters</a> from the platform. </p><p>Here are the two key things to know about altcoins.</p><p><strong>Altcoins are a highly speculative and volatile investment.</strong> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-speculation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Speculation</a> is a powerful driver of the crypto markets so it's important to do your research before investing in any altcoin. Half-baked whims and trading based on rumors are exactly what the experts advise against.</p><p>"An emerging technology like crypto is going to attract people of ill-repute who are looking to make a quick buck off of the new investor," says Ben Armstrong, founder of <a href="https://bitboycrypto.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BitBoy Crypto</a>. "So it's important to be cautious and not fall for the hype of a slick new project, or get FOMO when you see a crypto asset making new all-time highs." </p><p>The decentralized, intangible, and often misunderstood nature of cryptocurrencies in general makes predicting the long-term, steady success of an altcoin project difficult to predict. Some altcoins, like Ethereum, have maintained their position in the market through constant innovation and the strength of their community. Speculation has a more dramatic effect on newer altcoins. External factors like public perception, Bitcoin price fluctuation, or a meme on Reddit can oftentimes cause drastic price fluctuations.</p><p>While the crypto community stands united on its long-term bullish outlook for Bitcoin, the temptation of selling coins for short-term profits is built into the crypto zeitgeist. The crypto community created the term "hodl" in an effort to encourage people to hold on to their crypto assets for the long-term. "Hodl" means "hold on for dear life," and to resist the impulse of selling when the value of their crypto drops or rises.</p><p><strong>Quick tip:</strong> Smart contracts are programs that are stored on blockchain that execute when certain conditions are met.</p><p><strong>Cryptocurrency takes a toll on the environment.</strong> Bitcoin's energy consumption is a well-known flaw. As of August 2021, Bitcoin's energy consumption is 151.57 TWh according to Digiconomist's Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index - that's comparable to what the entirety of Malaysia uses in energy. </p><p>The culprit for the tremendous costs of energy lies with the "proof of work" (PoW) consensus algorithm, which is how transactions are verified. And as Bitcoin mining has become more competitive, the computing power required to profitably mine new bitcoins is represented in factories loaded with servers all working toward solving the network's algorithms.</p><p>The PoW consensus mechanism is responsible for driving the competition for faster and more powerful computational processing power. The faster a miner's computer can complete the formula, the higher their odds of winning a block reward. Over time, miners have developed computer hardware with the sole function of processing the PoW consensus algorithm. </p><p>This has evolved from a miner running a program in the background of their PC to entire mining farms. Miners (or a pool of miners) will buy factories in countries where electricity is cheap and fill them with thousands of mining rigs. The energy required to keep the rigs running 24/7, combined with the fans and coolant systems to prevent overheating and fires, has made crypto mining an environmental disaster.</p><h3><strong>The emergence of "green coins"</strong></h3><p>Bitcoin's carbon footprint has provided an opportunity for altcoins with greener consensus mechanisms to market themselves as "green coins." While proof of work is the main culprit for the Bitcoin energy crisis, blockchains like Ethereum and <a href="https://cardano.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cardano</a> (ADA) operate on proof of stake consensus mechanisms. Compared to the energy-hungry PoW, staking requires no mining in order to participate and earn coins. The success of Ethereum and Cardano prove that people can participate in crypto while being environmentally friendly.</p><p><strong>Quick tip:</strong> Proof of work is the consensus mechanism used by Bitcoin and many other altcoins to audit transactions on the blockchain and "mine" new crypto. Crypto mining is solving computational formulas to audit transactions on the blockchain. Completing the formula means a chance at receiving a newly minted BTC reward. </p><h3>Types of altcoins</h3><p>Over time, there have been many altcoins that have come along. And now, there are the main types:</p><ul><li><strong>Mining-based:</strong> Altcoins that are mining-based are created through the process of mining, like Bitcoin. One example of a mining-based coin is Litecoin.</li><li><strong>Stable coins:</strong> These types of altcoins are a new subset to the crypto market that's meant to reduce volatility. By design, they're digital assets with their value pegged to fiat and physical assets (off-chain) and crypto collateral (on-chain). Algorithmic stablecoins are not backed by on-chain or off-chain assets, but governed by a smart contract at its core.</li><li><strong>Security tokens:</strong> These types of altcoins are a digital or liquid asset that represents an ownership stake in a tangible asset. Stored on a distributed ledger, security tokens are the blockchain-equivalent to shares, but can represent a stake in IP, a car, or property, etc.</li><li><strong>Utility tokens:</strong> Once very popular in the 2017 initial coin offering (ICO) boom, utility tokens are not pegged to any currency or tangible value. In exchange for capital in the early stages of an ICO, investors would receive a quantity of utility tokens in exchange for their investment determined by the company or project owner. The utility tokens will serve as a coupon or voucher after funding to purchase goods and services from the issuer.</li></ul><p><strong>Quick tip: </strong>One of the main benefits of blockchain technology is transparency. If something is on the blockchain, it means it is visible, permanent, and accessible to the public. On-chain typically refers to a transaction that is performed and recorded on the blockchain. Off-chain is a transaction not directly recorded on the blockchain.</p><h2><strong>Staking an altcoin</strong></h2><p>Staking is the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/passive-investing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">passive-investing strategy</a> where an investor holds funds in a cryptocurrency wallet in order to earn rewards over time. When an investor chooses to stake their holdings, the network can use it to forge new blocks on the blockchain. The process of staking supports the process of PoS work because it requires participants to support it. And so stakers are essentially helping to make this happen.</p><p>Also, staking is incredibly energy-efficient - unlike mining. According to the Ethereum Foundation, the latest switch to a PoS system <a href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/05/18/country-power-no-more/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">will reduce energy costs by 99.95%</a>.</p><h2>7 notable altcoins 2021</h2><p>While no altcoin has managed to "dethrone" Bitcoin in value, many projects have proved themselves worthy enough to a global community of investors and developers:</p><h3>1. Ethereum (ETH)</h3><div type="image" title="Ethereum altcoin on green background 2x1" height="835" width="1668" msid="85848268" hostid="261"></div><p>The second-largest blockchain in crypto, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-ethereum" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ethereum's</a> evolution has taken it from an asset to an application. Founded by Vitalik Buterin in 2013, Ethereum is a distributed blockchain platform for smart contracts and dApps (decentralized applications). With its native token, ether (ETH), users can interact with the Ethereum platform. Ether can be traded on most crypto exchanges, used to pay transaction fees, or as collateral for ERC-20 tokens, which have DeFi utility. </p><p>Ethereum's integration with smart contracts via the Solidity programming language has distinguished the project from Bitcoin. A smart contract is a self-executing code that can run on the blockchain.</p><h3>2. Chainlink (LINK)</h3><div type="image" title="Chainlink altcoin on green background 2x1" height="835" width="1668" msid="85848271" hostid="261"></div><p>Launched officially in 2019 on the Ethereum blockchain, Chainlink is a decentralized oracle network that's meant to expand on smart contracts. In a nutshell, it connects smart contracts with "off-chain" data and services. The network is built around the LINK network and token and has two parts: on-chain and off-chain.</p><p>The on-chain component comprises oracle contracts on the Ethereum blockchain, which oversee and process data requests that come in from users. The off-chain component is made up of off-chain oracle nodes that connect to the Ethereum network, which are responsible for processing external requests that are later converted to contracts.</p><h3>3. Aave (AAVE)</h3><div type="image" title="AAVE altcoin on green background 2x1" height="835" width="1668" msid="85848274" hostid="261"></div><p>The AAVE is an open-source DeFi lending protocol that allows anyone to loan or borrow crypto without an intermediary. As a lender, you can deposit funds - which are allocated into a smart contract - where you can earn interest based on how Aave is performing in the market. Making a deposit means you can also borrow by using your deposit as collateral.</p><p>Rebranded from ETHLend following a successful ICO in 2017, Aave switched from a decentralized P2P lending platform into a liquidity pool model. This means loans are acquired from a pool instead of an individual lender. Since 2020, the Aave Protocol has been an open-source and non-custodial liquidity DeFi protocol for earning interest on deposits and borrowing assets. Holders of AAVE can decide on the direction of the project by voting on and discussing proposals.</p><h3>4. Stellar Lumens (XLM)</h3><div type="image" title="Stellar Lumens altcoin on green background 2x1" height="835" width="1668" msid="85848277" hostid="261"></div><p>Stellar is an open-source payment network that doubles as a distributed intermediary blockchain for global financial systems, designed so all the world's financial systems can work together on a single network. Stellar began in 2014 when Ripple co-founder Jed McCaleb disagreed with the direction of the Ripple project. The ethos behind Stellar's development is to make international money transfers possible for the everyday person. </p><p>While Stellar is an open-source network for currencies and payments, Stellar Lumens (XLM) is the circulating native asset on the network. Stellar keeps its ledger in sync using its <a href="https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP)</a>. Instead of relying on a miner network, SCP uses the Federated Byzantine Agreement algorithm, enabling faster transactions.</p><h3>5. Uniswap (UNI)</h3><div type="image" title="Uniswap altcoin on green background 2x1" height="835" width="1668" msid="85848283" hostid="261"></div><p>Uniswap is a decentralized exchange ecosystem built on the Ethereum blockchain. Launched in 2018, Uniswap uses an on-chain automated market maker. One of Uniswap's unique features is that anyone can be a market maker by depositing their assets into a pool and earning fees based on trading activity.</p><p>Uniswap uses an automated market maker protocol that executes trades according to a series of smart contracts. The smart contracts automate price discovery, allowing users to swap one token for another without an intermediary. In traditional finance, market makers are usually brokerage houses with incentives that can cause a conflict of interest.</p><h3>6. PotCoin ($POT)</h3><div type="image" title="Potcoin altcoin on green background 2x1" height="835" width="1668" msid="85848284" hostid="261"></div><p>PotCoin is a Canadian-based digital currency that was launched in 2014 to allow consumers to buy and sell legal cannabis products. PotCoin was introduced as a solution for cannabis enthusiasts and the industry looking to legally transact at a time where banks were unable to do so.</p><p>PotCoin is an open source cryptocurrency forked from the Litecoin core. There are subtle changes to the PotCoin protocol including a shorter block generation time and the increased 420 million max supply of PotCoins. Potcoin switched from a Proof of Work mechanism to Proof of Stake in 2016 to make supporting the network more accessible and less harmful to the environment.</p><h3>7. Litecoin (LTC)</h3><div type="image" title="Litecoin altcoin on green background 2x1" height="835" width="1668" msid="85848288" hostid="261"></div><p>One of the first-generation of altcoins made in 2011, Litecoin is a cryptocurrency based off of Bitcoin. Key things that distinguish Litecoin from Bitcoin include blocktime (four times faster block times than Bitcoin), supply (Litecoin has a max supply of 84 million while Bitcoin max supply of 21 million), its hashing algorithm, and distribution.</p><p>Dubbed the "digital silver" to Bitcoin's "digital gold," Litecoin's goal was to optimize the Litecoin asset while preserving the best parts of Bitcoin.</p><p><strong>Quick tip: </strong><a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The ERC-20 standard</a> is a set of rules applied to smart-contract tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. The flexibility and fungibility of the ERC-20 token allows dApp developers to create utility tokens, security tokens, or stablecoins.</p><h2><strong>The financial takeaway</strong></h2><p>Altcoins have come a long way since 2011, and continue to prove themselves as more than just an "alternative to Bitcoin." The crypto space is a fast-moving and increasingly popular point of interest for investors. Thanks to the innovation and integration of crypto into mainstream business, people can safely and legally buy altcoins on their phone or computer.</p><p>Easy access to the crypto markets doesn't mean it isn't risky. Before investing in an altcoin, ask yourself: have you researched and performed enough due diligence? Would you be able to explain the project to your family or friends at the dinner table? Whether you want to trade altcoins full-time or just "hodl" onto your Bitcoin, the choice is yours. Listening to the experts, evaluating the risks, and assessing your financial goals are keys to investing responsibly.</p><a data-type="600f72e1fdb68e08982d5365">A bitcoin IRA lets you profit from the cryptocurrency's potential gains in a tax-advantaged way</a><a data-type="5fac1720bf96b9125f748159">How to diversify your portfolio to limit losses and guard against risk</a><a data-type="5fdc12cc3617355d27686ece">How to invest in bitcoin: The major ways to buy, their pros and cons, and the strategies to consider</a><a data-type="5fd1032bbca41b06e2352e87">Bitcoin taxes: Understanding the rules and how to report cryptocurrency on your return</a>

Altcoins are the alternative digital currencies to bitcoin - here's what they are and how they work

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Government employees will now be reimbursed for full rail fares for children between 5 to 12 years

BI India Bureau

Altcoins are the alternative digital currencies to bitcoin - here's what they are and how they work

Ryan Austin

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