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The national capital has reported an "isolated" case of Japanese Encephalitis, official sources said on Thursday. All public health measures have been instituted as per the National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC) guidelines, the sources said, adding there was no cause for concern. Referring to an order issued by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi on Wednesday, the sources said that the 72-year-old man from west Delhi was admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences on November 3 following chest pain. The patient was diabetic, had coronary artery disease, bilateral lower limb weakness and bowel and bladder incontinence, the source said. After the patient's blood sample was collected on November 6, he tested positive for Japanese Encephalitis. He was discharged on November 15, the sources said. According to the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme data, in 2024, 1,548 Japanese Encephalitis cases were reported from 24 states and Union Territories, with 925 cases from Assam alone. The central government guidelines, two doses of the vaccine have been a part of the Universal Immunisation Programme since 2013. Adult <keyword id="24203625" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Japanese-Encephalitis-vaccine" source="keywords">Japanese Encephalitis vaccine</keyword> has been introduced in high-burden states, sources said. "No outbreak of Japanese Encephalitis has been reported in Delhi in the past although occasional isolated cases have been reported from tertiary hospitals like AIIMS, Ram Manohar Lohia and Safdarjung among others - mostly from neighbouring states," a source said. While all public health measures have been instituted according to the NCVBDC guidelines, there is no cause for concern due to this isolated case of Japanese Encephalitis, the source said. The Japanese Encephalitis virus is normally carried by waterfowl and amplified in pigs from where it is accidentally transmitted to humans through the bite of infected culex mosquitoes. The infection may result in febrile illness and in a small proportion of cases cause neurological illness and may result in death, he said. There is no specific treatment for Japanese Encephalitis and there is no human-to-human transmission of the virus, the source said. SEE ALSO:<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/honda-activa-e-and-qc1-electric-scooters-unveiled-in-india-to-go-on-sale-in-2025/articleshow/115725242.cms" target="_self"></a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/honda-activa-e-and-qc1-electric-scooters-unveiled-in-india-to-go-on-sale-in-2025/articleshow/115725242.cms" target="_self">Honda Activa e and QC1 electric scooters unveiled in India, to go on sale in 2025</a><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/indias-pc-market-reaches-new-high-with-4-49-million-shipments-in-q3-2024/articleshow/115719599.cms" target="_blank"></a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/indias-pc-market-reaches-new-high-with-4-49-million-shipments-in-q3-2024/articleshow/115719599.cms" target="_blank">India’s PC market reaches new high with 4.49 million shipments in Q3 2024</a><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/mobile/news/realme-gt-7-pro-with-snapdragon-8-elite-chipset-launched-starting-at-59999/articleshow/115689685.cms" target="_blank"></a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/mobile/news/realme-gt-7-pro-with-snapdragon-8-elite-chipset-launched-starting-at-59999/articleshow/115689685.cms" target="_blank">Realme GT 7 Pro with Snapdragon 8 Elite chipset launched starting at ₹59,999</a>

Delhi reports 'isolated' case of Japanese Encephalitis

By Lara Herrero, Research Leader in Virology and Infectious Disease, Griffith University and Penny Rudd, Research Fellow, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Brisbane, Mar 11 (The Conversation) This week we heard two Australians have died from the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus. The virus has now been detected in four states. Authorities are concerned we'll see more cases around the country and have earmarked extra funding to roll out vaccines to those at risk. Who is recommended to have the vaccine depends on factors including their age, occupation and location. Here's what you need to know about accessing the vaccine in Australia, ahead of further announcements expected in coming days. What is Japanese encephalitis? Japanese encephalitis is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus. It spreads through mosquito bites. It cannot be transmitted from human to human. Most people will show no symptoms. However, 1% will develop swelling of the brain (encephalitis). Of those who have symptoms, up to 30% will die and a further 50% will have life-long neurological disability. The infection is particularly severe in the elderly or the young. The virus had previously been found in Southeast Asia, Western Pacific regions, and in the Torres Strait. However, because of its spread into new regions further south, last week Japanese encephalitis was designated a communicable disease of national significance. Tell me more about the vaccines Currently, seven Japanese encephalitis virus vaccines are licensed for use in humans globally. Two of these – Imojev and JEspect – are approved for use in Australia by the Therapeutic Goods Administration. Imojev is approved for those from nine months of age and is given as a single dose. JEspect is approved for use from two months of age and is given as two doses, 28 days apart. JEspect can be given to pregnant women, if necessary. The level of immunity from these vaccines varies. A single dose of Imojev can provide immunity for up to five years. Whereas JEspect requires two doses to provide immunity for two years, with some studies suggesting a third booster after 12 months provides longer protection. These vaccinations come with some side effects. These include redness, pain and mild swelling at the vaccination site. Other side effects include headache, fatigue and muscle pains. These vaccines vary in the way they are prepared. Also, different strains of the virus are used to make the different vaccines. This can ultimately affect how well they work to prevent disease if there is a change in the current circulating virus strain. Who can get the vaccine? Vaccination is currently recommended for high-risk groups, which currently includes: Laboratory workers who work with the virus. Travellers who will spend one month or more in an endemic region. People living or working in the outer islands of the Torres Strait. Before the current spread of Japanese encephalitis you could get the vaccine at GP clinics specialising in travel medicine. It costs A$300-350, which includes a GP visit and the vaccine itself. But with the spread of the virus in mainland Australia, the definition of high risk will likely change and the vaccine may be available to those high-risk groups via their GP or at work. At this stage we don't know if the vaccines would be free, but that will be confirmed in coming days. For instance, piggery workers are among workers expected to be considered high risk and be offered the vaccine. That's because Japanese encephalitis virus infects pigs (it has been detected in piggeries in NSW, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia). The virus then enters the mosquito population when they bite pigs, which then later bite humans and spread it to us. A national group of communicable disease, vaccine and virus experts is considering whether a wide vaccine rollout is needed and if so, how this might work. National cabinet is also expected to discuss the issue and make further announcements shortly. How can I protect myself, even without the vaccine? There are currently no specific treatments for people with Japanese encephalitis. Symptoms are managed with supportive care, including fluids and pain relief. Vaccination is one form of protection. However, the most useful protection comes from not being bitten by a mosquito in the first place. (The Conversation) CPS

Do I or my child need a Japanese encephalitis vaccine?

Encephalitis, also known as Chamki fever has claimed a lot of lives in Bihar and hence the topic has become hotter today. A lot of people are now wondering what causes this fever and how to prevent it. Here is an account of the causes of Chamki fever, its symptoms, and prevention methods. The cases reported Encephalitis or Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) or Chamki fever can be explained to an extent as the inflammatory condition in the brain. The most common targets of Chamki fever are children and young adults. Chamki fever is noted to cause a huge amount of mortality and morbidity. The recent outbreak of Chamki fever in Bihar has resulted in over a hundred deaths in the districts of Muzaffarpur and the surrounding districts. More than 200 children have been admitted in hospitals in the state of Bihar diagnosed with high fever and a number of severe viral infection symptoms. Earlier during a similar outbreak of chamki fever in 2014, as many as 700 deaths were reported. Investigations into the causes of chamki fever Few of the terms that describe chamki fever are Litchi Havoc, Killer Encephalitis, Chamki Bhukar, and Deadly Litchi Toxin. Mangal Pandey, the health minister of Bihar had set up a team of medical industry professionals to investigate into the causes of chamki fever. The list of causes identified by this team includes consuming lychee on an empty stomach, going to bed with an empty stomach, and humid conditions resulting in dehydration in addition to some others. The recent reports have confirmed that the highest number of mortality on account of chamki fever is noted in the age group of 1 to 10. The number of cases diagnosed with chamki fever has peaked in the months of April, May and June with the disease-focused mainly in the regions in and around Muzaffarpur in Bihar. The predominant cases of chamki fever are noted in the children who were undernourished and visited the litchi farms as observed by a report published in the National Health Portal of India. Do litchi fruits cause chamki fever? Two commissions set up by the government to investigate into the causes of chamki fever had concluded that malnourished children who consumed litchis and slept without food were affected with chamki fever in the pre-monsoon season in the early mornings. Their studies tried to establish a relationship between low blood glucose levels noticed in poor and malnourished children who slept with an empty stomach and a toxic chemical known as methylene cyclopropyl-glycine (MCPG) found in litchis that affects the brain during undernourished conditions. However, this theory has been discredited recently and the recent claims point out to the environmental factors like heat waves and the poor rainfall in these regions as the causes for chamki fever. During earlier outbreaks of chamki fever in 2005, 2011, 2013, and 2014, the temperature was more than 38 degrees and humidity was more than 50 percent. In Muzaffarpur, the sharp rise of humidity in nights make the condition worse for young children. Understanding Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES)? CDC describes acute encephalitis syndrome as a clinical condition predominantly caused due to infection by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) or due to some other infectious and non-infectious reasons. Symptoms of chamki fever (Encephalitis or Acute Encephalitis) The symptoms and signs of AES are an acute beginning of fever associated with headache. This will be accompanied by a range of clinical neurological symptoms like mental confusion, delirium, disorientation, and even coma. Who are at the highest risk of chamki fever? The chamki fever causing virus is very commonly present in the rural areas. Hence the children living in these regions are noted with the highest risk of chamki fever. The incidence of chamki fever was the highest among the children between 0 to 6 years with the other possible ager group targeted by this illness being 7 to 10 years. The most common targets of chamki fever are people with a weak immune system who already have HIV/AIDS, those that take immunity suppressing drugs and those that are undernourished. The spread of Encephalitis or Chamki fever While viruses are said to be the most common causes for chamki fever (AES) in India, some other sources like bacteria, fungus, spirochetes, parasites, some toxins and chemicals were also said to cause this condition. Severe kinds of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are also found to be causing AES. Scientists have a notion that the toxin known as methylene cyclopropyl-glycine (MCPG) present in litchi fruit could be related to the inflammation of the brain. AES and chamki fever Any brain disease or AES cannot be termed as chamki fever. AES can be of different types including brain inflammation due to virus known as encephalitis, swelling of the protective membranes of the spinal cord and brain known as meningitis, any brain disease that can alter the brain structure and function like encephalopathy, and many kinds of neurological complications or malarial infections like cerebral malaria. The two important theories connected to the causes of chamki fever include the heat wave stroke and the toxins found in the locally grown litchi fruits. However, the recent views state that the main causes of chamki fever is the lack of acclimatization in children, heat wave and poor rainfall. Treating Encephalitis or Chamki fever The subjects reporting encephalitis must be treated urgently. The treatment plan for chamki fever will include antiviral medication, and steroid injections besides many others in order to support the body and relieve the subjects of the symptoms. During recent days, the PHCs have been instructed to provide an intravenous glucose infusion during the attacks of chamki fever. The subjects are also given a lot of rest, fruits and anti-inflammatory medicines to relieve the headache and fever. Though there is no cure noted for this disease, there are safer and effective vaccines available today to prevent chamki fever. How to prevent chamki fever or encephalitis Vaccination is advised as the most dependable preventive measure for encephalitis. In addition, using repellants, wearing long-sleeved clothes, maintaining hygienic conditions, washing hands with soap and water after using the toilet and before taking meals can help prevent the encephalitis that is caused due to the virus.

Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (Chamki Fever) causes, symptoms and prevention

Hyderabad, Dec 20 (IANS) Amid the gloom caused by COVID-19, one sector which provided a ray of hope was life sciences and turning the challenge into an opportunity, Hyderabad fortified its position as a global force in the world of pharmaceuticals. This southern city, already recognised as a global information technology destination, proved its prowess in the field of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and emerged as the vaccine capital of the world. Already known as the bulk drug capital of India, Hyderabad witnessed manufacturing of lifesaving COVID-19 drugs like Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine and Favipiravir by some of the top pharma companies based here. This was followed by hectic efforts in the city to develop COVID-19 vaccine. In fact, Hyderabad has emerged as the nerve centre of all research and development activities in the country for COVID-19 vaccines and has even attracted international attention. Today, almost all the vaccines being developed in the country for the pandemic have a Hyderabad connect. Four of the six companies developing COVID vaccines in India are based in Hyderabad. Bharat Biotech is currently conducting Phase III clinical trials of India's first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine Covaxin. Covaxin is being developed in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Virology (NIV). This indigenous, inactivated vaccine is being developed and manufactured in Bharat Biotech's BSL-3 (Bio-Safety Level 3) bio-containment facility at Genome Valley here. According to Bharat Biotech, Covaxin has been evaluated in approximately 1,000 subjects in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, with promising safety and immunogenicity results. The Phase III human clinical trials of the vaccine began in November, involving 26,000 volunteers across India. This is India's first and only Phase III efficacy study for a COVID-19 vaccine, and the largest phase III efficacy trial ever conducted for any vaccine in India. "Covaxin has garnered interest from several countries worldwide for supplies and introduction," said Suchitra Ella, Joint Managing Director of Bharat Biotech. In April, Bharat Biotech announced development of CoroFlu, an intranasal vaccine for Coronavirus. University of WisconsinMadison and vaccine company FluGen along with Bharat Biotech began the development and testing of CoroFlu. The Hyderabad based company will produce almost 300 million doses of vaccine for global distribution. In May, Bharat Biotech and Thomas Jefferson University of Philadelphia signed an exclusive deal to develop a new vaccine candidate for COVID-19 invented at Jefferson. The novel vaccine was developed using an existing deactivated rabies vaccine as a vehicle for coronavirus proteins. Bharat Biotech claimed to have excellent track record of innovation with more than 140 global patents, a wide product portfolio of more than 16 vaccines, 4 bio-therapeutics, registrations in more than 116 countries and WHO Pre-qualifications. The company has so far developed vaccines for H1N1, Rotavirus, Japanese Encephalitis, Rabies, Chikungunya, Zika and the world's first conjugated vaccine for Typhoid. It has delivered more than four billion doses of vaccines worldwide. It is also the largest Rabies vaccine manufacturer in the world. Another city-based firm Biological E last month initiated clinical trial of its COVID-19 subunit vaccine candidate in India following approval from the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI). BE is making the vaccine in collaboration with Dynavax Technologies Corporation (Dynavax), a US-based vaccine focused biopharmaceutical company, and Baylor College of Medicine, a health sciences university in Houston. Biological E has also signed an agreement with Johnson &amp; Johnson to produce the latter's vaccine at its vaccine production facilities and sell them both in India and export across various global markets. Indian Immunologicals, a human and animal vaccines maker, too is developing a vaccine for COVID. Hyderabad-based pahrma major Dr Reddy's Laboratories is conducting clinical trials of Russian COVID-19 vaccine, Sputnik V. Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), Russia's sovereign wealth fund, has collaborated with Dr Reddy's to conduct clinical trials and distribute the vaccine in India. Hyderabad was under spotlight with the recent visits by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and ambassadors of more than 60 countries to the facilities of Bharat Biotech and Biological E in Genome Valley Telangana's industry minister K. T. Rama Rao believes that Hyderabad has cemented its position as the vaccine capital of the world. He pointed out that Hyderabad is already manufacturing more than two billion doses of vaccines every year, which is one-third of the global vaccine output. The city, with its strong ecosystem, has played a critical role in making India not only self-sufficient in the medicine manufacture but also turned it into the pharmacy capital of the world. It accounts for 40 per cent of the total Indian bulk drugs and 50 per cent of the bulk drug exports. Industry leaders believe that Hyderabad will be an integral part of the global efforts to vaccinate the world against COVID. Even if no vaccine is developed in the city, the city will still have a big role to play in global vaccination efforts with the sheer vaccine manufacturing capacity it houses. Hyderabad has the largest US FDA approved vaccine facilities. They have the capacity to manufacture millions of doses with world-class standards. "India's vaccine sector will play a critical role in developing and producing vaccine at scale for distribution across the world. Hyderabad's importance in the global vaccine landscape is only growing," K.T. Rama Rao said. Telangana government has assured the companies that it will play the enabling role in global vaccination efforts against COVID-19. The Hyderabad airport announced few days ago that has developed necessary infrastructure to handle the exports. As per the industry insights, most of India's vaccine export will be to Africa, Latin America and Asian destinations. Hyderabad is already home to more than 800 life sciences companies and the sector employs over 1,20,000 pharmaceutical professionals. It is said to be the only city in the country to house more than 20 incubation centres focused only on life sciences and health-tech. More than 200 start-ups are also working on innovative solutions in healthcare. Genome Valley is India's first organised cluster for life sciences R&amp;D activities spread across 600 square kilometers. Set up in 1999, it has world-class infrastructure facilities in the form of Industrial / Knowledge parks, Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Multi-tenanted dry and wet laboratories and incubation facilities. It is home to more than 200 companies including presence of the marquee global names like Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Ferring Pharma, Chemo, DuPont, Ashland, United States Pharmacopeia and Lonza. With Hyderabad Pharma City also likely to be operational soon, the city is looking to ramp-up production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and thus develop a cluster to help the country compete with China. The new project is expected to create 1,70,000 direct jobs and 5,60,000 indirect jobs. --IANS ms/kr

Hyderabad: Vaccine capital of the world

Hyderabad, Amid the gloom caused by COVID-19, one sector which provided a ray of hope was life sciences and turning the challenge into an opportunity, Hyderabad fortified its position as a global force in the world of pharmaceuticals. This southern city, already recognised as a global information technology destination, proved its prowess in the field of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and emerged as the vaccine capital of the world. Already known as the bulk drug capital of India, Hyderabad witnessed manufacturing of lifesaving COVID-19 drugs like Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine and Favipiravir by some of the top pharma companies based here. This was followed by hectic efforts in the city to develop COVID-19 vaccine. In fact, Hyderabad has emerged as the nerve centre of all research and development activities in the country for COVID-19 vaccines and has even attracted international attention. Today, almost all the vaccines being developed in the country for the pandemic have a Hyderabad connect. Four of the six companies developing COVID vaccines in India are based in Hyderabad. <keyword id="149108" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Bharat-Biotech">Bharat Biotech</keyword> is currently conducting Phase III clinical trials of India's first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine Covaxin. Covaxin is being developed in collaboration with <keyword id="1256547" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="The-Indian-Council-of-Medical-Research">the Indian Council of Medical Research</keyword> (ICMR) - National Institute of Virology (NIV). This indigenous, inactivated vaccine is being developed and manufactured in Bharat Biotech's BSL-3 (Bio-Safety Level 3) bio-containment facility at Genome Valley here. According to Bharat Biotech, Covaxin has been evaluated in approximately 1,000 subjects in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, with promising safety and immunogenicity results. The Phase III human clinical trials of the vaccine began in November, involving 26,000 volunteers across India. This is India's first and only Phase III efficacy study for a COVID-19 vaccine, and the largest phase III efficacy trial ever conducted for any vaccine in India. "Covaxin has garnered interest from several countries worldwide for supplies and introduction," said Suchitra Ella, Joint Managing Director of Bharat Biotech. In April, Bharat Biotech announced development of CoroFlu, an intranasal vaccine for <keyword id="8698690" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="coronavirus-">Coronavirus.</keyword> University of Wisconsin–Madison and vaccine company FluGen along with Bharat Biotech began the development and testing of CoroFlu. The Hyderabad based company will produce almost 300 million doses of vaccine for global distribution. In May, Bharat Biotech and Thomas Jefferson University of Philadelphia signed an exclusive deal to develop a new vaccine candidate for COVID-19 invented at Jefferson. The novel vaccine was developed using an existing deactivated rabies vaccine as a vehicle for coronavirus proteins. Bharat Biotech claimed to have excellent track record of innovation with more than 140 global patents, a wide product portfolio of more than 16 vaccines, 4 bio-therapeutics, registrations in more than 116 countries and WHO Pre-qualifications. The company has so far developed vaccines for H1N1, Rotavirus, Japanese Encephalitis, Rabies, Chikungunya, Zika and the world's first conjugated vaccine for Typhoid. It has delivered more than four billion doses of vaccines worldwide. It is also the largest Rabies vaccine manufacturer in the world. Another city-based firm Biological E last month initiated clinical trial of its COVID-19 subunit vaccine candidate in India following approval from the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI). BE is making the vaccine in collaboration with <keyword id="5289395" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="dynavax-technologies-corporation">Dynavax Technologies Corporation</keyword> (Dynavax), a US-based vaccine focused biopharmaceutical company, and <keyword id="503459" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Baylor-College-of-Medicine">Baylor College of Medicine</keyword>, a health sciences university in Houston. Biological E has also signed an agreement with Johnson &amp; Johnson to produce the latter's vaccine at its vaccine production facilities and sell them both in India and export across various global markets. Indian Immunologicals, a human and animal vaccines maker, too is developing a vaccine for COVID. Hyderabad-based pahrma major Dr Reddy's Laboratories is conducting clinical trials of Russian COVID-19 vaccine, Sputnik V. Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), Russia's sovereign wealth fund, has collaborated with Dr Reddy's to conduct clinical trials and distribute the vaccine in India. Hyderabad was under spotlight with the recent visits by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and ambassadors of more than 60 countries to the facilities of Bharat Biotech and Biological E in Genome Valley Telangana's industry minister K. T. Rama Rao believes that Hyderabad has cemented its position as the vaccine capital of the world. He pointed out that Hyderabad is already manufacturing more than two billion doses of vaccines every year, which is one-third of the global vaccine output. The city, with its strong ecosystem, has played a critical role in making India not only self-sufficient in the medicine manufacture but also turned it into the pharmacy capital of the world. It accounts for 40 per cent of the total Indian bulk drugs and 50 per cent of the bulk drug exports. Industry leaders believe that Hyderabad will be an integral part of the global efforts to vaccinate the world against COVID. Even if no vaccine is developed in the city, the city will still have a big role to play in global vaccination efforts with the sheer vaccine manufacturing capacity it houses. Hyderabad has the largest US FDA approved vaccine facilities. They have the capacity to manufacture millions of doses with world-class standards. "India's vaccine sector will play a critical role in developing and producing vaccine at scale for distribution across the world. Hyderabad's importance in the global vaccine landscape is only growing," K.T. Rama Rao said. Telangana government has assured the companies that it will play the enabling role in global vaccination efforts against COVID-19. The Hyderabad airport announced few days ago that has developed necessary infrastructure to handle the exports. As per the industry insights, most of India's vaccine export will be to Africa, Latin America and Asian destinations. Hyderabad is already home to more than 800 life sciences companies and the sector employs over 1,20,000 pharmaceutical professionals. It is said to be the only city in the country to house more than 20 incubation centres focused only on life sciences and health-tech. More than 200 start-ups are also working on innovative solutions in healthcare. Genome Valley is India's first organised cluster for life sciences R&amp;D activities spread across 600 square kilometers. Set up in 1999, it has world-class infrastructure facilities in the form of <keyword id="10464926" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="industrial-/-knowledge">Industrial / Knowledge</keyword> parks, Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Multi-tenanted dry and wet laboratories and incubation facilities. It is home to more than 200 companies including presence of the marquee global names like Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Ferring Pharma, Chemo, DuPont, Ashland, United States Pharmacopeia and Lonza. With <keyword id="4920024" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Hyderabad-Pharma-City">Hyderabad Pharma City</keyword> also likely to be operational soon, the city is looking to ramp-up production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and thus develop a cluster to help the country compete with China. The new project is expected to create 1,70,000 direct jobs and 5,60,000 indirect jobs. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/enterprise/news/wistron-apple-iphone-manufacturer-could-face-these-penalties-if-found-guilty/articleshow/79790319.cms">If investigators find Wistron management guilty, here's what is at stake for the company</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/heres-what-analysts-say-if-you-should-subscribe-or-not-to-the-300-crore-ipo-of-antony-waste-handling-cell/articleshow/79790998.cms">Antony Waste Handling Cell ₹300-crore IPO will open on Monday— these are the risks and opportunities</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/ikea-india-cfo-says-she-still-has-3500-crore-to-be-spent-in-india-the-pandemic-has-changed-targets-but-not-the-investment-plan/articleshow/79790938.cms">INTERVIEW: Ikea CFO says she still has ₹3,500 crore to be spent in India⁠— the pandemic has changed targets but not the investment plan</a>

Hyderabad : Vaccine capital of the world

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="11937547" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="fox-news" source="Orion">Fox News</keyword> host <keyword id="12002687" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="tucker-carlson" source="Orion">Tucker Carlson</keyword> went on a rant about the military's vaccine mandate on Monday night.</li><li>He claimed the mandate is a purge on "sincere Christians" and "men with high testosterone levels."</li><li>COVID-19 vaccines are the 18th immunization mandated by the Department of Defense.</li></ul>Fox News host Tucker Carlson made his strongest anti-vaccine false claim to date on Monday night.Similar to other monologues from the opinion host where he's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tucker-carlson-white-rage-clip-video-fox-news-general-milley-2021-6">trashed top US military leaders</a>, Carlson alleged a baseless conspiracy behind the Department of Defense's COVID-19 vaccine mandate - only the latest approved shot in its longstanding vaccination requirement. "The point of mandatory vaccination is to identify the sincere Christians in the ranks, the free thinkers, the men with high testosterone levels, and anyone else who doesn't love Joe Biden and make them leave immediately," Carlson said. "It's a takeover of the <keyword id="11909863" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="u-s-military" source="Orion">U.S. military</keyword>."Carlson did not present any evidence to back up his claims on testosterone levels, nor did he offer a working definition for "sincere Christians" and what that has to do with vaccines."There is zero scientific basis for any of this," Carlson said at another point. "The fighting strength of the military is young healthy people, virtually all of them at extremely low risk of dying from COVID."As Insider's Aylin Woodward reported in August, the vaccines have been <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-well-vaccines-work-against-delta-variant-chart-2021-8">proven to be effective against the Delta variant</a>.Fox News did not immediately respond to Insider's request for comment.These <keyword id="11893194" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="coronavirus" source="Orion">coronavirus</keyword> vaccines are the 18th to be <a href="https://apnews.com/article/business-health-coronavirus-pandemic-coronavirus-vaccine-4cf7451267919302de4a7b591508e80c">mandated</a> by the Defense Department, depending on regional assignments. Active-duty troops already must have up to date immunizations for shots like chickenpox, MMR, and Tdap. Military vaccinations in the US date back to the Revolutionary War, when <a href="https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2759205/immunization-entwined-in-armed-forces-history/">General George Washington mandated troops get vaccinated for smallpox</a>. The close quarters and stress of combat conditions historically made disease one of the greatest threats to troops, and contributed to the necessity of vaccinations.Immunization jabs are a routine part of pre-deployment medical screenings to ensure a soldier has all the required vaccinations, as well as any region specific requirements like Japanese encephalitis for those headed to Japan and Korea.Anthrax requires five shots to adequately protect against the bacteria that could be used as a bioweapon.A service member who refused a vaccination - and can't produce a record of having already received it - won't be allowed to deploy and is likely to face discipline for that refusal, including being kicked out.

Tucker Carlson baselessly claims the US military is purging 'sincere Christians' and 'men with high testosterone levels' by requiring vaccines

<ul><li>The Indian Council of Medical Research (<keyword id="6364396" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="ICMR">ICMR</keyword>) is working to launch the first made-in-India <keyword id="8624004" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="coronavirus-vaccine">coronavirus vaccine</keyword> by August 15 in partnership with Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL).</li><li>The indigenous COVID-19 vaccine ‘Covaxin’ is currently under clinical trials. </li><li>The ICMR has selected 12 institutes, including one from Odisha, for the clinical trial of ‘COVAXIN’.</li></ul>While the world still awaits a vaccine for coronavirus and trials are underway, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has set a deadline for as soon as August 15 to make its vaccine – Covaxin available for all. Even the Oxford COVID-19 vaccine may hit the Indian market <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/oxford-covid-19-vaccine-may-hit-the-indian-market-by-the-end-of-the-year-if-successful-says-ceo-of-worlds-largest-vaccine-manufacturer/articleshow/76763833.cms">only by the end of the year</a>, if successful. ICMR’s indigenous COVID-19 vaccine (BBV152 COVID vaccine) or ‘Covaxin’ is currently under clinical trials. ICMR is working in partnership with Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL) to develop this vaccine. According to reports, this is one of the top priority projects which is being monitored at the topmost level of the government. If successful, this will be the first indigenous vaccine being developed by India. “The vaccine is being derived from a strain of SARS-CoV-2 isolated by ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune. ICMR and BBIL are jointly working for the preclinical as well as clinical development of this vaccine,” ICMR Director General Balram Bhargava wrote in a letter to the heads of the selected institutions. Bharat Biotech’s track record in developing vero cell culture platform technologies has been proven in several vaccines for Polio, Rabies, Rotavirus, Japanese Encephalitis, Chikungunya and Zika. “It is envisaged to launch the vaccine for public health use latest by August 15, 2020, after completion of all clinical trials. BBIL is working expeditiously to meet the target. However, the final outcome will depend on the cooperation of all clinical trial sites involved in this project,” reads the letter dated July 2. Informing the institutions of their selection as clinical trials sites for the vaccine the IMCR director-general strictly advised them to fast track all approvals related to the initiation of the clinical trial and ensure that the subject enrollment is initiated no later July 7, 2020. ICMR’s COVID-19 vaccine doesn’t sound convincing to experts However, the letter of ICMR received much criticism from experts on social media for its tone. Some even questioned ICMR for deciding the efficacy of the vaccine even before the clinical trials. <div type="twitter" handle="AnantBhan" handlename="Anant Bhan" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1017714876964171776/_Qri-OTb_normal.jpg" favoritecount="1510" retweetcount="904" status="This is a letter which has been sent out by the ICMR DG yesterday. Now that multiple folks have confirmed genuinene… https://t.co/uaj5aMgUyV" createdat="1593748686000" id="1278900800530472960"></div> Earlier in May, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/biocon-chairperson-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-says-indias-covid-19-vaccines-will-enter-clinical-trial-in-9-months/articleshow/75591805.cms">Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, founder and executive chairperson at Biocon told Business Insider</a> that vaccine development takes a lot of time because several phases are involved in it. In the first phase, a dose escalation is done to see what the ideal dose for an optimal immune response is. In the second phase, it is tested if the immune response can be done in all age groups. This is important as the first phase is conducted with young, healthy volunteers who are at minimal risk. In the third phase, the vaccine is given to a larger population to ensure that the same immune response is given by everyone who is vaccinated. “One of the most important things of this phase is to check how long the immunity stays. This allows us to determine how often a person will have to get revaccinated,” Shaw further noted. Speaking about the production capacity, Shaw said that even after the vaccine is approved, India may not be able to produce more than 10-20 million doses in the first year, which is a negligible amount considering India’s population. ICMR selects 12 institutes for clinical trial The ICMR has selected 12 institutes, including one from Odisha, for the clinical trial of ‘COVAXIN’. Bhubaneswar-based Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital under the SOA Deemed to be University, has been chosen by the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) for undertaking human clinical trials of India’s first coronavirus vaccine. In view of the public health emergency due to COVID-19 pandemic and urgency to launch the vaccine, the selected institutes are strictly advised to fast track all approvals related to the initiation of the clinical trial and ensure that the subject enrolment is initiated during the first week of July. Apart from IMS and SUM Hospital, the other institutes selected for the clinical trial are located in Visakhapatnam, Rohtak, New Delhi, Patna, Belgaum (Karnataka), Nagpur, Gorakhpur, Kattankulathur (Tamil Nadu), Hyderabad, Arya Nagar, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Goa. SEE ALSO:<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/these-are-the-companies-manufacturing-covid-19-remdesivir-medicine-in-india/articleshow/76747405.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink"> These are the companies manufacturing COVID-19 drug Remdesivir in India</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/pm-narendra-modi-reaches-leh-with-general-bipin-rawat-and-general-mm-naravane-after-the-galwan-valley-standoff-with-china/articleshow/76763940.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">PM Narendra Modi visits Ladakh – two weeks after the Galwan valley standoff with China</a>

India wants a COVID-19 vaccine by August 15 at the risk of rushing trials and approvals

New Delhi, Apr 29 () The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati and Ahmedabad-based pharmaceutical company Hester Biosciences Limited have come together for developing a vaccine against coronavirus. According to officials, the vaccine is expected to be ready by the end of this year to start animal studies and the work is currently in its early stage of development. The team at IIT Guwahati headed by Sachin Kumar, an associate professor at the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, has generated the "recombinant avian paramyxovirus-1 based vaccine flatform" for classical swine fever and japanese encephalitis. The agreement between the institute and the pharmaceutical company was signed on April 15. The role of the institute will be to produce the recombinant vaccine candidate. "The vaccine will be based on recombinant avian paramyxovirus based vector platform. The recombinant avian paramyxovirus-1 will be used to express the immunogenic protein of SARS-CoV-2. The recombinant avian paramyxovirus-1 expressing the SARS-CoV-2 protein could be used as a vaccine candidate for further study. "It is too early to comment on the efficacy and immunogenicity of the vaccine, however, we will be able to reveal more details about this vaccine after the results of animal studies are obtained," Kumar said.According to Kumar, the avian paramyxovirus-1 has been explored as a vaccine vector for various animals and human pathogens. "The avian paramyxovirus-1 has been used to express the immunogenic protein of human pathogens such as HIV, avian influenza virus, human parainfluenza virus, SARS-CoV. Similarly, it has also been explored as a vaccine vector for animal pathogens such as infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, bovine herpes virus, Nipah virus," he added.Elaborating on the collaboration and role of Hester Biosciences Limited, its CEO and MD Rajiv Gandhi, said, "In the current pandemic situation of COVID-19, the world is looking at developing preventive and curative measures to safeguard mankind. We have collaborated to develop and manufacture a recombinant vaccine against COVID-19 disease as a preventive measure. Hester's involvement would be from master seed development up to release of the commercial vaccine." Around the world, confirmed infections of coronavirus stood at more than 3.1 million - including 1 million in the US - and the confirmed global death toll topped 217,000, according to a tally by Johns Hopkins University. In India, the death toll due to COVID-19 rose to 1,007 and the number of cases climbed to 31,332 in the country on Wednesday, according to the Union Health Ministry. The number of active COVID-19 cases stood at 22,629, while 7,695 people have recovered, and one patient has migrated, the ministry said. GJS AAR

IIT Guwahati, pharma company Hester Biosciences come together to develop COVID-19 vaccine

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>Rugby fans travelling to the World Cup in Japan later this year are being warned about the dangers of a potentially deadly viral brain infection known as Japanese encephalitis.</li><li>Charity organisation, The Encephalitis Society, prompted fans to get vaccinated before making the trip to East Asia.</li><li>There are approximately 68,000 cases of the disease worldwide each year, with almost one third of those being fatal, according to the <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis">World Health Organisation</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.</a></li></ul>A charity organization has warned rugby fans they should consider getting vaccinated against a potentially deadly viral brain infection known as Japanese encephalitis if they are planning to travel to Japan for the World Cup later this year.Over 600,000 international fans are expected to visit Japan, and with just over a month to go until the tournament kicks off, campaigners are trying to raise awareness of the disease which is spread through mosquito bites.Japanese encephalitis affects approximately 68,000 people worldwide each year, with between 13,600 to 20,400 of reported cases being fatal, according to the <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis">World Health Organisation</a>.For those fortunate enough to survive, <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/japanese-encephalitis/">side effects include seizures, confusion, and paralysis</a>.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com.au/christian-wade-former-england-rugby-scores-touchdown-for-buffalo-bills-2019-8">A 28-year-old former rugby player who was 'overlooked' by England scored a 65-yard touchdown in his first game for the Buffalo Bills</a>The Encephalitis Society believe travelling fans should take the necessary precautions before making the trip to East Asia.Dr. Ava Easton, chief executive of the charity, <a href="https://www.encephalitis.info/rugby-world-cup">told Sky News</a>: "The message for the Rugby World Cup is that travel health is important, and this campaign that we are running, is encouraging fans travelling to Japan to seek specialist travel health advice which is appropriate to their plans and destinations."If they're just flying in, just to watch the matches in the cities, then really, they probably don't need any kind of vaccines."But people don't just do that, they often extend their stays and see much of what's a very beautiful country. And if they're going to be spending extended periods in the countryside, then vaccination is maybe something that they want to talk to a specialist travel health adviser about before they go."The former England rugby player John Bentley, a supporter of the campaign, has mirrored Easton's message, saying: "Supporters, not just rugby players, won't just take in the rugby, they'll take in all different aspects of the country and embrace the culture, and perhaps travel into areas where they could be vulnerable."The tournament kicks off on September 20, when Japan takes on Russia in the opening match. England and the USA face each other in their opening games on September 26.

People heading to the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan are being warned about a disease that can cause seizures, paralysis, and death

WHO says Nipah virus can be a potential epidemic in future. The outbreak of Nipah virus recognized in Bangladesh in 2004 was said to be caused by consuming date palm sap that was exposed to Nipah virus infected fruit bats. Nipah virus outbreaks were noticed in Kerala in India, Bangladesh, Singapore, Malaysia, and eastern Australia. The recent death of three members in the Nipah virus affected family in Kerala made the Kerala State Health Department to put the state on high alert. The nature of Nipah virus has not been ascertained so far. Symptoms and signs of Nipah virus infection in humans Human beings infected with Nipah virus can show up asymptomatic infection or acute respiratory infection ranging from mild to severe states in addition to encephalitis that can prove fatal. Some of the symptoms developed by persons infected with Nipah virus include headaches, fevers, muscle pain, sore throat and vomiting. They might also feel drowsiness, altered consciousness, and some neurological conditions like acute encephalitis or brain inflammation. In some affected individuals, Nipah virus can lead to severe kind of respiratory problems and acute respiratory distress. In some other serious cases of Nipah virus infection, the individuals might experience severe respiratory difficulties, atypical pneumonia, and seizures. Such conditions can also progress to the level of coma within a period of 24 to 48 hours. Convulsions and pulmonary signs can also be noticed in some infected persons. The incubation period of this virus is found to be between 4 to 14 days and in some cases, this can even drag on for as long as 45 days. The symptoms of Nipah virus are often confused with Japanese encephalitis. The outbreak of Nipah virus in Malaysia led to the death of more than 50% of the cases infected with Nipah virus. How to treat Nipah virus As on date, there are no drugs or vaccines available with us to treat Nipah virus infection. In fact, the WHO has identified Nipah virus as a priority disease for their Research and Development. Severe cases of Nipah virus infections are to be treated to prevent severe respiratory disorders and neurological complications including seizures. Since the vaccine to treat this deadly virus is absent today, prevention is the best way to stop the infection and spread of Nipah virus. Appropriate detergents must be used for a thorough cleaning of the infected pigs if any instances of Nipah virus outbreak is noted in animals, the farm must be immediately quarantined. In order to reduce the risk of Nipah virus outbreak the WHO suggests culling of infected animals, burial or incineration of the carcasses such steps can minimize the risk of transmission of Nipah virus to people. Nipha virus Treatment Treatment of Nipah virus is highly limited. Only supportive care can be given to the infected persons. There is no specific treatment plan available to the medical industry today. Extreme precautions are necessary for the healthcare workers dealing with Nipah virus infected persons and while handling the laboratory samples.

All you need to know about Nipah Virus Symptoms and Treatment

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Associated Press/Alan DiazMiami-Dade mosquito control inspector Yasser "Jazz" Compagines sprays a chemical mist into a storm drain, Tuesday, Aug. 23, 2016, in Miami Beach, Fla.</div></div></div><ul><li>The <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/zika">Zika</a> virus that spread rapidly in 2016 is still a major problem in much of Latin America and the Caribbean, and it could continue to spread.</li><li>If a pregnant woman gets infected, her baby could be born with neurological damage and microcephaly, a condition characterized by a small head and underdeveloped brain.</li><li>In order to make it easier to develop anti-viral drugs and a potential vaccine for Zika, researchers just created the most detailed three-dimensional image of the virus ever seen.</li></ul> Zika doesn't dominate headlines the way it did when it suddenly became widespread in the Americas in 2016.But the virus is <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/tick-and-mosquito-diseases-tripled-cdc-2018-5">still a serious problem</a>. If a pregnant woman is infected, Zika virus can cause babies to be born with neurological damage and microcephaly (a particularly small head and underdeveloped brain). The <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html">CDC still says that pregnant women, their partners, and people considering pregnancy should postpone travel to</a> large parts of the Caribbean and Latin America.Researchers are desperately searching for a way to fight the virus. That effort requires a better understanding of the structure of Zika, which would makes it easier to design vaccines or anti-viral drugs.On Tuesday, a team of researchers <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969212618301709">published the highest-resolution image</a> ever created of the Zika virus:<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Sevvana et al.This high resolution image shows the structure of Zika virus. The three envelope glycoproteins (E) are colored in yellow, blue and red and the glycan is colored in green.</div></div></div>To create the highly accurate three-dimensional model, the researchers used electron microscopy to capture thousands of images of the atomic structure of the virus, all of which could be combined into a 3D image.Since Zika is more stable than related viruses in the flavivirus family - like dengue, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis virus - it was possible to create an especially accurate model.This model reveals the parts of the atomic structure that might be vulnerable."With the higher resolution, it is now possible to efficiently design vaccines and engineer anti-viral compounds that inhibit the virus," Michael G. Rossmann, a structural biologist at Purdue University and an author of the new study, <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/cp-zih062018.php">said in a statement</a>.Researchers still aren't sure whether they'll be able to design a vaccine for Zika. But this new model will at least aid that work. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/animated-map-zikas-virus-spread-brazil-united-states-2016-6">This animated map traces the shocking spread of Zika and where it could hit next</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

The most detailed image of the Zika virus ever captured might reveal a way to fight the birth-defect causing disease

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aedes_Albopictus.jpg">Wikimedia/CDC</a></div></div></div>
<a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">Half of the world population</a> is considered at-risk for diseases transmitted by blood-sucking bugs like ticks, sandflies, and mosquitoes. For <a href="http://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2014/en/" target="_blank">World Health Day today</a>, the World Health Organization wanted to highlight that very real risk with a snappy slogan: "small bite, big threat."
That's right: The most dangerous animals on the planet can be killed with a single swat - but if they've had time to bite, they may have already transmitted a fatal disease.
Many Americans consider bug bites a nuisance more than anything else. But illnesses transmitted by mosquitoes and their ilk kill more than a million people each year and infect more than a billion, causing debilitating pain, brain damage, blindness, and other serious effects.
Globally, the deadliest of the creatures that carry and cause these diseases is the mosquito. Here are 11 scientific reasons why they are the worst.
<h3>1. Mosquitoes put 40% of the world at risk for dengue, which causes "the feeling of broken bones."</h3>
Dengue fever hurts so much that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/diseases-you-can-get-from-mosquitoes-2013-8">it's commonly referred to as</a> break bone fever.
It's the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne disease in the world, with 40% of the world currently at risk. Between 50 and 100 million people get dengue every year year, and even though it's not usually fatal, <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/">it still is a leading cause of death</a> for children in certain Latin American and Asian countries.
The disease can also develop into severe dengue, a hemorrhagic condition that is much more dangerous, causing bleeding, organ impairment, and persistent vomiting.
There's no medicine or vaccine for dengue. Treatment generally involves just trying to keep patients hydrated.
<h3>2. Mosquitoes spread yellow fever, which the WHO calls "the original viral haemorrhagic fever."</h3>
Yellow fever <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">infects around 200,000 people a year</a> - and kills 30,000. It's a viral hemorrhagic fever that has no treatment. After a period of severe illness, most patients recover, but about 15% enter a toxic phase, when they start to bleed internally and organs begin to fail. About half of patients who enter the toxic phase die.
Cases of yellow fever have been increasing since the 1980s due to declining human immunity, deforestation, climate change, increased air travel, and higher infection rates in cities due to a particular breed of mosquito called the Aedes aegypti.
However, there is an effective vaccine for for the fever - one dose provides life-long immunity, and many countries won't permit travelers to enter without proof of vaccination.
<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/theactionitems/4425892550/in/photolist-7K6REf-7JYYux-7JZ2oa-7K7YZC-7JXzDF-7KjLUb-7K3vVA-7JXCXk-7K34Dw-7K7Bfh-7K3zMN-7K5S6b-7KcLC9-7KjQSE-7K8GVZ-7KcDXw-7KcDeY-7K42ks-7KcEuw-7K3mBn-7K1uUe-7K7PGL-7JY5Rg-7K5HT7-7K3Ndm-7K2MgX-7K2K8B-7K9hD6-7K3Efr-7K7MqG-7K2dyY-7K71Vu-7K47zP-7KcVG7-7K2Xpx-7K42Eh-7K97mc-7K4eLg-7JXmdg-7K3gxb-7K45DQ-7JYeqZ-7JYxa2-7JYqG8-7KcFrb-7K1oTn-7K2ZqV-7K4bTL-7K2V1A-7Kf6Kn">Marc AuMarc / flickr</a></div></div>3. Mosquitoes are behind the recent outbreaks of chikungunya, which can sometimes lead to agonizing pain.</h3>
The painful and potentially debilitating virus chikungunya has been around for centuries, but just appeared in the Americas for the first time at the end of 2013.
The disease's name <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/chikungunya-virus-arrives-in-americas-2014-1">comes from a word in a Tanzanian language</a> that means "to become contorted," referring to the severe joint pain that it causes, which lasts for weeks, and in some rare cases, even months and years.
"I've been in Africa and seen and heard children just screaming for days on end because of the pain," American Mosquito Control Association technical advisor Joe Conlon <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/diseases-you-can-get-from-mosquitoes-2013-8">told Business Insider</a> last summer.
The first cases were reported on the island of Saint Martin, but since then cases have occurred in Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Barthelemy, the British Virgin Islands, and the Dominican Republic.
Humans have very little natural immunity to chikungunya, which has allowed mosquitoes to spread the virus quickly throughout populations. In 2005, an outbreak sped through the island of La Reunión, sickening 200,000 of 750,000 residents, despite the fact that the only mosquitoes there, the Asian Tiger Mosquitoes, should not have been able to transmit the virus. Experts realized <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/chikungunya-outbreak/">that it had mutated</a>, allowing Asian Tiger mosquitoes to spread the disease.
<h3>4. Mosquitoes scoff at national borders, turning isolated cases into outbreaks.</h3>
Any person infected with a mosquito-borne disease can carry it to a different country, where it can spread if they are bitten by a local mosquito upon arrival - which happens frequently.
In 2007, an older <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/chikungunya-outbreak/">Italian man returned home from a trip to India</a>, unknowingly having been bitten by a mosquito carrying chikungunya. Upon returning home, he visited a cousin - and within 3 months, more than 200 people had been infected with the disease.
<h3>5. Mosquitoes infect us with nasty bird diseases, like West Nile Virus.</h3>
Although West Nile Virus is carried by birds, humans can catch it too - usually from a mosquito that bit the bird first.
Most people don't develop symptoms, but 20% of the infected develop a fever - accompanied by headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash.
About <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">1 in 150 people infected become seriously ill</a> with West Nile encephalitis or West Nile meningitis, potentially fatal conditions. Horses can also become ill due to West Nile Virus, but neither horses nor humans can spread the disease. And while there's a vaccine against the illness for horses, there's not for humans.
Since it arrived in the United States, West Nile may <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/cdc-study-on-cost-of-west-nile-virus-2014-2">have infected more than 3 million Americans, and cost more than $800 million</a>.
<h3>6. Mosquitoes don't play fair: They target some people more than others.</h3>
Some people really are mosquito magnets. Mosquitoes are drawn to the smell given off by the bacteria that live on everyone's skin, and <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/skin-bacteria-attracts-mosquito-bites-2014-3">so</a><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/skin-bacteria-attracts-mosquito-bites-2014-3">me people give off an odor</a> that makes them especially attractive to the tiny beasts. And contrary to what a lot of people say, eating garlic and using natural repellent <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/travel/getting-the-jump-on-mosquitoes.html">doesn't do much</a>, if anything, though DEET-containing bug repellents are effective indeed.
<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-1038463p1.html">Shutterstock/Trazos sobre Papel</a></div></div>7. Mosquitoes spread Rift Valley fever, which can blind people and bankrupt farmers.</h3>
Rift Valley fever mostly affects animals, but mosquitoes can transmit it to humans, too, where it causes some pretty horrific symptoms.
Some people experience no symptoms, and among those who do, the effects <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/" target="_blank">seem like a flu</a> at first. Some develop neck stiffness and sensitivity to light as well.
But the small subset of people (less than 2%) who get the ocular form of the disease may develop lesions in their eye that cause them to go blind, while others (also less than 2%) may develop potentially a fatal brain disease or hemorrhagic fever.
Since Rift Valley fever primarily affects animal populations, its effects <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/rvf/">can decimate farming industries and economies</a>.
<h3>8. Mosquitoes cause permanent disability around the world.</h3>
Lymphatic filariasis, a mostly neglected tropical disease, <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/">is a leading cause of permanent disability</a> for people around the world.
More than 120 million people are currently infected, and about one-third of them are disfigured and incapacitated by it.
Mosquitoes spread microscopic parasites between people, which then settle into the lymphatic system to multiply over a period of 6-8 years. They can damage the immune system and the kidneys, and later on in life may cause <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/">painful swelling in the arms, legs, and genitals</a>.
<h3>9. Mosquitoes spread fatal diseases to children.</h3>
<a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">Japanese encephalitis</a> is another disease that mosquitoes can spread to humans from infected animals, though humans cannot spread the disease on. It still kills about 10,000 people a year, mostly children under the age of 5. Although there is no treatment, there is an effective vaccine. <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1"> </a>
<h3>10. Mosquitoes spread malaria, which still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths every year.</h3>
Between 2000 and 2012, there's been <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">a dramatic reduction in malaria deaths</a> - 42% globally. Even so, an estimated 627,000 people died from malaria in 2012 alone, and there were approximately 207 million cases of the disease.
Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium parasites in their bites, which then cause high fever, chills, and a serious flu-like illness that can kill if it's not treated. This disease is preventable, with items like bed nets, insect repellent, and long sleeves, and is treatable, yet it still kills that many people.
<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image">NRCS SD at <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcs_south_dakota/7687101212/">www.flickr.com</a></div></div>11. Mosquitoes are really hard to get rid of.</h3>
Mosquitoes don't need much to survive. Any small water container - or anything that will catch rainwater - is enough to provide a breeding ground. Mosquitoes are also <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DumgZ8ELGlEAF8M9a7X7xMpIXHX-mhS8Xprse3-qK3c/edit">becoming resistant</a> to commonly used insecticides, like pyrethroids, which are commonly used to treat bed nets.
They also travel quickly. The Asian Tiger Mosquito, which is known to carry yellow fever, dengue, and chikungunya, has <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060874#pone.0060874-Sprenger1">spread to 36 states</a> since first showing up in the United States in 1985.
Its vehicle of choice? <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3576225">Used tires</a>. Tires commonly hold standing water, which makes them an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes. Worn out tires are sent from rich countries to poor countries, where they are often fitted with new treads, and then sent back to the countries they came from. And on both routes, they may carry six-legged stowaways. This is such a serious problem that entomologists are <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/05/chikungunya-the-mosquito-borne-virus-that-contorts-your-limbs.html">looking for ways</a> to incorporate insecticides into tire rubber.

You Searched For "Japanese Encephalitis vaccine" and got 12 results

Delhi reports 'isolated' case of Japanese Encephalitis

PTI

Do I or my child need a Japanese encephalitis vaccine?

PTI

Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (Chamki Fever) causes, symptoms and prevention

BI India Bureau

Hyderabad: Vaccine capital of the world

IANS

Hyderabad : Vaccine capital of the world

IANS

Tucker Carlson baselessly claims the US military is purging 'sincere Christians' and 'men with high testosterone levels' by requiring vaccines

Jake Lahut

India wants a COVID-19 vaccine by August 15 at the risk of rushing trials and approvals

Navdeep Yadav

IIT Guwahati, pharma company Hester Biosciences come together to develop COVID-19 vaccine

PTI

People heading to the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan are being warned about a disease that can cause seizures, paralysis, and death

Barnaby Lane

All you need to know about Nipah Virus Symptoms and Treatment

BI India Bureau

The most detailed image of the Zika virus ever captured might reveal a way to fight the birth-defect causing disease

Kevin Loria

11 Reasons Mosquitoes Are The Most Horrible Creatures On Earth

Kevin Loria

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