Best printers for Home

Best Mixer Grinder

Best wired Earphones

Best 43 Inch TV in India

Best Wi Fi Routers

Best Home Theatre in India

Smart Watch under 5000

Best Laptops for Education

Best Laptop for Students

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="2185641" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Naoya-Inoue">Naoya Inoue</keyword> advanced his unbeaten record to 20 wins on Saturday with the 17th knockout of his career struck against <keyword id="441450" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Jason-Maloney">Jason Maloney</keyword>.</li><li>The bout took place in <keyword id="2349386" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="top-rank">Top Rank</keyword>'s sanitized bubble in Las Vegas and highlights Inoue's reputation as one of the world's best boxers today.</li><li>Mikaela Mayer also featured on the show, outpointing her opponent Ewa Brodnicka to earn the WBO female junior lightweight world championship.</li><li>Watch the highlights of Inoue's seventh-round victory below.</li></ul>Naoya Inoue scored a brutal knockout on Halloween, thumping Jason Moloney in the seventh-round of a Top Rank-promoted event in Las Vegas.One of the best boxers in the world today, Inoue entered the MGM Grand bubble one year after his last outing — one in which he won and claimed the World <keyword id="6362171" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Boxing">Boxing</keyword> Super Series bantamweight championship.Against Maloney, he went to work straight away, hitting the Australian with head-popping uppercuts, body-bending straight rights, and a counter left hand which floored Maloney in the sixth round.In the seventh, the finish came when Inoue cracked a precise right into Maloney's face, which buckled his body, weakening his legs, and left him down for the count.Maloney attempted to rise as the referee Kenny Bayless counted over his body but he could barely get to his knees before dizziness overwhelmed him.It was all over. Inoue had won.Watch highlights from Inoue's knockout victory here:Inoue advanced his professional boxing record to 20 wins unbeaten (17 knockouts) with the win, and said: "The final punch, the finishing punch, I'm very happy and satisfied with that punch." Top Rank founder and CEO Bob Arum said: "The Monster is a special fighter. I haven't seen a young fighter like that in a long time. And credit to Jason Moloney for fighting like a warrior. He gave it his absolute best."Elsewhere on the card, Mikaela Mayer beat Ewa Brodnicka by unanimous decision to win the WBO female junior lightweight world championship.After outpointing her opponent, Mayer said: "I want to unify this division. I won't want to wait around. I want to do it right away. Terri Harper told me to get a belt. Eddie Hearn told me to get a belt."I have the WBO belt now, so let's make that fight happen. I want Terri Harper next."Read more:<a href="https://www.insider.com/watch-gervonta-davis-score-starbuilding-ko-over-leo-santa-cruz-2020-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Heavy-hitting American boxer Gervonta Davis takes another big step to superstardom with a horrifying KO win</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/conor-mcgregor-marveled-at-gervonta-davis-after-his-vicious-knockout-2020-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conor McGregor marveled at the 'incredible' Gervonta Davis after the American boxer scored a 'vicious' knockout</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/mike-tyson-roy-jones-jr-annoyed-fighting-2-minute-rounds-2020-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mike Tyson and Roy Jones Jr. are annoyed their boxing exhibition will have 2-minute rounds, as they think they're 'for women'</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/regis-prograis-on-zion-williamson-pelicans-adrien-broner-title-fight-2020-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American boxer Regis Prograis had an omen ahead of his only loss but now dreams of mega fights in his home city</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/ramla-ali-meghan-markles-favorite-boxer-makes-pro-debut-saturday-2020-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Meghan Markle's favorite boxer, Ramla Ali, makes her professional debut during a Matchroom-promoted event Saturday</a>

Naoya Inoue, nicknamed 'Monster,' scored a scary knockout on Halloween boxing against Jason Moloney

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Chronic <keyword id="131596" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Lyme-disease">Lyme disease</keyword>, or post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, occurs when symptoms of Lyme disease persist for at least six months after treatment. </li><li>Symptoms of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome include impaired memory and disrupted sleep. </li><li>Here's how to get a diagnosis and seek proper treatment for post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. </li><li>This article <a href="https://www.insider.com/insider-medical-review-board" target="_blank" rel="noopener">was medically reviewed</a> by <a href="https://health.tamu.edu/experts/jason-mcknight.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jason R. McKnight</a>, MD, MS, a family medicine physician and clinical assistant professor at <a href="https://medicine.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Texas A&amp;M College of Medicine</a>. </li></ul><a href="https://www.insider.com/lyme-disease-symptoms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lyme disease</a> is the country's <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">most common</a> vector-borne illness, which are diseases spread by blood-feeding arthropods like mosquitos, fleas, or ticks. It can typically be resolved with a brief round of antibiotics. But, for some people symptoms may stick around long after treatment and interfere with daily activities. Here's what you need to know about post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, sometimes referred to as chronic Lyme disease.<h2>What is chronic Lyme disease, or post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome? </h2>Chronic Lyme disease is an umbrella term that includes undiagnosed Lyme cases, as well as individuals with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). PTLDS <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/8/4/269/htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">occurs when</a> symptoms of Lyme disease persist for at least six months after treatment. It's difficult to say how long symptoms of PTLDS linger because some people may never recover, says <a href="https://lymediseaseassociation.org/lda-conferences/lda-conf-2016/2016-conference-biographies/elizabeth-l-maloney-md/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elizabeth Maloney, MD</a>, a Minnesota family practice physician and president of the <a href="https://www.partnershipfortick-bornediseaseseducation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Partnership for Tick-Borne Diseases</a>. Recent studies <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2017.00224/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">have</a> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/acn/article-abstract/34/4/455/5045218?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener">shown</a> <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng95/evidence/l-management-of-ongoing-symptoms-%20related-to-lyme-disease-pdf-172521756184" target="_blank" rel="noopener">that</a> people may experience symptoms several years after treatment. In recent decades, scientists and doctors have hotly debated the legitimacy of chronic Lyme disease due to uncertainty over what's causing the symptoms — a lingering infection or an overactive immune response — often leaving patients feeling frustrated and neglected. Therefore, most physicians <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/lyme-disease-resolving-the-lyme-wars-2018061814071" target="_blank" rel="noopener">prefer</a> PTLDS to describe lingering Lyme symptoms, rather than the vague and <a href="https://theconversation.com/chronic-lyme-disease-does-it-exist-129288" target="_blank" rel="noopener">controversial phrase</a> "chronic Lyme."<h2>What are the symptoms of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome? </h2>PTLDS causes a broad range of symptoms that manifest throughout the body. Symptoms may vary depending on if someone has already received treatment. <div type="image" title="Disease symptoms 06" height="6315" width="5001" msid="77685370" hostid="261"></div><h2>What causes Lyme disease? </h2>Lyme disease is caused by an infected tick bite that <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">introduces</a> the Lyme disease bacteria into the bloodstream. Ticks <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">can bite</a> any part of the human body, but commonly go for hidden areas like the scalp, armpits, and groin. Ticks <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-tick-bites/basics/art-20056671" target="_blank" rel="noopener">must usually be attached</a> for at least 36 hours to transmit Lyme disease. Then, the bacterium quickly leaves the bloodstream and moves into tissues, sometimes triggering symptoms like <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/lymecarditis.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">heart problems</a> and <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/chronic-lyme-arthritis-a-mystery-solved-2019100317959" target="_blank" rel="noopener">arthritis</a>.Learn more about <a href="https://www.insider.com/tick-bite-symptoms-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">how to spot and treat a tick bite</a>.<h2>Can someone who's been treated for Lyme disease still have Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome? </h2>Physicians <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657841/#R5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">usually</a> prescribe Lyme patients with a two to four week course of oral antibiotics. This resolves the majority of cases, says <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/eugene_shapiro/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eugene Shapiro</a>, MD, a professor of pediatrics and epidemiology at Yale University. However, PTLDS could manifest when antibiotics fail to clear an infection and its related symptoms.Because traces of the bacteria rapidly disappear from an individual's blood, testing for residual post-treatment infection is challenging, says <a href="https://tnprc.tulane.edu/faculty/monica-e-embers-phd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Monica Embers</a>, PhD, director of vector-borne disease research at Tulane University's National Primate Research Center.When patients face possible post-treatment complications, tests can't indicate whether these symptoms are driven by Lyme — versus something else entirely. According to Embers, current antibody tests are only about 50% to 60% accurate, but they grow more sensitive four or more weeks after the initial infection as people further <a href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/66/7/1133/4706288" target="_blank" rel="noopener">develop antibodies</a>. "What's desperately needed is a diagnostic test that can be used in chronic patients to demonstrate that they have had Lyme disease or continue to have a persistent infection, and we don't have that right now," says Embers. <h2>What causes post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome? </h2>There are a few different theories as to why some Lyme disease patients experience persisting symptoms, while others do not. These include: <ul><li>Effects on immune system and tissues: Lyme disease might impair the immune system, Maloney says. In trying to fight off the infection, the immune system may attack itself and <a href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/64/7/930/2880723" target="_blank" rel="noopener">worsen inflammation</a>, possibly causing arthritis. More broadly, Lyme can cause complications like <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00057/full?&amp;utm_source=Email_to_authors_&amp;utm_medium=Email&amp;utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&amp;utm_campaign=Email_publication&amp;field=&amp;journalName=Frontiers_in_Medicine&amp;id=524338rs_in_Medicine&amp;id=524338" target="_blank" rel="noopener">memory loss and numbness</a> as the bacteria continues to spread. </li><li>Persistent bacterial infection: PTLDS may occur if initial antibiotic treatment fails to clear the infection. But, until researchers find a way to detect <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/lyme-disease-diagnostics-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lingering bacteria</a> within the human body, there's no way to be sure whether Lyme stuck around.</li></ul><ul><li>Not Lyme disease-related: It's always possible that symptoms like fatigue and joint pain have completely unrelated causes, Shapiro says, particularly because some of these manifestations are not highly specific. But studies have begun to pinpoint a <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/8/4/269/htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">distinct set</a> of PTLDS symptoms that might rule out other issues.</li></ul><h2>How common is post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome? </h2>Even after receiving the standard Lyme disease antibiotic treatment, about 10% to 20% of patients experience persisting <a href="https://www.discoverymedicine.com/Jie-Feng/2019/03/persister-biofilm-microcolony-borrelia-burgdorferi-causes-severe-lyme-arthritis-in-mouse-model/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">symptoms</a>. In 2016, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6480773/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">there were</a> up to 1.5 million PTLDS cases in the US. Historically, US Lyme cases have been undercounted, says Embers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have traditionally reported annual cases — about <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/9/15-0417_article" target="_blank" rel="noopener">45,000 per year</a> between 2005 and 2010 — based on physicians' data. A <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/9/15-0417_article" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2015 analysis</a> of <keyword id="6354750" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="health">health</keyword> insurance records published in Emerging Infectious Diseases estimated around 329,000 annual Lyme diagnoses over the same period. If the CDC is missing a significant number of Lyme cases, they're likely to overlook the prevalence of PTLDS.Another factor that obscures PTLDS cases is misdiagnosis. Because the full spectrum of PTLDS symptoms still isn't fully understood, it is commonly mistaken with other conditions, says Maloney.Symptoms of PTLDS like fatigue and brain fog are also associated with <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490" target="_blank" rel="noopener">chronic fatigue syndrome</a> and <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354780" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fibromyalgia</a>, making it easy for doctors to misdiagnose."Those labels might be labels of convenience because patients and physicians want to know what's making someone sick," Maloney says. "Since there's so much controversy in Lyme disease, some of these people will … just call it fibromyalgia and deal with it that way."<h2>How do you treat post-treatment Lyme disease?</h2>Research has found that antibiotics are <a href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/61/10/1536/302650" target="_blank" rel="noopener">likely ineffective</a> to treat PTLDS, particularly for extended periods of time. And long-term antibiotic use can prove harmful: These medications could eventually hinder gut function, elicit antibiotic resistance, or cause infections at the IV site, says Shapiro.Studies have looked into existing drugs like <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03891667" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antabuse</a> — an alcoholism treatment — as well as <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5102277/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">intravenous immunoglobulin therapy</a>, which is typically used for immune system disorders. However, there's <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postlds/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">no clinically proven treatment</a> for PTLDS.<h2>Takeaways</h2>Lyme disease may persist long after initial treatment, but current testing methods can't yet confirm whether chronic symptoms like fatigue, joint pain, and brain fog are connected to ongoing infections. To protect yourself from Lyme, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/avoid/on_people.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">take precautions</a> like wearing <a href="https://www.consumerreports.org/insect-repellent/how-to-use-permethrin-on-clothing-safely/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">repellant</a> and performing body checks when in a <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/resources/ReportedCasesofLymeDisease_2018-P.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">high-risk area</a>. If you <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">suspect an infection</a>, make an appointment with your doctor.<h2 id="related-articles-from-our-health-reference-library:">Related articles from <a href="https://www.insider.com/health-reference" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Health Reference:</a></h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/lyme-disease-symptoms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The symptoms of Lyme disease and why it's important to pay attention to them</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/allergic-reaction-to-mosquito-bites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Skeeter Syndrome is a rare condition that makes you allergic to mosquito bites</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/does-bug-spray-expire" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bug spray can expire, but it depends on the active ingredient</a></li></ul>

Chronic Lyme disease is a rare, but serious condition — here's how to know if you have it

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The conveyor belt of <keyword id="6362171" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Boxing">boxing</keyword> talent in Japan has produced another superstar for tomorrow.</li><li>Meet <keyword id="10253066" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="junto-nakatani">Junto Nakatani</keyword>, a 22-year-old baby-faced assassin who mercilessly destroyed Giemel Magramo in a flyweight championship fight at the storied Korakuen Hall in Tokyo on Friday.</li><li>Nakatani advanced his undefeated pro boxing record to 21 wins (16 knockouts) and then put the 112-pound division on notice by saying he wants unification bouts against fellow titleholders.</li><li>Insider has two Japanese boxers ranked in our list of the top-15 fighters in the world today, and it may not be long before a youngster like Nakatani edges himself closer to those wildly-decorated champions.</li></ul>A baby-faced assassin from Japan could be the next big thing in boxing's lighter weight classes after he smashed a ranked contender to smithereens.22-year-old Junto Nakatani is already the WBO world flyweight champion with an undefeated pro record of 21 wins (16 knockouts0, and on November 6 he laid down a marker.His knockout win at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo was noteworthy as it was struck against Giemel Magramo — a fighter who had never been stopped in his pro career and was ranked within the top five at 112-pounds.Nakatani showed an expert appreciation of range and dictated the pace throughout a bout in which he lasered a variety of punches onto Magramo's liver, ribs, and skull.His ability to rarely be seen off-balance while creating angles to pepper his opponent with pin-point punches is a skillset that could see him continue to impress against tough opposition.Nakatani finished the Filipino in the eighth round with a sequence of left hands, after also knocking him down in the seventh.Magramo's recovery will no doubt be long and painful as he wakes up this week with headaches before clutching his body and cursing Nakatini. But the youngster will care little, as he looks at what is next for him."I landed some good punches in the first round," Nakatani said <a href="https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20201106/p2g/00m/0sp/155000c" target="_blank" rel="noopener">according to The Mainichi</a>, which is one of Japan's major newspapers."Magramo is a good fighter but I had a good approach. He is really tough, but I was able to establish a good distance from him and in that sense I felt I boxed well."Nakatani said on the night that, now he's a champion in the flyweight division, he will actively seek out other titleholders for major challenges at 112-pounds."I have to look toward other objectives, and one of those is to win a title unification fight," he said.Boxing website <a href="https://www.badlefthook.com/2020/11/6/21553212/junto-nakatani-beats-down-giemel-magramo-claim-wbo-flyweight-title-boxing-news" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bad Left Hook</a> was so blown away by Nakatani's performance that it opened its fight report by remarking: "Japan could have a real star on its hands."It later highlighted the fighter's movement, the timing of his punches, and a mean streak which could see him become one of his country's most prominent boxers.<h2>Nakatani hails from the land of the rising boxer</h2><div type="image" title="Naoya Inoue pound for pound" height="1488" width="2000" msid="79149583" hostid="261"></div>Japan has long been regarded as a conveyor belt of top tier talent in the lighter weight classes.Only a few fights carry international broadcast partners, though, which means boxing fans in territories like the US and UK rely on social media accounts, trusted websites, and YouTube clips for intel on who's hot and who's not.Regardless of the low visibility of Japan's fighters in the west, the country still produces athletes who challenge the division's best.Two <a href="https://www.insider.com/who-are-the-best-pound-for-pound-boxers-in-the-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Japanese fighters already populate Insider's list of the top-15 boxers</a> in the world today.Our world No.15 boxer, Kosei Tanaka, is a three-weight world boxing champion at 25, and <a href="https://www.asianboxing.info/asian-news/kazuto-ioka-vs-kosei-tanaka-is-official-for-new-years-eve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AsianBoxing.info</a> recently announced that the fighter will move into the super flyweight division to challenge for a title in a fourth weight class when he takes on Kazuto Ioka, the WBO's champion at 118-pounds.The fight will take place inside Tokyo's Ota-City General Gymnasium on December 31 — the most celebrated date on the Japanese combat <keyword id="6356028" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="sports">sports</keyword> calendar.Insider also has Naoya Inoue ranked as our No.2 — second only to Saul "Canelo" Alvarez.Inoue is a World Boxing Super Series champion in the bantamweight division, has an obscene amount of technical skill to compliment his punching power, and recently demolished Jason Maloney in only his second fight in America.Inoue this year signed with the Las Vegas-based Top Rank promoter, one of the most powerful boxing companies on the planet, and his visibility will now likely increase substantially.With Tanaka, another top-tier talent Kenshiro Teraji, and rising star Nakatani, Inoue may well be joined inside the world's top-10 fighters by one of his countrymen in the near future.Read more:<a href="https://www.insider.com/video-meng-bo-poleaxes-opponent-with-fierce-one-punch-knockout-2020-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A 24-year-old fighter poleaxed her opponent with a manipulative one-punch knockout, stealing the One Championship show</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/photos-max-pain-griffin-almost-rips-ufc-opponents-ear-off-2020-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">An American fighter nicknamed 'Pain' almost ripped his opponent's ear off during a UFC fight, and we've got photos to prove it</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/conor-mcgregor-predicts-hell-demolish-dustin-poirier-in-january-fight-2020-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UFC confirms Conor McGregor and Dustin Poirier's fight is official, and the Irishman is already predicting a 1st round KO</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/chatri-sityodtong-talks-about-buchecha-marcus-almeida-2020-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chatri Sityodtong says 'Buchecha' Almeida could compete in 2 One Championship divisions at once, marveling at his biggest 2020 signing</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/video-naoya-monster-inoue-scores-scary-knockout-on-halloween-2020-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Naoya Inoue, nicknamed 'Monster,' scored a scary knockout on Halloween boxing against Jason Moloney</a>

A Japanese boxer is being tipped for stardom after the 22-year-old smashed a ranked contender to smithereens

WHIP COUNT: Here's which members of the House voted for and against impeaching Trump

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Season four of "<keyword id="2328640" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="the-crown">The Crown</keyword>" is available to stream on <keyword id="128682" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Netflix">Netflix</keyword>.</li><li>Peter Morgan, the show's creator, introduces characters like Princess Diana and Margaret Thatcher in the newest installment of episodes. </li><li>While viewers can certainly jump into the episodic series without watching the first three seasons, it's helpful to know some of the backstory. </li><li>Insider created a list of 9 plot points to know before tuning into season four of "The Crown."</li></ul>Season four of Netflix's "<a href="https://www.insider.com/category/the-crown">The Crown</a>" showcases all of the costumes, castles, and corgis that dominated the fictional historical drama's first three seasons. However, the newest episodes, which are set <a href="https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2020-11-15/the-crown-season-4-release-date/#:~:text=The%20fourth%20season%20starts%20at,is%20still%20unmarried%20at%2030%E2%80%A6">between 1979 and 1990</a>, have sparked interest even from those who haven't watched the show thanks to the introduction of two new characters: <a href="https://www.insider.com/category/princess-diana">Princess Diana</a> (Emma Corrin) and former British Prime Minister <a href="https://www.insider.com/category/margaret-thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (Gillian Anderson). Since "The Crown" is an episodic series, it's possible to jump into the fourth season without bingeing the first 30 hours of the show. There are several plot points that newcomers should know before tuning in, however. If you've never seen an episode of "The Crown" (or you just need a refresher), here are 9 things you should know before watching season four.<h2>The show centers around the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II</h2><div type="image" title="the crown" height="2659" width="3988" msid="79826501" hostid="261"></div>If there's anything that viewers should know before turning on season four of "The Crown," it's that the hierarchy within the <keyword id="158099" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="British-royal-Family">British royal family</keyword> is of the utmost importance to the characters.While all members may be <keyword id="6418563" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Royals">royals</keyword>, there's a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-family-tree-british-monarchy-house-of-windsor-2018-5">clear ranking dictated by the family tree</a>. The monarch and head of state sits at the top of this invisible pyramid, so it makes sense that the Netflix drama hones in on the eye of the storm: Queen Elizabeth II (Olivia Colman). Viewers enter season one of "The Crown" in 1947, roughly five years before the transition from King George VI to Elizabeth (then played by Claire Foy), who <a href="https://www.insider.com/cast-of-the-crown-vs-real-royal-family-2016-11#heres-what-the-queen-really-looked-like-at-her-coronation-in-1953-she-was-25-years-old-2">was only 25</a> when she ascended the throne in real life.Elizabeth's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/things-queen-elizabeth-ii-has-the-power-to-do-2018-6">power as the Queen</a> - and how she commands those she outranks, including her husband, Prince Philip (Tobias Menzies) - drives the show's plot.Her and Philip's eldest son, Prince Charles (Josh O'Connor), is the heir to the throne, meaning he's also a primary focus on "The Crown."<h2>Elizabeth became queen earlier than expected after her father, King George VI, died at 56</h2><div type="image" title="the crown claire for" height="2128" width="3200" msid="79826507" hostid="261"></div>Even though the line of succession may seem like it's set in stone, "The Crown" outlines the roundabout way that Elizabeth ended up on the throne. Her uncle, Edward VIII, was the King before her father, George VI.However, Edward <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/edward-viii-abdicates#:~:text=After%20ruling%20for%20less%20than,American%20divorc%C3%A9e%20Wallis%20Warfield%20Simpson.">abdicated</a> in 1936, less than a year into his reign, so that he could marry an American divorcee named Wallis Simpson. Because the Church of England <a href="https://www.the-sun.com/lifestyle/269703/edward-viiis-abdication-to-become-duke-of-windsor-explained/">condemned</a> the King's decision to be with a woman that had two living ex-husbands, Edward chose love over title.While Edward's abdication took place before season one of "The Crown," the show's first three seasons show the former King and his wife exiled in France before Edward (Derek Jacobi) died in season three. Since the former King had no children when he abdicated, his younger brother, George, became the monarch in 1936, and Elizabeth, George's eldest daughter, became the heir apparent. And though the young royal was groomed to eventually become the Queen from the time her father took the throne, duty called earlier than expected when George fell ill in his mid-50s and underwent a lung operation, as seen in the first two episodes of the series.The King failed to recover and died in episode two of season one, leaving Elizabeth to ascend the throne with little notice. <h2>Elizabeth has a 'special relationship' with each Prime Minister but is supposed to remain politically neutral</h2><div type="image" title="olivia colman the crown" height="2664" width="3996" msid="79826509" hostid="261"></div>According to the <a href="https://www.royal.uk/queen-and-government">royal family's website</a>, the Queen has a "special relationship" with each prime minister in real life.She holds the ability to "appoint" the leaders who have the confidence of a majority of the House of Commons, inviting them to form a government in her name. The monarch also meets one-on-one with the prime minister on a regular basis, which is shown on the first three seasons of "The Crown."Perhaps most importantly, the Queen is required to remain politically neutral at all times, a practice that Elizabeth comes to master on the show. In fact, her grandmother, Queen Mary (Eileen Atkins), taught her that "to do nothing is the hardest job of all" on the fourth episode of season one."To be imperial is not natural, not human. People will always want you to smile or agree or frown, and the minute you do you will have declared a position, a point of view. And that is the one thing as sovereign that you are not entitled to do," Atkin's Mary told her granddaughter in the series.As viewers watch the Queen grow into her role, they witness her form various relationships with the many prime ministers elected during her reign, including Winston Churchill (John Lithgow), Anthony Eden (Jeremy Northam), Harold MacMillan (Anton Lesser), Edward Heath (Michael Maloney), and Harold Wilson (Jason Watkins). In season four, she's poised to work with Margaret Thatcher (Gillian Anderson), the country's first female prime minister.<h2>Philip was seen as an outsider when he married into the family</h2><div type="image" title="the crown prince philip" height="2664" width="3996" msid="79826513" hostid="261"></div>Before joining the British royal family in 1947, Philip was Greek and Danish royalty. And though he was born a prince, he still had to make some changes before marrying Elizabeth.In the series' first episode, Philip (then played by Matt Smith) stripped his former title and citizenship in preparation for the wedding. He adopted the surname Mountbatten, which <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/who-knew-mountbatten-windsor-is-kind-of-the-british-royal-familys-last-name/#:~:text=Prince%20Phillip%2C%20who%20was%20the,Mountbatten%20from%20his%20maternal%20grandparents.">came from Elizabeth's maternal grandparents</a>, and joined the Church of England. Though he completed all the steps to become naturalized, he was still seen as somewhat of an outsider even after he joined the family. And although viewers are aware that Philip comes from a foreign background, they don't learn about the character's upbringing or family history until the ninth episode of season two, during which the show's writers chronicle his traumatic childhood.After Philip's family fled Greece to escape a period of political upheaval, his mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg (Jane Lapotaire), experienced mental health issues and was involuntarily institutionalized.His father, Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (Guy Williams), wasn't a major figure in his life, so Philip became very close to his older sister, Princess Cecilie (Leonie Benesch), who died in a tragic plane crash. Not only was Philip essentially orphaned at a young age, but his father publicly blamed him for his sister's death at her funeral on the show. <h2>Elizabeth and Philip dealt with marital struggles throughout the show's early seasons</h2><div type="image" title="the crown season three" height="5792" width="8688" msid="79826519" hostid="261"></div>In the early days of their marriage, the onscreen couple faced their own challenges behind closed doors. Philip, who saw the public's opinion turn against his own family in Greece, encouraged Elizabeth to modernize several royal traditions during season one, like televising her coronation and opting out of the custom requiring him to bow down to her.And while Elizabeth agreed to some of his requests, she was pressured to reject others to preserve tradition, leaving Philip disgruntled. The tension between the couple grew so much that Philip was sent on a five-month-long overseas tour in Australia, where it's insinuated that he was unfaithful to his wife, in 1957. When they reunited during the third episode of season two, Philip referred to their marriage as a "prison," however they both agreed that divorce wasn't an option given their positions in the royal family. And while the Duke of Edinburgh continued to face the occasional identity crisis well into the show's third season, Elizabeth and Philip seemed to hit their stride by the season finale.<h2>Princess Margaret was forbidden from marrying the man she loved and instead tied the knot - and eventually divorced - a photographer</h2><div type="image" title="the crown princess margaret tony" height="3280" width="4928" msid="79826530" hostid="261"></div>Princess Margaret (currently played by Helena Bonham Carter), the Queen's younger sister, spent much of season one and two lusting after her forbidden lover Peter Townsend (Ben Miles), a married air force officer that worked as an equerry for her father when they met. Elizabeth promised her sister that they could marry if they waited two years, when Margaret <a href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/news/a8139/princess-margaret-peter-townsend-love-affair/">would be 25 and no longer need the Queen's consent</a>.However, Elizabeth, whose title also made her the Head of the Church of England, backtracked on her word during season two due to pressure from the Church and government, making Margaret choose between Peter and her place in the royal family. "I'll never forgive her," the princess told Townsend during the season one finale. .And though Margaret vowed never to marry again when she said goodbye to Peter, she eventually tied the knot to a photographer named Antony "Tony" Armstrong-Jones in season two. As tensions escalated between the couple during season three, they both began affairs and ultimately parted ways. In the midst of a blowup between her and Tony on the season three finale, Margaret overdosed on a drug called nitrazepam. Though the incident was never explicitly stated to be a suicide attempt, the princess told Elizabeth that she "possibly" meant to take a "critical" amount of the pills. <h2>Charles' strained relationship with his father, Philip, caused him to lean on his Uncle Dicky</h2><div type="image" title="the crown prince charles" height="3884" width="5826" msid="79826540" hostid="261"></div>Philip has had a complicated relationship with Charles since the child was born on "The Crown." Described as "uncommonly shy" and "delicate" on episode nine of season two, Charles is somewhat of a mystery to his father. Trying to toughen up his son, Philip pushed for Charles to attend Gordonstoun, the same all-boys school in Scotland that he went to, despite professional advice that other schools would be a better fit. Charles referred to the school as "hell on earth" on the show and begged to leave, but Philip didn't allow it and called him "weak" after the child failed to complete a strenuous physical challenge. The young royal began leaning on Philip's uncle, Lord Louis Mountbatten (or "Uncle Dicky," as Charles calls him). Charles regularly wrote letters to Dicky and confided in him, viewing him as a father figure.<h2>Charles fell hard for Camilla Shand, but the royal family discouraged their marriage</h2><div type="image" title="the crown camilla shand" height="2712" width="3616" msid="79826547" hostid="261"></div>Netflix makes it no secret that a love triangle between Charles, Diana Spencer, and Camilla Shand plays out in season four of "The Crown."However, Charles began forming feelings for Camilla (Emerald Fennell) - and getting pushback from his family about his decision - toward the end of season three. Shortly after Camilla and her on-again, off-again boyfriend Andrew Parker Bowles (Andrew Buchan) got into a fight on episode eight, they both became entangled with the royal family. Andrew slept with Charles' sister, Princess Anne (Erin Doherty), and Camilla enthusiastically cheered for Charles at his polo match. "There is someone I quite like," Charles told Dicky, confirming that he was referring to Camilla. And even though Camilla insisted that she and Andrew weren't seeing each other anymore, Anne cautioned the family that she wasn't being honest about their relationship.Dicky and The Queen Mother conspired to send Charles overseas to distance him from Camilla and successfully pushed for a marriage between Andrew and Camilla on the ninth episode of season three. And while Camilla may be a married woman headed into season four, Charles isn't quite ready to let go. <h2>There's growing criticism of the monarchy</h2><div type="image" title="the crown season 3" height="2589" width="4602" msid="79826553" hostid="261"></div>While most of the "The Crown" takes place within the royal bubble, viewers also get an idea of the public attitude toward the monarch - which isn't always gleaming. As Post-War Britain progressed during seasons one, two, and three, Peter Morgan, the show's creator, made a point to show the various controversies following the royal family and the public's skepticism about the crown's ability to adapt. For example, after the Queen made a tone-deaf speech about everyday citizens' "uneventful, lonely lives" on season two's fifth episode, a writer named Lord Altrincham (John Heffernan) wrote a scathing article criticizing the crown's unwillingness to evolve. His article was picked up in major newspapers and gained popularity, leading the Queen to hold a secret meeting with him to learn his suggestions. The following season, the Queen was lambasted for her "scandalous lack of care and interest" after waiting eight days to visit Aberfan, a small mining village in Wales where a coal-waste landslide killed 116 children and 28 adults in 1966. And though the thrilling drama of "The Crown" has <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-51198033">peaked widespread interest</a>, Morgan's creation <a href="https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/entertainment/people/queen-elizabeth-prince-philip-the-crown-553848">hasn't rubbed everyone</a> the right way.Recently, Oliver Dowden, the UK government's Culture Secretary, <a href="https://www.insider.com/the-crown-netflix-health-warning-disclaimer-uk-culture-secretary-2020-11">said that Netflix should include a disclaimer</a> before each episode of "The Crown," stating that the show is fiction to ensure that younger generations don't view the events as fact. However, with the introduction of Corrin as the ill-fated Princess Diana in season four, onscreen criticism of the monarch will undoubtedly ramp up, especially considering the <a href="https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/tv-movies/a29874597/princess-diana-death/">backlash the real Queen Elizabeth II faced</a> for her decision to wait five days to address the public after Diana's death.

9 things to know about the first 3 seasons of 'The Crown' if you want to skip ahead to the Princess Diana episodes

Democrats projected to retain their House majority but lose key seats to Republicans

These 44 pitch decks helped fintechs disrupting trading, investing, and banking raise millions in funding

Check out the more than 50 pitch decks fintechs used to raise millions in funding from top investors

You Searched For "Jason Maloney" and got 8 results

Naoya Inoue, nicknamed 'Monster,' scored a scary knockout on Halloween boxing against Jason Moloney

Alan Dawson

Chronic Lyme disease is a rare, but serious condition — here's how to know if you have it

Molly Glick

A Japanese boxer is being tipped for stardom after the 22-year-old smashed a ranked contender to smithereens

Alan Dawson

WHIP COUNT: Here's which members of the House voted for and against impeaching Trump

Grace Panetta

9 things to know about the first 3 seasons of 'The Crown' if you want to skip ahead to the Princess Diana episodes

Claudia Willen

Democrats projected to retain their House majority but lose key seats to Republicans

Grace Panetta

These 44 pitch decks helped fintechs disrupting trading, investing, and banking raise millions in funding

Shannen Balogh,Anita Ramaswam…

Check out the more than 50 pitch decks fintechs used to raise millions in funding from top investors

Shannen Balogh,Anita Ramaswam…

Popular Keywords

Buying Guides