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The national capital has reported an "isolated" case of Japanese Encephalitis, official sources said on Thursday. All public health measures have been instituted as per the National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC) guidelines, the sources said, adding there was no cause for concern. Referring to an order issued by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi on Wednesday, the sources said that the 72-year-old man from west Delhi was admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences on November 3 following chest pain. The patient was diabetic, had coronary artery disease, bilateral lower limb weakness and bowel and bladder incontinence, the source said. After the patient's blood sample was collected on November 6, he tested positive for Japanese Encephalitis. He was discharged on November 15, the sources said. According to the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme data, in 2024, 1,548 Japanese Encephalitis cases were reported from 24 states and Union Territories, with 925 cases from Assam alone. The central government guidelines, two doses of the vaccine have been a part of the Universal Immunisation Programme since 2013. Adult <keyword id="24203625" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Japanese-Encephalitis-vaccine" source="keywords">Japanese Encephalitis vaccine</keyword> has been introduced in high-burden states, sources said. "No outbreak of Japanese Encephalitis has been reported in Delhi in the past although occasional isolated cases have been reported from tertiary hospitals like AIIMS, Ram Manohar Lohia and Safdarjung among others - mostly from neighbouring states," a source said. While all public health measures have been instituted according to the NCVBDC guidelines, there is no cause for concern due to this isolated case of Japanese Encephalitis, the source said. The Japanese Encephalitis virus is normally carried by waterfowl and amplified in pigs from where it is accidentally transmitted to humans through the bite of infected culex mosquitoes. The infection may result in febrile illness and in a small proportion of cases cause neurological illness and may result in death, he said. There is no specific treatment for Japanese Encephalitis and there is no human-to-human transmission of the virus, the source said. SEE ALSO:<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/honda-activa-e-and-qc1-electric-scooters-unveiled-in-india-to-go-on-sale-in-2025/articleshow/115725242.cms" target="_self"></a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/honda-activa-e-and-qc1-electric-scooters-unveiled-in-india-to-go-on-sale-in-2025/articleshow/115725242.cms" target="_self">Honda Activa e and QC1 electric scooters unveiled in India, to go on sale in 2025</a><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/indias-pc-market-reaches-new-high-with-4-49-million-shipments-in-q3-2024/articleshow/115719599.cms" target="_blank"></a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/indias-pc-market-reaches-new-high-with-4-49-million-shipments-in-q3-2024/articleshow/115719599.cms" target="_blank">India’s PC market reaches new high with 4.49 million shipments in Q3 2024</a><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/mobile/news/realme-gt-7-pro-with-snapdragon-8-elite-chipset-launched-starting-at-59999/articleshow/115689685.cms" target="_blank"></a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/mobile/news/realme-gt-7-pro-with-snapdragon-8-elite-chipset-launched-starting-at-59999/articleshow/115689685.cms" target="_blank">Realme GT 7 Pro with Snapdragon 8 Elite chipset launched starting at ₹59,999</a>

Delhi reports 'isolated' case of Japanese Encephalitis

By Lara Herrero, Research Leader in Virology and Infectious Disease, Griffith University and Penny Rudd, Research Fellow, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Brisbane, Mar 11 (The Conversation) This week we heard two Australians have died from the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus. The virus has now been detected in four states. Authorities are concerned we'll see more cases around the country and have earmarked extra funding to roll out vaccines to those at risk. Who is recommended to have the vaccine depends on factors including their age, occupation and location. Here's what you need to know about accessing the vaccine in Australia, ahead of further announcements expected in coming days. What is Japanese encephalitis? Japanese encephalitis is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus. It spreads through mosquito bites. It cannot be transmitted from human to human. Most people will show no symptoms. However, 1% will develop swelling of the brain (encephalitis). Of those who have symptoms, up to 30% will die and a further 50% will have life-long neurological disability. The infection is particularly severe in the elderly or the young. The virus had previously been found in Southeast Asia, Western Pacific regions, and in the Torres Strait. However, because of its spread into new regions further south, last week Japanese encephalitis was designated a communicable disease of national significance. Tell me more about the vaccines Currently, seven Japanese encephalitis virus vaccines are licensed for use in humans globally. Two of these – Imojev and JEspect – are approved for use in Australia by the Therapeutic Goods Administration. Imojev is approved for those from nine months of age and is given as a single dose. JEspect is approved for use from two months of age and is given as two doses, 28 days apart. JEspect can be given to pregnant women, if necessary. The level of immunity from these vaccines varies. A single dose of Imojev can provide immunity for up to five years. Whereas JEspect requires two doses to provide immunity for two years, with some studies suggesting a third booster after 12 months provides longer protection. These vaccinations come with some side effects. These include redness, pain and mild swelling at the vaccination site. Other side effects include headache, fatigue and muscle pains. These vaccines vary in the way they are prepared. Also, different strains of the virus are used to make the different vaccines. This can ultimately affect how well they work to prevent disease if there is a change in the current circulating virus strain. Who can get the vaccine? Vaccination is currently recommended for high-risk groups, which currently includes: Laboratory workers who work with the virus. Travellers who will spend one month or more in an endemic region. People living or working in the outer islands of the Torres Strait. Before the current spread of Japanese encephalitis you could get the vaccine at GP clinics specialising in travel medicine. It costs A$300-350, which includes a GP visit and the vaccine itself. But with the spread of the virus in mainland Australia, the definition of high risk will likely change and the vaccine may be available to those high-risk groups via their GP or at work. At this stage we don't know if the vaccines would be free, but that will be confirmed in coming days. For instance, piggery workers are among workers expected to be considered high risk and be offered the vaccine. That's because Japanese encephalitis virus infects pigs (it has been detected in piggeries in NSW, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia). The virus then enters the mosquito population when they bite pigs, which then later bite humans and spread it to us. A national group of communicable disease, vaccine and virus experts is considering whether a wide vaccine rollout is needed and if so, how this might work. National cabinet is also expected to discuss the issue and make further announcements shortly. How can I protect myself, even without the vaccine? There are currently no specific treatments for people with Japanese encephalitis. Symptoms are managed with supportive care, including fluids and pain relief. Vaccination is one form of protection. However, the most useful protection comes from not being bitten by a mosquito in the first place. (The Conversation) CPS

Do I or my child need a Japanese encephalitis vaccine?

Encephalitis, also known as Chamki fever has claimed a lot of lives in Bihar and hence the topic has become hotter today. A lot of people are now wondering what causes this fever and how to prevent it. Here is an account of the causes of Chamki fever, its symptoms, and prevention methods. The cases reported Encephalitis or Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) or Chamki fever can be explained to an extent as the inflammatory condition in the brain. The most common targets of Chamki fever are children and young adults. Chamki fever is noted to cause a huge amount of mortality and morbidity. The recent outbreak of Chamki fever in Bihar has resulted in over a hundred deaths in the districts of Muzaffarpur and the surrounding districts. More than 200 children have been admitted in hospitals in the state of Bihar diagnosed with high fever and a number of severe viral infection symptoms. Earlier during a similar outbreak of chamki fever in 2014, as many as 700 deaths were reported. Investigations into the causes of chamki fever Few of the terms that describe chamki fever are Litchi Havoc, Killer Encephalitis, Chamki Bhukar, and Deadly Litchi Toxin. Mangal Pandey, the health minister of Bihar had set up a team of medical industry professionals to investigate into the causes of chamki fever. The list of causes identified by this team includes consuming lychee on an empty stomach, going to bed with an empty stomach, and humid conditions resulting in dehydration in addition to some others. The recent reports have confirmed that the highest number of mortality on account of chamki fever is noted in the age group of 1 to 10. The number of cases diagnosed with chamki fever has peaked in the months of April, May and June with the disease-focused mainly in the regions in and around Muzaffarpur in Bihar. The predominant cases of chamki fever are noted in the children who were undernourished and visited the litchi farms as observed by a report published in the National Health Portal of India. Do litchi fruits cause chamki fever? Two commissions set up by the government to investigate into the causes of chamki fever had concluded that malnourished children who consumed litchis and slept without food were affected with chamki fever in the pre-monsoon season in the early mornings. Their studies tried to establish a relationship between low blood glucose levels noticed in poor and malnourished children who slept with an empty stomach and a toxic chemical known as methylene cyclopropyl-glycine (MCPG) found in litchis that affects the brain during undernourished conditions. However, this theory has been discredited recently and the recent claims point out to the environmental factors like heat waves and the poor rainfall in these regions as the causes for chamki fever. During earlier outbreaks of chamki fever in 2005, 2011, 2013, and 2014, the temperature was more than 38 degrees and humidity was more than 50 percent. In Muzaffarpur, the sharp rise of humidity in nights make the condition worse for young children. Understanding Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES)? CDC describes acute encephalitis syndrome as a clinical condition predominantly caused due to infection by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) or due to some other infectious and non-infectious reasons. Symptoms of chamki fever (Encephalitis or Acute Encephalitis) The symptoms and signs of AES are an acute beginning of fever associated with headache. This will be accompanied by a range of clinical neurological symptoms like mental confusion, delirium, disorientation, and even coma. Who are at the highest risk of chamki fever? The chamki fever causing virus is very commonly present in the rural areas. Hence the children living in these regions are noted with the highest risk of chamki fever. The incidence of chamki fever was the highest among the children between 0 to 6 years with the other possible ager group targeted by this illness being 7 to 10 years. The most common targets of chamki fever are people with a weak immune system who already have HIV/AIDS, those that take immunity suppressing drugs and those that are undernourished. The spread of Encephalitis or Chamki fever While viruses are said to be the most common causes for chamki fever (AES) in India, some other sources like bacteria, fungus, spirochetes, parasites, some toxins and chemicals were also said to cause this condition. Severe kinds of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are also found to be causing AES. Scientists have a notion that the toxin known as methylene cyclopropyl-glycine (MCPG) present in litchi fruit could be related to the inflammation of the brain. AES and chamki fever Any brain disease or AES cannot be termed as chamki fever. AES can be of different types including brain inflammation due to virus known as encephalitis, swelling of the protective membranes of the spinal cord and brain known as meningitis, any brain disease that can alter the brain structure and function like encephalopathy, and many kinds of neurological complications or malarial infections like cerebral malaria. The two important theories connected to the causes of chamki fever include the heat wave stroke and the toxins found in the locally grown litchi fruits. However, the recent views state that the main causes of chamki fever is the lack of acclimatization in children, heat wave and poor rainfall. Treating Encephalitis or Chamki fever The subjects reporting encephalitis must be treated urgently. The treatment plan for chamki fever will include antiviral medication, and steroid injections besides many others in order to support the body and relieve the subjects of the symptoms. During recent days, the PHCs have been instructed to provide an intravenous glucose infusion during the attacks of chamki fever. The subjects are also given a lot of rest, fruits and anti-inflammatory medicines to relieve the headache and fever. Though there is no cure noted for this disease, there are safer and effective vaccines available today to prevent chamki fever. How to prevent chamki fever or encephalitis Vaccination is advised as the most dependable preventive measure for encephalitis. In addition, using repellants, wearing long-sleeved clothes, maintaining hygienic conditions, washing hands with soap and water after using the toilet and before taking meals can help prevent the encephalitis that is caused due to the virus.

Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (Chamki Fever) causes, symptoms and prevention

What Is Chamki Fever/Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Chamki fever or encephalitis is an inflammatory condition of the brain resulting in a variety of associated symptoms. Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) causes an acute-onset of fever associated with headache and most commonly reported in children and young adults. This illness brings about an alarming rate of morbidity and mortality. The recent outbreak of chamki fever in Bihar resulted in over 100 deaths in Muzaffarpur and its adjoining regions in the state of Bihar, India. Most notably, the similar outbreak of chamki fever resulted in about 700 deaths in 2014. Predominantly, chamki fever affects children and young adults in the age group of 1 to 10. The name chamki bukhar means fever condition associated with a seizure. Reports say that chamki fever or AES has spread in over 12 districts of Bihar including Muzaffarpur, Vaishali and East Champaran with Muzaffarpur declared as the worst hit zone. What is Chamki Fever or Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) or chamki fever is a highly serious public health problem in India. It manifests as an acute onset of fever and a seriously affected mental condition resulting in confusion, disorientation, delirium, or coma. The affected individual may experience seizures. Chamki fever can happen in any age and at any time of the year. Muzaffarpur, Bihar and adjoining areas in Bihar are litchi producing districts. This disease mostly spreads far and wide in the months between April and June especially in children who are undernourished with a history of consuming litchis from the neighboring orchards. Causes of Chamki fever or Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Viruses are said to be the main agents causing AES. However, other sources like bacteria, fungus, chemicals, parasites, spirochetes, toxins, and some noninfectious agents have also been noted to cause chamki fever as studied over the past few decades. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is identified as the major cause of AES in India. The percentage of this agent ranges from 5-35 percent. Nipah virus and Zika virus are also said to be AES causing agents. In some cases. The other agents causing chamki fever include Influenza A virus, simplex virus, mumps, dengue, West Parvovirus B4, Nile virus, Epstein-Barr virus Chandipura virus, measles, enteroviruses, scrub typhus, and S pneumonia. Symptoms of chamki fever or Encephalitis Some of the prominent and most common symptoms of chamki fever include High temperature, Headache, extreme sensitivity to light, stiff neck and back, nausea, and mental confusion. In severe cases of chamki fever, seizures and paralysis can result. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) As discussed so far, JEV is identified as the major cause of AES in India. This virus is spread by mosquitos and it is a kind of flavivirus. This virus belongs to the same genus like dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. So far no cure has been discovered for chamki fever. The treatment available now focuses mainly on relieving the severe clinical symptoms found in the affected persons and supporting the patients to overcome the infective condition. Treatment for chamki fever or Encephalitis The affected persons must be treated immediately to avoid severe complications. The patients must be admitted to the Intensive Care unit or ICU to prevent any kinds of major mishaps. Chamki fever can be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs including Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen and Naproxen Sodium which can bring down the temperature and headache. Majority of cases reported with chamki fever can get resolved in a matter of a few days. However, some severe cases can take about a few weeks to recover.

What Is Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (Chamki Fever) - All you need to know

WHO says Nipah virus can be a potential epidemic in future. The outbreak of Nipah virus recognized in Bangladesh in 2004 was said to be caused by consuming date palm sap that was exposed to Nipah virus infected fruit bats. Nipah virus outbreaks were noticed in Kerala in India, Bangladesh, Singapore, Malaysia, and eastern Australia. The recent death of three members in the Nipah virus affected family in Kerala made the Kerala State Health Department to put the state on high alert. The nature of Nipah virus has not been ascertained so far. Symptoms and signs of Nipah virus infection in humans Human beings infected with Nipah virus can show up asymptomatic infection or acute respiratory infection ranging from mild to severe states in addition to encephalitis that can prove fatal. Some of the symptoms developed by persons infected with Nipah virus include headaches, fevers, muscle pain, sore throat and vomiting. They might also feel drowsiness, altered consciousness, and some neurological conditions like acute encephalitis or brain inflammation. In some affected individuals, Nipah virus can lead to severe kind of respiratory problems and acute respiratory distress. In some other serious cases of Nipah virus infection, the individuals might experience severe respiratory difficulties, atypical pneumonia, and seizures. Such conditions can also progress to the level of coma within a period of 24 to 48 hours. Convulsions and pulmonary signs can also be noticed in some infected persons. The incubation period of this virus is found to be between 4 to 14 days and in some cases, this can even drag on for as long as 45 days. The symptoms of Nipah virus are often confused with Japanese encephalitis. The outbreak of Nipah virus in Malaysia led to the death of more than 50% of the cases infected with Nipah virus. How to treat Nipah virus As on date, there are no drugs or vaccines available with us to treat Nipah virus infection. In fact, the WHO has identified Nipah virus as a priority disease for their Research and Development. Severe cases of Nipah virus infections are to be treated to prevent severe respiratory disorders and neurological complications including seizures. Since the vaccine to treat this deadly virus is absent today, prevention is the best way to stop the infection and spread of Nipah virus. Appropriate detergents must be used for a thorough cleaning of the infected pigs if any instances of Nipah virus outbreak is noted in animals, the farm must be immediately quarantined. In order to reduce the risk of Nipah virus outbreak the WHO suggests culling of infected animals, burial or incineration of the carcasses such steps can minimize the risk of transmission of Nipah virus to people. Nipha virus Treatment Treatment of Nipah virus is highly limited. Only supportive care can be given to the infected persons. There is no specific treatment plan available to the medical industry today. Extreme precautions are necessary for the healthcare workers dealing with Nipah virus infected persons and while handling the laboratory samples.

All you need to know about Nipah Virus Symptoms and Treatment

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aedes_Albopictus.jpg">Wikimedia/CDC</a></div></div></div>
<a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">Half of the world population</a> is considered at-risk for diseases transmitted by blood-sucking bugs like ticks, sandflies, and mosquitoes. For <a href="http://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2014/en/" target="_blank">World Health Day today</a>, the World Health Organization wanted to highlight that very real risk with a snappy slogan: "small bite, big threat."
That's right: The most dangerous animals on the planet can be killed with a single swat - but if they've had time to bite, they may have already transmitted a fatal disease.
Many Americans consider bug bites a nuisance more than anything else. But illnesses transmitted by mosquitoes and their ilk kill more than a million people each year and infect more than a billion, causing debilitating pain, brain damage, blindness, and other serious effects.
Globally, the deadliest of the creatures that carry and cause these diseases is the mosquito. Here are 11 scientific reasons why they are the worst.
<h3>1. Mosquitoes put 40% of the world at risk for dengue, which causes "the feeling of broken bones."</h3>
Dengue fever hurts so much that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/diseases-you-can-get-from-mosquitoes-2013-8">it's commonly referred to as</a> break bone fever.
It's the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne disease in the world, with 40% of the world currently at risk. Between 50 and 100 million people get dengue every year year, and even though it's not usually fatal, <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/">it still is a leading cause of death</a> for children in certain Latin American and Asian countries.
The disease can also develop into severe dengue, a hemorrhagic condition that is much more dangerous, causing bleeding, organ impairment, and persistent vomiting.
There's no medicine or vaccine for dengue. Treatment generally involves just trying to keep patients hydrated.
<h3>2. Mosquitoes spread yellow fever, which the WHO calls "the original viral haemorrhagic fever."</h3>
Yellow fever <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">infects around 200,000 people a year</a> - and kills 30,000. It's a viral hemorrhagic fever that has no treatment. After a period of severe illness, most patients recover, but about 15% enter a toxic phase, when they start to bleed internally and organs begin to fail. About half of patients who enter the toxic phase die.
Cases of yellow fever have been increasing since the 1980s due to declining human immunity, deforestation, climate change, increased air travel, and higher infection rates in cities due to a particular breed of mosquito called the Aedes aegypti.
However, there is an effective vaccine for for the fever - one dose provides life-long immunity, and many countries won't permit travelers to enter without proof of vaccination.
<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/theactionitems/4425892550/in/photolist-7K6REf-7JYYux-7JZ2oa-7K7YZC-7JXzDF-7KjLUb-7K3vVA-7JXCXk-7K34Dw-7K7Bfh-7K3zMN-7K5S6b-7KcLC9-7KjQSE-7K8GVZ-7KcDXw-7KcDeY-7K42ks-7KcEuw-7K3mBn-7K1uUe-7K7PGL-7JY5Rg-7K5HT7-7K3Ndm-7K2MgX-7K2K8B-7K9hD6-7K3Efr-7K7MqG-7K2dyY-7K71Vu-7K47zP-7KcVG7-7K2Xpx-7K42Eh-7K97mc-7K4eLg-7JXmdg-7K3gxb-7K45DQ-7JYeqZ-7JYxa2-7JYqG8-7KcFrb-7K1oTn-7K2ZqV-7K4bTL-7K2V1A-7Kf6Kn">Marc AuMarc / flickr</a></div></div>3. Mosquitoes are behind the recent outbreaks of chikungunya, which can sometimes lead to agonizing pain.</h3>
The painful and potentially debilitating virus chikungunya has been around for centuries, but just appeared in the Americas for the first time at the end of 2013.
The disease's name <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/chikungunya-virus-arrives-in-americas-2014-1">comes from a word in a Tanzanian language</a> that means "to become contorted," referring to the severe joint pain that it causes, which lasts for weeks, and in some rare cases, even months and years.
"I've been in Africa and seen and heard children just screaming for days on end because of the pain," American Mosquito Control Association technical advisor Joe Conlon <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/diseases-you-can-get-from-mosquitoes-2013-8">told Business Insider</a> last summer.
The first cases were reported on the island of Saint Martin, but since then cases have occurred in Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Barthelemy, the British Virgin Islands, and the Dominican Republic.
Humans have very little natural immunity to chikungunya, which has allowed mosquitoes to spread the virus quickly throughout populations. In 2005, an outbreak sped through the island of La Reunión, sickening 200,000 of 750,000 residents, despite the fact that the only mosquitoes there, the Asian Tiger Mosquitoes, should not have been able to transmit the virus. Experts realized <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/chikungunya-outbreak/">that it had mutated</a>, allowing Asian Tiger mosquitoes to spread the disease.
<h3>4. Mosquitoes scoff at national borders, turning isolated cases into outbreaks.</h3>
Any person infected with a mosquito-borne disease can carry it to a different country, where it can spread if they are bitten by a local mosquito upon arrival - which happens frequently.
In 2007, an older <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/chikungunya-outbreak/">Italian man returned home from a trip to India</a>, unknowingly having been bitten by a mosquito carrying chikungunya. Upon returning home, he visited a cousin - and within 3 months, more than 200 people had been infected with the disease.
<h3>5. Mosquitoes infect us with nasty bird diseases, like West Nile Virus.</h3>
Although West Nile Virus is carried by birds, humans can catch it too - usually from a mosquito that bit the bird first.
Most people don't develop symptoms, but 20% of the infected develop a fever - accompanied by headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash.
About <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">1 in 150 people infected become seriously ill</a> with West Nile encephalitis or West Nile meningitis, potentially fatal conditions. Horses can also become ill due to West Nile Virus, but neither horses nor humans can spread the disease. And while there's a vaccine against the illness for horses, there's not for humans.
Since it arrived in the United States, West Nile may <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/cdc-study-on-cost-of-west-nile-virus-2014-2">have infected more than 3 million Americans, and cost more than $800 million</a>.
<h3>6. Mosquitoes don't play fair: They target some people more than others.</h3>
Some people really are mosquito magnets. Mosquitoes are drawn to the smell given off by the bacteria that live on everyone's skin, and <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/skin-bacteria-attracts-mosquito-bites-2014-3">so</a><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/skin-bacteria-attracts-mosquito-bites-2014-3">me people give off an odor</a> that makes them especially attractive to the tiny beasts. And contrary to what a lot of people say, eating garlic and using natural repellent <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/travel/getting-the-jump-on-mosquitoes.html">doesn't do much</a>, if anything, though DEET-containing bug repellents are effective indeed.
<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-1038463p1.html">Shutterstock/Trazos sobre Papel</a></div></div>7. Mosquitoes spread Rift Valley fever, which can blind people and bankrupt farmers.</h3>
Rift Valley fever mostly affects animals, but mosquitoes can transmit it to humans, too, where it causes some pretty horrific symptoms.
Some people experience no symptoms, and among those who do, the effects <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/" target="_blank">seem like a flu</a> at first. Some develop neck stiffness and sensitivity to light as well.
But the small subset of people (less than 2%) who get the ocular form of the disease may develop lesions in their eye that cause them to go blind, while others (also less than 2%) may develop potentially a fatal brain disease or hemorrhagic fever.
Since Rift Valley fever primarily affects animal populations, its effects <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/rvf/">can decimate farming industries and economies</a>.
<h3>8. Mosquitoes cause permanent disability around the world.</h3>
Lymphatic filariasis, a mostly neglected tropical disease, <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/">is a leading cause of permanent disability</a> for people around the world.
More than 120 million people are currently infected, and about one-third of them are disfigured and incapacitated by it.
Mosquitoes spread microscopic parasites between people, which then settle into the lymphatic system to multiply over a period of 6-8 years. They can damage the immune system and the kidneys, and later on in life may cause <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/">painful swelling in the arms, legs, and genitals</a>.
<h3>9. Mosquitoes spread fatal diseases to children.</h3>
<a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">Japanese encephalitis</a> is another disease that mosquitoes can spread to humans from infected animals, though humans cannot spread the disease on. It still kills about 10,000 people a year, mostly children under the age of 5. Although there is no treatment, there is an effective vaccine. <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1"> </a>
<h3>10. Mosquitoes spread malaria, which still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths every year.</h3>
Between 2000 and 2012, there's been <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111008/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2014.1_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">a dramatic reduction in malaria deaths</a> - 42% globally. Even so, an estimated 627,000 people died from malaria in 2012 alone, and there were approximately 207 million cases of the disease.
Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium parasites in their bites, which then cause high fever, chills, and a serious flu-like illness that can kill if it's not treated. This disease is preventable, with items like bed nets, insect repellent, and long sleeves, and is treatable, yet it still kills that many people.
<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image">NRCS SD at <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcs_south_dakota/7687101212/">www.flickr.com</a></div></div>11. Mosquitoes are really hard to get rid of.</h3>
Mosquitoes don't need much to survive. Any small water container - or anything that will catch rainwater - is enough to provide a breeding ground. Mosquitoes are also <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DumgZ8ELGlEAF8M9a7X7xMpIXHX-mhS8Xprse3-qK3c/edit">becoming resistant</a> to commonly used insecticides, like pyrethroids, which are commonly used to treat bed nets.
They also travel quickly. The Asian Tiger Mosquito, which is known to carry yellow fever, dengue, and chikungunya, has <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060874#pone.0060874-Sprenger1">spread to 36 states</a> since first showing up in the United States in 1985.
Its vehicle of choice? <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3576225">Used tires</a>. Tires commonly hold standing water, which makes them an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes. Worn out tires are sent from rich countries to poor countries, where they are often fitted with new treads, and then sent back to the countries they came from. And on both routes, they may carry six-legged stowaways. This is such a serious problem that entomologists are <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/05/chikungunya-the-mosquito-borne-virus-that-contorts-your-limbs.html">looking for ways</a> to incorporate insecticides into tire rubber.

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