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One of the most important constitutional mechanisms, a floor test is a kind of motion through which the executive head of the state is put to test if he or she still has the confidence of the legislation. As per the mandates of the Indian Constitution, the Governor appoints the Chief Minister of a State. When a floor test is called for during some critical situations in the state assembly, The Chief Minister of the State has the responsibility to prove that he has the support of the majority of members in the legislature bypassing the floor test. Why a floor test is necessitated If a single party gets the majority of seats in the Assembly that is sufficient to form the government as per the guidelines issued by the Constitution, the Governor invites the person recommended by the winning candidates of the party to take charge as the Chief Minister. If no party is in a position to form the government due to the lacking majority, the Governor appoints the leader heading the single largest party or coalition to pass a vote of confidence to be able to continue as the executive leader of the house. When the Governor orders for a floor test, the chief minister is required to prove that he or she has the support of the majority members and hence has successfully retained the confidence of the house. The floor test is conducted with the participation of the members present and voting. If the floor test or confidence motion fails, the Chief Minister will have to resign his position. Composite floor test Composite floor test happens when more than one person makes a claim to form the government under circumstances when the majority is not clear. A composite floor test is a special session that will assess who has the majority based on the voting of those present and voted and at times, it happens via voice voting also. What happens in a floor test The Chief Minister is expected to move a motion of confidence and win the majority among the members present and voted. The objective of the floor test is to ensure the constitutional process happens in a transparent manner. How voting is conducted in a floor test There are three modes in which the floor test can be administered. In a voice vote, the legislators are asked to respond orally. In case a division vote is ordered for, the voting is done with the use of electronic gadgets, ballot box or slips. A ballot vote is done if secret voting is necessitated. This is similar to how the general elections are conducted. The outcome of a floor test If the floor test fails, the Chief Minister has to resign. If a composite floor test happens and more than one member takes up the floor test, the winning person with the majority will be asked to form the government. If there is a tie, the speaker can cast his or her vote. The role of the pro-tem speaker Before a floor test is conducted, the Governor of the State appoints the longest-serving member of the house as the pro tem speaker who will conduct the floor test.

karnataka politics: What happens when a party fails the floor test

<ul><li>The total count of state government’s rebel legislators is currently at 15 after a defector returned to the ruling coalition. </li><li>The southern state, home to India’s Silicon Valley Bengaluru, has been plunged into a political crisis into its second month now. </li><li>The JDS-Congress coalition led by Chief Minister <keyword id="130290" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="HD-Kumaraswamy">HD Kumaraswamy</keyword> is one side of the battle for control and the BJP is on the other. </li></ul>Bengaluru, famous as India’s Silicon Valley, has been in the news for almost a month for an ugly political drama that has put governance on pause in the state of <keyword id="6354780" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Karnataka">Karnataka</keyword>. All eyes are now on the country’s highest court, which is expected to end the impasse with its verdict tomorrow (July 17). At the heart of the crisis is a battle for control over one of the country’s economically more prosperous states, with the ruling JDS-Congress coalition on one side and the BJP on the other. 16 legislators rebelled against the ruling coalition on July 6, bringing to question whether Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy had enough numbers to remain in power. One of those 16 has now returned into the Congress-JDS fold, leaving the number of rebels at 15, a day before the <keyword id="6354977" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Supreme-Court">Supreme Court</keyword> verdict. The question in front of the Supreme Court is whether these resignations should be accepted by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, who had decided that the rebellion was unconstitutional. Meanwhile, the <keyword id="58687" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Bharatiya-Janata-Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</keyword> (BJP), the main opposition party in Karnataka, has claimed that the existing government should be dissolved because it does not have the required number of legislators backing it in the assembly. "This government is in a minority and that's simple math," senior advocate <keyword id="195903" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mukul-Rohatgi">Mukul Rohatgi</keyword>, the former Attorney General of India between 2014 to 2017 who is now representing the rebel legislators, told the court. Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy has offered to take a floor test to prove his strength and the trust vote will now take place on July 18.

The Supreme Court will give its order to end Karnataka’s political crisis tomorrow

With only weeks from the most important UN climate event or COP27 happening in Egypt's coastal city of Sharm El-Sheikh amid a growing realisation that the impact of climate change is here and the world needs to come together to act now, <keyword id="105681" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="IANS" source="Orion">IANS</keyword> takes a look about how <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword>'s updated climate plan, comprising 45 per cent reduction in emissions intensity by 2030, adds to set a good momentum. According to a new study published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications and authored by researchers at Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), who modelled the Indian power sector transition in a state-wide resolution on an hourly timescale up to 2050 for the first-time, the authors estimated that the cost of electricity can come down by 40 per cent. Solar will become cheaper to be one-fifth of coal by 2030 and one-tenth of it by 2050. They say coal plants will be at a risk of becoming stranded during the transition period as they have very low capacity factors. And coal can phase out from some of the major coal dependent states like <keyword id="6357713" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="uttar-pradesh" source="Orion">Uttar Pradesh</keyword>, Odisha, West Bengal, <keyword id="13126" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="maharashtra" source="Orion">Maharashtra</keyword>, Gujarat and Jharkhand by 2040. "Moving to solar is the obvious choice for <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword>. Not just the cost of solar, the cost of battery storage is expected to drop further making it even easier for grid balancing and managing peak demand. Our study shows that any new investments in fossil fuel based thermal power capacity today is economically unviable and could be a burden for a future flexible power system," Manish Ram, an author of the study, told <keyword id="105681" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="IANS" source="Orion">IANS</keyword>. The recent slew of policies show that India is serious about meeting its 2030 decadal targets, which can set the pathway for its 2070 net-zero decarbonisation, pledged by Prime Minister <keyword id="6354477" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="narendra-modi" source="Orion">Narendra Modi</keyword> in November at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, UK. The draft National Electricity Plan 2022 (NEP2022) sees significant increase in installed solar power capacity by 2027, 2030, and a downward revision of installed coal capacity when compared to Central Electricity Authority's (CEA) Optimal Generation Capacity Mix report that was released in 2020. According to NEP22, solar targets for 2032 have increased by 18 per cent compared to India's earlier estimates. India also increased its battery storage target from 27GW of four-hour storage to 51GW of five-hour storage. Whereas 2031-32 installed coal capacity was reduced by 18GW when compared to CEA's Optimal Generation Capacity Mix 2029-30 report released in 2020. According to the International Energy Agency's 2021 India Energy Outlook, India is on track to reach net-zero emissions beyond the modelling horizon -- in the mid of 2060s. R.R. Rashmi, Distinguished Fellow at The Energy and Resources Institute, said, "We should be focussing on 2030 instead of net-zero in the long run. While net-zero is of course part of the discourse now, it needs to be seen from the context of strategic and sectoral decarbonisation policies, which are part of the long-term strategy and India is also moving in that direction. "Further enhancement of the NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) should await the outcome of the global stocktake, which is about a year away." While there seems to be a positive environment for India's decarbonisation with the political and policy leadership on the front, the market momentum cannot be ignored and it will drive and accelerate this pickup. A CEEW-IEA report analysed that there is a 300 per cent surge in the total value of acquisitions in India's renewable energy sector in the first 10 months of 2021, this signals an enhanced appetite for companies to invest in climate-friendly technologies. Big businesses like Adani and Reliance are betting big on clean energy as the next big pillars of their business portfolios, setting the trends for market and capital. Global energy think tank Ember released its latest analysis last week, showing that India by August had achieved two-thirds of its end of year 175 GW renewable target. Gujarat joined Telangana, Rajasthan and <keyword id="6354780" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="karnataka" source="Orion">Karnataka</keyword> in achieving this target. Four states account for the majority of the shortfall, namely <keyword id="13126" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="maharashtra" source="Orion">Maharashtra</keyword>, <keyword id="6357713" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="uttar-pradesh" source="Orion">Uttar Pradesh</keyword>, Andhra Pradesh, and <keyword id="6355554" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="madhya-pradesh" source="Orion">Madhya Pradesh</keyword>. The analysis shows that solar is becoming mainstream in India. It has experienced strong solar growth in 2022, with new solar installations rising by 22 per cent in the first eight months of the year compared to the same period last year. With the UNFCCC COP27 coming up in November, India's Environment Ministry is in the middle of developing its long-term strategy, which will give shape and contours to the net-zero target by 2070. Experts told IANS while internationally India's NDCs may not seem ambitious enough, domestically it is going much further and keeping the eye on how the next decade will chart the path for 2070.

India 2030 climate targets set momentum ahead of COP27

The Congress coalition government in Karnataka is facing the risk of losing its majority in the state assembly since as many as 13 Congress MLAs and 3 JD MLAs submit their resignations to the Speaker. The total strength of the JD(S)-Congress coalition in Karnataka including those who have submitted their resignations is 118 (Congress-78, JD(S)-37, BSP-1 and Independents-2), in addition to the Speaker. On the other hand, the BJP has a strength of 105 MLAs in the State Assembly. The list of Congress MLAs who were spotted at the Speaker’s office for submitting their resignations are Ramesh Jarkiholi (elected from Gokak), Pratap Gowda Patil (won from Maski), Shivram Hebbar (won from Yellapur), Mahesh Kumathalli (voted from Athani), B C Patil (won from Hirekerur), Byratibasavaraj (elected from K R Puram), S T Soma Shekar (from Yashwanthpur constituency) and Ramalinga Reddy (BTM Layout constituency). The JD(S) MLAs who have resigned are: A H Vishwanath (won from Hunsur), who recently quit his position as the party’s state chief, Narayana Gowda (elected from K R Pet), and Gopalaiah (won from Mahalakshmi Layout). Commenting on the repercussions of the situation, Assembly Speaker Ramesh Kumar said, “Whether the government will fall or survive would be decided in the Assembly“. He also added, “11 of them have submitted resignation letters. I told officials to take the letters and issue acknowledgement...on Tuesday I will go to office and take further action in accordance with rules.” Later, Congress MLA Munirathna who was elected from Rajarajeshwari Nagar also submitted his papers as per the sources of the Assembly Secretariat.

Karnataka rebel MLA list 2019: Know the names of all the MLAs who have resigned from Karnataka assembly

<ul><li>Karnataka confidence motion has got delayed till 11 am today after the house was adjourned yesterday without any <keyword id="6361732" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Trust-Vote">trust vote</keyword>.</li><li>Governor Vajubhai Vala yesterday wrote a letter to CM <keyword id="6358967" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="kumaraswamy">Kumaraswamy</keyword>, directing him to prove his majority in the assembly by 1:30 pm today. </li><li>BJP had announced a night long strike till the voting was not done and stayed overnight in the assembly itself. </li></ul><keyword id="1135113" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Karnataka-political-crisis">Karnataka political crisis</keyword> may finally end today after a day-long drama. The ruling government has managed to dodge the trust vote which requires them to prove majority, by an entire day. But they might not get any more time. The Governor of the state Vajubhai Vala set a deadline today. Vala directed Chief Minister H D Kumaraswamy and Speaker of the assembly, KR Ramesh Kumar to conduct the floor test either before or by 1:30 pm, <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-crisis-live-updates-trust-vote-1571106-2019-07-19">as per reports</a>. The trust vote which was supposed to happen yesterday, was relentlessly delayed by the ruling Congress-JD(S) coalition which might be facing an end of its run. Kumaraswamy will have to prove that his government has majority to carry on, as MLAs have been leaving his fold. BJP party members had staged an overnight dharna or protest over the delay of trust vote. Accusations, speeches and allegations between both Congress and BJP managed to delay the vote, yesterday. Finally, the state’s Governor wrote a letter to CM Kumaraswamy regarding the trust vote after senior BJP MLAs met him at the Raj Bhawan. The case of a kidnapped legislator Yesterday, the Speaker had refused to conduct the trust vote amid allegations by the Congress against the BJP for kidnapping its MLA Shreemant Patil, who had decided to take his resignation back. Speaker Ramesh Kumar had asked home minister MB Patil to give a detailed report of Shreemant after talking to his family. The Speaker said that he had received a letter in this regard named in Patil’s name, saying he would abstain from coming to the house due to health related issues. However, the Speaker asked the present Home Minister of Karnataka, MB Patil to contact Shreemath Pati’s family and give a detailed report by tomorrow. “What kind of a Speaker would I be if I proceed with a document which has no date or letterhead,” said K R Ramesh Kumar. The house was disrupted throughout the day on the issue of trust vote and when it was finally adjourned till today, BJP announced a night long strike in the assembly itself till the voting was not done. “We are demanding voting on the motion but the chief minister is reluctant to take it up as he has confirmed himself that he has lost confidence of the House and the people. Everybody knows Congress-JD(S) coalition has only 98 MLAs, we have 105,” said B S Yeddyurappa, BJP party president. Crisis mode The Karnataka state government went into a crisis mode earlier this month, after 16 of its MLAs from both the parties of the coalition government resigned. For the last two weeks, the political crisis in the state raged on, as Speaker of the Assembly refused to accept them, taking them to court. One of the rebel MLAs, Roshan Baig was also detained at Bengaluru airport and questioned, as he was stopped from taking a chartered flight, a few days back. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/karnataka-trust-voting-is-delayed-by-the-ruling-congress-jds-government-and-the-speaker/articleshow/70278303.cms">Karnataka Chief Minister is hanging on to power by a thread and endless speeches</a>

Karnataka’s trust vote to happen today by 1:30 pm, after relentless overnight drama

<ul><li>The Supreme Court has left the decision on the resignations of the 15 rebel legislators with the Speaker of the Assembly.</li><li>The 15 rebel legislators cannot be forced to participate in <keyword id="130290" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="HD-Kumaraswamy">HD Kumaraswamy</keyword>'s trust vote on Thursday. </li><li>The southern state, home to India’s Silicon Valley Bengaluru, has been plunged into a political crisis last couple of weeks.</li><li>The JDS-Congress coalition led by Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy is one side of the battle for control and the BJP is on the other. </li></ul>India's Supreme Court has ordered that the 15 rebel legislators cannot be forced to participate in the trust vote on Thursday, which will be a setback for Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy who is fighting to stay in power amidst a rebellion within the Congress-Janata Dal (Secular) coalition. "Karnataka Rebel MLAs Cannot Be Compelled To Attend House. No Time Limit Fixed For Speaker's Decision On Resignations," Live Law reported. Bengaluru, famous as India’s Silicon Valley, has been in the news for the last two weeks for an ugly political drama that has put governance on pause in the state of Karnataka. At the heart of the crisis is a battle for control over one of the country’s economically more prosperous states, with the ruling JDS-Congress coalition on one side and the BJP on the other. 16 legislators rebelled against the ruling coalition on July 6, bringing to question whether Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy had enough numbers to remain in power. One of those 16 has now returned into the Congress-JDS fold, leaving the number of rebels at 15, a day before the Supreme Court verdict. The question in front of the Supreme Court was whether these resignations should be accepted by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, who had decided that the rebellion was unconstitutional. Meanwhile, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the main opposition party in Karnataka, has claimed that the existing government should be dissolved because it does not have the required number of legislators backing it in the assembly. Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy has offered to take a floor test to prove his strength and the trust vote will now take place on July 18. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/karnataka-cm-kumaraswamy-puts-up-a-brave-front-but-rebel-mlas-lawyer-says-government-is-in-a-minority/articleshow/70240597.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Karnataka CM Kumaraswamy puts up a brave front, but rebel MLAs lawyer says government is in a minority</a>

Supreme Court order may have made it tough for Kumaraswamy government to stay in power in Karnataka

<ul><li>The Supreme Court has directed the 10 rebellious Congress MLAs to speak to <keyword id="6354780" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Karnataka">Karnataka</keyword> assembly speaker at 6 pm today. </li><li>As many as 16 MLAs — including 6 from Janata Dal (JD) — have offered resignation. </li><li>The MLAs accused assembly speaker Ramesh Kumar for not accepting their resignation.</li></ul>Amid the ongoing <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-political-crisis-live-updates-july-11-2019/article28367385.ece">political crisis over mass resignations in Karnataka</a>, the Supreme Court directed the 10 rebellious Congress MLAs to stand before the Karnataka Assembly Speaker at 6 pm today. Until then, the Apex court asked the Karnataka DGP to provide protection to the MLAs — including Pratap Gouda Patil, Ramesh Jarkhiholi, Byrati Basavaraj, BC Patil, ST Somashekar, Arbail Sivaram Hebbar, Mahesh Kumathalli, K Gopalaiah, HD Vishwanath and Narayan Gowda. 
 
 
 
 
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 All India Congress Committee(AICC) registered a complaint against them for illegally staying at a hotel in Mumbai. The MLAs alleged that Ramesh Kumar, the Karnataka Assembly Speaker was not willing to accept their resignation, even when they are in accordance with the provisions in the Indian constitution. As many as 16 MLAs — including 6 from <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-crisis-sc-asks-rebel-mlas-to-appear-before-speaker-at-6pm/articleshow/70169817.cms">Janata Dal (JD)</a> — have tendered resignations. This comes after the resignation by Congress MLA R Roshan Baig, which happened on Tuesday. "I don't understand what is the urgency for BJP. There have been instances where such impasses have taken months to be resolved. Whatever the pressure, I am not going to move an inch away from the law and procedure," Speaker K R Ramesh Kumar told The Hindu. A bench headed by Chief Justice <keyword id="245445" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ranjan-Gogoi">Ranjan Gogoi</keyword> will conclude on the resignation from the rebel MLAs. “We are now 15 MLAs who want to resign but there is no formal acceptance by Speaker. Idea is not to defect, but resign so that we can go back to public and contest,” said Mukul Rohatagi, former Attorney General appealed to the bench on behalf of the resigned MLAs. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/age-profile-and-professions-of-indias-parliamentarians-in-seventeenth-lok-sabha/articleshow/69572150.cms">Age, profile, and professions of India's Parliamentarians tell the story of a slowly evolving nation</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/karnataka-political-crisis-cm-back-from-the-us-to-save-his-coalition-government-from-falling/articleshow/70122039.cms">Karnataka political crisis: CM back from the US to save his coalition government from falling</a>

Assembly speaker uncertain on authenticity of resignations after meeting karnataka’s rebel MLAs

<keyword id="6355111" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Sushma-Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</keyword> had a very long political career. She came to the peak of her fame when she served the <keyword id="6354477" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Narendra-Modi">Narendra Modi</keyword> government 2014 as the External Affairs Minister. Known to the whole world as the most compassionate external affairs minister, she was quick to reach out to people during their difficult times with the right kind of intervention which the media and a lot of people admired. This fact made her stand out several times on the top headlines on the news channels and print media. Here is an outline of her most commendable and successful political career. Beginnings of her political career Sushma Swaraj began her political career in 1970 when she joined Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarti Parishad (ABVP). She was also an active member in RSS. The youngest cabinet minister In 1977, Sushma took charge as the cabinet minister in the Janata Party Government under Devi Lal as the Chief Minister. At that time, she was the youngest cabinet minister assuming the office at the age of 25. She had the honor of bagging the many firsts in her political career In 1979, Sushma became the Janata Party’s Haryana State President at the young age of 27. She has several firsts as a female occupying the positions of the spokesperson of a national party in India, the general secretary, leader of opposition, minister of external affairs and union cabinet minister. She was also the first female chief minister of Delhi for a short period in 1998 (from October 13 to December 3). Gave a strict opposition to Sonia Gandhi in 1999 In just 12 days of her campaign against Sonia Gandhi, Sushma managed to get 358,000 votes in the Bellary Constituency of Karnataka. Sushma lost only with a small margin of 7% votes. This was her popularity among the masses. An outstanding parliamentarian She was the first female to bag the award of ‘Outstanding parliamentarian’ in 2004. She was elected as an MP for seven times and as the member of legislative assembly for 3 times. The second woman to become the External Affairs Minister When she became the External Affairs Minister in 2014 Modi government, she was the second one to assume the office after Indira Gandhi. After serving from this position for five years, she took back from contesting in the election on health grounds during 2019 Lok Sabha elections. The closing day tweet On the last day of her life on the earth, she tweeted, “Thank You Prime Minister. Thank you very much. I was waiting to see this day in my lifetime”, registering her happiness over the successful passing of the bill that split Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories. A highly venerated politician passes away When she passed away due to cardiac arrest on Tuesday, August 6, 2019, she was heralded as the most charismatic leader and many people tweeted she will be remembered forever in the pages of the nation’s history for the commendable work she had accomplished for the country and the BJP party. Narendra Modi praises her political life Praising her talents and contribution as a minister, Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted on her death, “An excellent administrator, Sushma Ji set high standards in every ministry she handled. She played a key role in bettering India’s ties with various nations. As a minister, we also saw her compassionate side, helping fellow Indians who were in distress in any part of the world.”

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karnataka politics: What happens when a party fails the floor test

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The Supreme Court will give its order to end Karnataka’s political crisis tomorrow

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Karnataka rebel MLA list 2019: Know the names of all the MLAs who have resigned from Karnataka assembly

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Karnataka’s trust vote to happen today by 1:30 pm, after relentless overnight drama

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