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<keyword id="20779198" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chief-Economic-Advisor" source="keywords">Chief Economic Advisor</keyword> V Anantha Nageswaran emphasized the crucial and positive role that artificial intelligence (<keyword id="19899640" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="AI" source="keywords">AI</keyword>) can play for the <keyword id="22505095" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-demography" source="keywords">Indian demography</keyword> and <keyword id="20278114" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="labour-force" source="keywords">labour force</keyword> during a press conference on the <keyword id="20613906" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Economic-Survey" source="keywords">Economic Survey</keyword> 2023-24. He noted that within the next decade, India is poised to become the world's third-largest economy and will benefit significantly from its demographic dividend. However, Nageswaran also acknowledged potential challenges posed by AI, particularly for India's <keyword id="20811086" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="business-process-outsourcing" source="keywords">Business Process Outsourcing</keyword> (BPO) sector. He stated, "The short-term challenge of generative AI could slow <keyword id="22505093" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="BPO-sector-growth" source="keywords">BPO sector growth</keyword>, affecting <keyword id="21300718" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="customer-services" source="keywords">customer services</keyword>. It is possible that the jobs related to BPO will be under threat whereas AI may actually turn out to be a booster." Furthermore, Nageswaran also pointed out that the emergence of AI might reduce annual <keyword id="21420133" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="productivity-growth" source="keywords">productivity growth</keyword> by approximately 0.3 percentage points in the coming years. This indicates a potential short-term dip in productivity as industries adapt to new technologies. Despite these challenges, Nageswaran added that the long-term potential of AI is promising. The broader adoption of AI could lead to significant improvements in critical areas such as healthcare and education, thereby enhancing human capital. The economic survey presented in the Parliament by finance minister Nirmala Sithraman says in the medium term Indian economy can grow at a rate of 7 per cent. The economic survey stated, "In the medium term, the Indian economy can grow at a rate of 7 per cent plus on a sustained basis if we build on the structural reforms undertaken over the last decade. This requires a tripartite compact between the Union Government, State Governments and the private sector." Achieving a sustained growth rate of over 7 per cent will require a tripartite compact between the Union Government, State Governments, and the private sector. India's financial sector is undergoing critical transformations. During FY24, primary capital markets facilitated capital formation of Rs 10.9 lakh crore, accounting for approximately 29 per cent of the gross fixed capital formation of private and public corporates in FY23. It further adds India faces a unique blend of opportunities and challenges amid global trends such as geo-economic fragmentation, a push for self-reliance, looming climate change, the rise of technology, and limited policy space. (ANI)

AI could slow BPO sector growth: Chief Economic Advisor Nageshwaran

<ul><li>APJ Abdul Kalam was a leader who contributed to the youth skilling and development initiatives. </li><li>In 2010, the <keyword id="6355833" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="united-nations">United Nations</keyword> honoured Kalam for his contribution to science, education and politics. Since then, October 15 is observed as World Student’s Day. </li><li>Four years ago, the Delhi government rolled out an education scheme Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Higher Education and Skill Education Guarantee Scheme — which aimed to extend education loans of upto ₹1 million to students. </li><li>According to him, the students should acquire two certificates from their school education — the highschool passing certificate and a skill-based achievement certificate.</li></ul>APJ Abdul Kalam wore many hats. Initially, the aerospace engineer was known as a <keyword id="445273" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Missile-Man">missile man</keyword> for his contribution to the development of ballistic missiles. But the scientist is better known for his views and work to develop the quality of education in India. He was in fact one of the first to recognize the need for skill development initiatives. The man who made progress across space technology, aeronautics, metallurgy and more--loved to spend time with children. One of his many heartwarming acts as a President is to cancel the traditional Iftar party and send the food to orphanages instead. He also designed lightweight prosthetics from space-age material which will help disabled children walk, and cycle too. In 2010, the United Nations honoured the man popularly known ‘People’s President’ and turned his birthday, October 15 into <a href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/world-students-day-2019-why-is-it-celebrated-on-apj-abdul-kalams-birth-anniversary-2116518">World Student’s Day.</a> “When learning is purposeful creativity blossoms, when creativity blossoms, thinking emanates. When thinking emanates, knowledge is fully lit. When knowledge is lit, economy flourishes,” Dr Kalam had famously said. Four years ago, the Delhi government also rolled out an <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/a.p.j.-abdul-kalams-expectations-from-the-indian-education-system-285156-2015-07-28">education scheme</a> called Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Higher Education and Skill Education Guarantee Scheme — which extends education loans of upto ₹1 million to students. Nourish them with skill-based learning Kalam believed in nourishing the country’s education system with skill-based learning. According to him, students should acquire two certificates — the highschool passing certificate and a skill-based achievement certificate. He had said that the school curriculum should emphasise on special training programmes to enhance skills which help find a job, and understand industry culture. "Teachers have to realize that they are the builders of the society. The society can be built only when the students are made proficient in their subjects. In addition, they have to provide a vision for life to students and also inculcate the fundamentals of values which he should practice in the years to come," he said. He promoted inculcating inquiry, creativity, technology, entrepreneurial and moral leadership in students. “If we develop in all our students these five capacities, we will produce an ‘autonomous learner’ a self-directed, self controlled, lifelong learner, who will have the capacity to both respect authority and at the same time is capable of questioning authority, in an appropriate manner,” he said.

The missile man who gave young Indians wings of fire and burning ambition

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Joe <keyword id="60973" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Biden">Biden</keyword> credited First Lady <keyword id="191986" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Jill-Biden">Jill Biden</keyword> for the boost to <keyword id="4490211" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="pell-grants">Pell Grants</keyword> in his new spending plan.</li><li>Nearly 60% of Black students rely on Pell Grants to pay for college.</li><li>Jill Biden continues to teach at a community college and included <keyword id="6355445" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="education">education</keyword> reforms in her First Lady agenda.</li></ul>President Joe Biden's first joint address on Wednesday night, during which he officially <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-economic-spending-program-families-education-childcare-congress-2021-4">unveiled</a> his $1.8 trillion American Families Plan, included a shoutout to a key influence on its educational reforms: First Lady Jill Biden.Of the $1.8 trillion package, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-infrastructure-plan-education-free-community-college-universal-prek-families-2021-4">$318 billion</a> of it is going to reforming the country's education system, and Biden revealed that Jill Biden, who teaches at a community college while serving as First Lady, led the effort to include aid to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and minority serving institutions (MSIs) and has been instrumental in advocating for education accessibility and certain education policies. "She's long said - if I've heard it once, I've heard it a thousand times: 'Joe, any country that out educates us is going to outcompete us,'" Biden said during his speech.Biden said in his speech that the reason for investing in Pell Grants is because HBCUs and MSIs "don't have the endowments, but their students are just as capable of learning about cyber security, just as capable of learning about metallurgy, all the things that are going on that provide those jobs of the future," and Jill Biden is to thank.As part of the postsecondary education investments in the <keyword id="17408" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="infrastructure">infrastructure</keyword> plan, the president included investments in the Pell Grant program, which gives government subsidies to students who need it to pay for college. His plan proposed increasing the maximum Pell Grant award to $4,000, which would assist the nearly <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/235372/recipients-of-federal-pell-grants-in-the-us/">7 million students</a> who rely on Pell Grants. This comes on top of a $39 billion program in the plan that provides two years of subsidized tuition for students from families earning less than $125,000 enrolled in a four-year <keyword id="5013145" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="hbcu">HBCU</keyword> or MSI.A White House <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/28/fact-sheet-the-american-families-plan/">fact sheet</a> said that among students of color, nearly 60% of Black, half of American Indian or Alaska Native, almost half of Latino, and over one-third of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander students rely on Pell Grants to pay for college.Jill Biden continues to teach classes at Northern Virginia Community College and has laid out an agenda of her own, which includes educational reforms."She'll be deeply involved in leading this effort," Biden said. "Thank you, Jill."

'Thank you, Jill': The First Lady is a key voice on Joe Biden's educational reforms

Today, India celebrates the <keyword id="68074" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="National-Education-Day">National Education Day</keyword> 2019 to mark the birth anniversary of the country’s first Education Minister <keyword id="255326" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Maulana-Abdul-Kalam-Azad">Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad</keyword>. In September 2008, the Human Resource and Development Ministry declared November 11 as the National Education Day. Maulana, who shaped the scientific research and education system believed that schools are laboratories that will shape the future of the country. He established the country’s first elite engineering college — Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. He also founded the University Grants Commission (UGC), Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) among others. Here are the <keyword id="747357" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="educational-reforms">educational reforms</keyword> that India witnessed in the recent times.

On National Education Day, here’s a look at the recent reforms in India

Ensuring that every student in India graduates and has a successful career is central to rebuilding the <keyword id="6356076" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-economy">Indian economy</keyword> and securing a brighter economic future for all Indians. 
 
As <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/budgte-2017-budget-2017-is-going-to-have-huge-respite-for-real-estate-sector-heres-how/articleshow/56592833.cms">Budget 2017</a> approaches fast, we made some comparisons of India's educational reforms vis-a-vis that of the US, and found out some stellar work done by the Obama administration that India schools and colleges lack. 
 
Here are some of these initiatives that the Modi government can adopt in the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/people-paying-income-tax-likely-to-be-big-gainers-of-budget-2017/articleshow/56178701.cms">upcoming Budget</a>:

Top Education Reforms by Obama Govt that India should adopt in the upcoming Union Budget

<ul><li>As per CARE <keyword id="164127" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="rating-agency">rating agency</keyword>, the unemployment rate in India may increase further as a high proportion of students enroll in engineering, vocational and information technology courses. </li><li>Per student, the average expenditure on education in India is ₹8,331. </li><li>According to the report, the average expense for enrolling in a professional course can go as high as ₹72,000 per student. </li><li>Of the total expenses incurred on the education of every student, over half of the amount is spent on tuition and exam fees — and that excludes course material, books and uniform. </li></ul>India is one of the world’s largest economies which is also home to the youngest population. Most of these youngsters are pursuing higher studies and spending more on education. That could be a boon and a curse both as it will increase the already high unemployment rate, says a report by CARE agency. In the last decade, the expenses on general education that includes primary to post graduate courses increased fourfold to ₹8,331 per student per annum. The cost for <keyword id="6601805" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Professional-Courses">professional courses</keyword> went up by nearly 52%. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 India's economic growth has been weakening for five straight quarters and is at a six-year low. The sliding economic growth does not bode well for employment opportunities but the cost of education is constantly rising. 
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 Engineering Employment declines on a monthly basis The unemployment rate in October stood at 8.5% — the highest in three years. According to a recent survey by trade body of IT and staffing <a href="https://www2.staffingindustry.com/site/Editorial/Daily-News/Engineering-shows-first-sign-of-weakness-employment-ticks-down-in-October-report-says-51947">TechServe Alliance</a>, engineering employment is declining on a month-on-month basis. It fell by 0.18% in October compared to September for total employment of near 2.7 million. All this while, education is turning costlier in India. The average expenditure for professional course stood at ₹ 64,763 in urban areas — twice that of in rural India at ₹32,137. According to the report, it can go as high as ₹72,000 per student. The chart below shows a significant rise in expenses as the education level increases. However, the education expenses for technical courses has declined due to higher subsidies, scholarships and growing number of institutes and the resultant competition. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Where are the returns? But it is yet unknown as to what kind of returns these expenses will provide. “It is of utmost importance that there is sufficient number of jobs created in these fields. In the absence of such jobs, the unemployment rate would tend to increase as qualified students may not be willing to take up jobs which require lower qualification,” it said. Meanwhile, spending on general education including postgraduate and certification courses also increased. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 The urban and rural divide Students of general courses however are spending much less, at around ₹5,240 in rural areas. But those in urban areas spent three times more at ₹16,308. “This could potentially act as a deterrent for economically weaker sections to continue being enrolled in schools. For this, government intervention needs to come in at the right levels for drop outs to reduce,” the report highlighted. Of the total expenses incurred on the education of every student, over half of the amount is spent on tuition and exam fees — and that excludes course material, books and uniform. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Coaching and travel expenses add on Students are also having to fork out extra money for travelling and coaching — both make up for 12% each. “This throws light on the unsatisfactory quality of education provided in school classrooms, leading to greater number of students opting for private coaching. Also, the expenses can be reduced if government provides financial support by providing such essentials at free or subsidised rates to students.” According to the rating agency, merely one in five students in the urban regions received free education. While over half of the students in the rural areas could benefit from subsidised cost of education. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/education/news/on-national-education-day-heres-a-look-at-the-recent-reforms-in-india/articleshow/72001598.cms">On National Education Day, here’s a look at the recent reforms in India</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/niti-aayog-wants-education-budget-to-increase-further/articleshow/69941463.cms">India’s education budget has improved over the years — but it’s still too low</a>

Indians are spending enormously on education even with few jobs in sight

Sixteen per cent of the <keyword id="6370132" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="candidates">candidates</keyword> contesting in the first phase of Assam assembly elections have declared criminal cases against themselves, according to a report by poll rights group <keyword id="404563" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Association-for-Democratic-Reforms">Association for Democratic Reforms</keyword> (ADR). The <keyword id="602518" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Assam-Election-Watch">Assam Election Watch</keyword> and ADR have analysed the sworn affidavits of 259 out of the 264 candidates in the first phase. Out of 259 candidates analysed, 41 (16 per cent) candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves and 34 (13 per cent) have declared serious criminal cases against themselves, the ADR said. The report said out of 259 candidates, 101 (39 per cent) are crorepatis. Giving educational background, the report said 97 (37 per cent) candidates have declared their educational qualifications to be between 5th and 12th standard, while 157 (61 per cent) candidates have declared having an educational qualification of graduate or above. Four candidates are diploma holders and one candidate is just literate. The report said 67 (26 per cent) candidates have declared their age to be between 25 and 40 years, while 153 (59 per cent) candidates have declared their age to be between 41 and 60 years. "There are 38 (15 per cent) candidates who have declared their age to be between 61 and 70 years. One candidate has declared his age 85 years," the report said. Giving gender details of the candidates, the report said 25 (10 per cent) women candidates are contesting in the first phase. Among the major parties, 10 (23 per cent) out of 43 candidates analysed from the Congress, eight (20 per cent) out of 41 candidates analysed from the Assam Jatiya Parishad, three (8 per cent) out of 39 candidates analysed from the BJP and one candidate each from the NCP, AGP and the SUCI(C) have declared criminal cases against themselves in their affidavits. Among the major parties, nine (21 per cent) out of 43 candidates analysed from the Congress, six (15 per cent) out of 41 candidates analysed from the Assam Jatiya Parishad, three (8 per cent) out of 39 candidates analysed from the BJP and one candidate each from the NCP, AGP and the SUCI(C) have declared serious criminal cases against themselves in their affidavits. Serious criminal cases are non-bailable offences with over five years of imprisonment. Five candidates have declared cases related to crime against women. "Out of five candidates, one candidate has declared cases related to rape (IPC Section-376)," the report said. Two candidates have declared cases related to murder (IPC Section-302) against themselves and four candidates have declared cases related to attempt to murder (IPC Section-307) against themselves. "Three (6 per cent) out of 47 constituencies are Red alert constituencies. Red alert constituencies are those where three or more contesting candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves," the report said. "The directions of the Supreme Court have had no effect on the political parties in selection of candidates in Phase 1 of the Assam Assembly Elections 2021 as they have again followed their old practice of giving tickets to around 16 per cent candidates with criminal cases," the report said. Giving financial background of the candidates, the report said among the major parties nine (90 per cent) out of 10 candidates analysed from the AGP, 31(72 per cent) out of 43 candidates analysed from the Congress, 28 (72 per cent) out of 39 candidates analysed from the BJP and 15 (37 per cent) out of 41 candidates analysed from the Assam Jatiya Parishad have declared assets valued more than ₹1 crore. "The average of assets per candidate contesting in the Assam Assembly Elections 2021 Phase I is ₹1.84 crore," the report said. Elections to the 126-member Assam assembly will be held in three phases on March 27, April 1 and April 6. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/nazara-technologies-ipo-opens-today-should-you-subscribe/articleshow/81542657.cms">Nazara Technologies will be the first pure-play gaming company to debut on the Indian public markets – analysts are all in for it</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/suryoday-small-finance-bank-initial-public-offer-ipo-worth-581-crore-live-should-you-subscribe/articleshow/81543610.cms">Suryoday Small Finance Bank IPO worth ₹581 crore opens today – should you subscribe?</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/elon-musk-turns-down-1-million-for-the-tweet-he-was-selling-as-an-nft/articleshow/81546434.cms">Elon Musk turns down $1 million for the tweet he was selling as an NFT</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/how-to-check-easemytrip-ipo-allotment-and-listing-date/articleshow/81548106.cms">EaseMyTrip IPO allotment live – how to check allotment, listing date and more</a>

Around 16% candidates contesting in Phase-1 of Assam assembly polls have criminal backgrounds, says an NGO report

<ul><li>The ministry of science and technology will now rank institutions — offering STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Maths) education — on <keyword id="6372584" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="gender-equality">gender equality</keyword>, according to the Times of India report. </li><li> As many as 20 Indian institutions — including the premier Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Science (NITs) — have joined hands to facilitate it. </li><li>The ministry will rate the institutions as gold, silver and bronze based on the number of women scientists, faculty and research fellows. </li><li>The move is aimed to ‘recruit, retain and promote’ women in the STEM education sector. </li></ul>Indian universities should strive to achieve something that has been taking for granted for long - gender equality. To ensure that they do, the ministry of science and technology will now rank institutions — on gender equality, <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/top-institutes-will-now-be-graded-on-gender-equality/articleshow/73283922.cms">according to </a>the Times of India report. These ranks however will be for those offering STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Maths) courses. As many as 20 Indian institutions — including Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Science (NITs) — have joined hands to facilitate it. The government aims to rope in over 90 institutions as a part of the new grading system. “Our policy will initially include 20 institutes which will adopt a self-assessment process to develop an accreditation model to help identify gender gaps and barriers to progression faced by women in science based on interviews with them,” Sanjay-Mishra, head of KIRAN division at the department of science and technology (DST)<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/top-institutes-will-now-be-graded-on-gender-equality/articleshow/73283922.cms"> told </a>TOI. DST, along with British Council, will give ratings to institutions. The ministry will rate the institutions as gold, silver and bronze based on the number of women across verticals — including science faculty, research fellows and scientists and those sent for PhD programmes. Gold accreditation will recognise institutions that have attained gender equality in its educational programmes — and act as role models to those promoting women participation. Sliver, on the other hand will recognise those institutions that are implementing practices to overcome challenges in gender neutral approach and bronze will list those institutions that are working to promote equality. What accelerated the development? India slipped four spots to 112th in the <a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-slips-four-ranks-on-world-economic-forum-s-global-gender-gap-index-2020-11576574974188.html">Global Gender Gap Index 2020</a>, according to the <keyword id="69007" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="World-Economic-Forum">World Economic Forum</keyword> — which said that it will take nearly 100 years to attain gender parity across education, healthcare, politics and economy. The move is aimed to ‘recruit, retain and promote’ <keyword id="4244406" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="women-in-stem">women in STEM</keyword> areas. As per the report, women constitute merely 15% of faculty positions in science. In the research programmes, women account for a third of the PhD awardees. “This will definitely give a much needed thrust to the inclusion of women in academia. However a key challenge will be to define the terms of how institutions will effectively measure gender equality. They should not merely execute gender equality on paper, rather it should ensure inclusion in education and employment,” Neeti Sharma, VP, TeamLease Services told Business Insider. In fact, women constitute only 5% of the total research fellows at the <keyword id="81569" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-National-Science-Academy">Indian National Science Academy</keyword> (INSA). The total budget of the project is ₹8 crore. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/budget/news/education-budget-2020-the-rise-in-budget-allocation-for-education-is-just-not-enough/articleshow/73182288.cms">The rise in budget allocation for education is just not enough</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/education/news/on-national-education-day-heres-a-look-at-the-recent-reforms-in-india/articleshow/72001598.cms">On National Education Day, here’s a look at the recent reforms in India</a>

IITs and NITs will now be ranked on how many women they educate and employ

<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/better-capitalism"></a><div type="image" title="ebt snap food stamps" height="1346" width="2000" msid="77489518" hostid="261"></div><ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jamie-dimon-mark-cuban-ray-dalio-billionaires-inequality-coronavirus-2020-5">Financiers, business leaders</a>, and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/capitalism-in-crisis-how-to-fix-capitalism-for-workers-2020-6">regular folks</a> are increasingly calling on political leaders to reshape <keyword id="6497689" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Capitalism">capitalism</keyword> and address rampant racial inequality in the US.</li><li>As policymakers try to address the coronavirus pandemic, experts point to the ways past US policies boosted quality of life for white Americans while leaving Black Americans behind.</li><li>Researchers agree that white Americans greatly benefited from New Deal programs and post-World War II policy, while Black Americans were discriminated against; then, when Black Americans started to access <keyword id="6365564" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="welfare">welfare</keyword> benefits at a higher rate starting in the 1970s, there was backlash among conservatives.</li><li>These policies have had a cumulative effect over generations and help explain the massive wealth gap between Black and white Americans and the reason Black Americans are overrepresented in welfare programs.</li></ul>When President Donald Trump met with the Congressional Black Caucus in 2018, the topic of <keyword id="1461900" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="welfare-reform">welfare reform</keyword> came up. One member of the caucus told Trump that enforcing stricter rules would be detrimental to her constituents, "Not all of whom are Black," according to <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-s-history-breaking-decorum-remarks-race-ethnicity-n837181">NBC News</a>.The president is said to have replied, "Really? Then what are they?" apparently assuming that a welfare recipient couldn't be white.In fact, far more white people have benefited from US welfare programs over the years — reflecting their greater share of the population — while Black people and other people of color have been denied them in various ways, multiple historians and researchers tell Business Insider.The coronavirus pandemic has exposed the underbelly of American inequality in many ways, with people of color disproportionately likely to be <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/black-women-hurt-by-coronavirus-pandemic-survey-lean-in-data-2020-4">laid off, to be on the financial brink</a>, and to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/black-hispanic-people-coronavirus-deaths-under-65-cdc-report-2020-7">die from the virus</a>. That has helped prompt a growing chorus of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jamie-dimon-mark-cuban-ray-dalio-billionaires-inequality-coronavirus-2020-5">financiers, business leaders</a>, and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/capitalism-in-crisis-how-to-fix-capitalism-for-workers-2020-6">regular folks</a> to call for a reimagining of American capitalism and for moves to end racial inequality. Some top economists are calling for a "<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/stanford-economist-us-needs-new-new-deal-great-depression-coronavirus-2020-4-1029113813#">New New Deal</a>" specifically targeting inequality, a platform to which the Democratic presidential candidate <a href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/05/joe-biden-presidential-plans.html">Joe Biden</a> seems open.If the country is to move forward in trying to lift Americans out of unemployment and poverty, policymakers might consider who has benefited most from past welfare policies and how such policies have helped produce today's world.Business Insider talked to four economic researchers and historians, and analyzed the past 90 years of welfare policy, when considering the question of who the status quo actually benefits.<a href="http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/polsci/faculty/schram/sanford-schram">Sanford Schram</a>, a political-science professor at CUNY Hunter, who wrote "Disciplining the Poor" and "Hard White," puts it bluntly: "I do think the federal government has been complicit in the perpetuation of race-based discrimination that has led to African Americans lagging behind whites. No question about it."<h2>The New Deal brought jobs to Americans, but different kinds of jobs for different races</h2>The US government has spent trillions of dollars trying to prop up its <keyword id="34412" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="economy">economy</keyword> during the coronavirus pandemic, but it has stopped short of a "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wartime-economy-what-us-will-look-like-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-2020-3">wartime economy</a>"-style mobilization or the kind of massive public-works program that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stanford-economist-us-needs-new-new-deal-great-depression-coronavirus-2020-4">some experts have said is badly needed</a> to stem double-digit unemployment.But the Black Lives Matter movement — given new urgency after George Floyd's killing by the police in Minneapolis in late May — has exposed <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/new-deal-racial-inequality-worse-covid-19-response-do-better-2020-5">a separate problematic legacy</a> of the New Deal, the series of policies enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to get the US out of the Great Depression of the 1930s. It was introduced in an era defined by segregation and explicit racism.It's true that Roosevelt appointed several Black leaders to prominent leadership positions within his administration, known as the "Black Cabinet," and his policies helped make thousands of jobs newly available to Black Americans, but as Ibram X. Kendi points out in "Stamped from the Beginning," policies enacted at the time reflected a racist culture.When the New Deal got Americans back to work, white Americans got the first pick at jobs, and when Black Americans did get jobs, they were given lower wages, according to the <a href="https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&amp;psid=34473447">University of Houston's Digital History Project</a>."State and local governments administered almost all federal New Deal programs, and many of these state and local government leaders, especially in the South, were virtually all white ... and racist," <a href="https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/about-us/staff/gary-orfield-ph.d">Gary Orfield</a>, a professor of education, law, political science, and urban planning at the University of California at Los Angeles, told Business Insider.<div type="image" title="great depression" height="1500" width="2000" msid="77489520" hostid="261"></div>Also, Black people were <a href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1409&amp;context=csd_researcharch">excluded</a> from key <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/left-out-policy-diffusion-and-the-exclusion-of-black-workers-from-unemployment-insurance/BB47A78FB42748203E43CBDF1AABE8F2/core-reader">benefits</a> created during this period. The Social Security Act of 1935, for instance, prohibited domestic and agricultural workers (an outsize number of whom were Black or Latino) from receiving benefits.Black workers were also excluded from progressive labor regulations passed during that time, <a href="https://www.hillsdale.edu/faculty/paul-moreno/">Paul Moreno</a>, a history professor who is the dean of social sciences at Hillsdale College, told Business Insider.The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 — commonly known as the Wagner Act for Sen. Robert Wagner, who proposed it — bolstered the strength of worker unions, but many major unions of this era either excluded Black workers or discriminated against them."Many unions had explicit clauses in their constitutions that said that only whites could be members," Moreno said. "So you could have a situation where an employer was forced to bargain with an exclusively white union and he'd have to fire all of his Black employees."Because discrimination was still legal when it came to jobs, Black Americans were routinely denied well-paying positions and were much more likely to be hired for low-wage work, according to Orfield, the professor at UCLA."A lot of policies were designed that simply left out Black Americans who were sharecroppers and were doing low-wage work, which was excluded from some of the labor regulations," he said.<div type="image" title="New Deal, 1930s" height="1471" width="2222" msid="77489524" hostid="261"></div>Elsewhere in the economy, interpretation of New Deal policies wound up hurting Black Americans. The Federal Housing Administration was created in this era, with the goal of creating affordable housing for as many Americans as possible. But local interpretation of this mission resulted in "redlining," a policy in which mortgage credit was denied in majority-Black neighborhoods.The FHA continued to encourage racist policies into the postwar era, when the American suburbs were being built. In 1948, the Supreme Court outlawed "<a href="https://www.mappingprejudice.org/what-are-covenants/index.html#what">restrictive covenants</a>" — a clause that essentially prevented Black Americans from buying property from white owners — yet the FHA still encouraged builders to write them into their agreements well past 1948, according to Orfield.<div type="image" title="racist sign, 1940s" height="1740" width="2222" msid="77489527" hostid="261"></div>White veterans of World War II were given zero-down-payment, 30-year guaranteed mortgages under the GI Bill."With zero cash, you, white veterans, could get into owning a brand-new home," Orfield told Business Insider. "That door was not open for Black and Latinos."A house someone bought at the time for $12,000 or $15,000 in mortgage payments, he said, might be worth $300,000 decades later."That's a gigantic wealth creator and a gigantic middle-class escalator," he said, one Black Americans missed out on and couldn't pass along to their children.<h2>Welfare reform greatly benefited Black Americans — and was almost immediately unpopular for it</h2>One of the largest government programs in the post-New Deal era, President Lyndon B. Johnson's "<a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/lyndonbjohnson">Great Society</a>" sought to remedy the racial wealth gap. During the 1960s, the median Black family income rose 53%, while Black employment doubled in professional, technical, and clerical occupations, and average Black educational attainment increased by four years, University of Houston history professors <a href="https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&amp;psid=33333333">write</a>. The proportion of Black people below the poverty line went from 55% in 1960 to just 27% by 1968.<div type="image" title="President Lyndon Johnson" height="1667" width="2222" msid="77489531" hostid="261"></div>Even at the height of the Great Society, Black Americans constituted only about 27% of all welfare recipients, according to <a href="https://afro.illinois.edu/directory/profile/schajua">Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua</a>, an associate history professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Most recipients were white Americans."From the Great Society moving forward, one could say that white people, because of their numbers and percentage of the population, have always constituted the largest number of people" on welfare, Cha-Jua told Business Insider, adding that "Black people, Latinx, American Indians, because of their oppressed condition, have constituted a much greater percentage than their percent of the population."But as the anti-discriminatory practices from Johnson's presidency were enforced and Black Americans were allowed to participate in new benefit programs, there was a dramatic shift in public perception about government subsidies — to the negative."Public assistance was not as demonized until African Americans began to exercise their right to use it, ironically," Schram said. "And that's when welfare started to be seen as this inferior program for nonwhite people who didn't play by the white middle-class rules of work and family."This shift was propelled forward by President <keyword id="191987" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Ronald-Reagan">Ronald Reagan</keyword>, whose campaign speeches about the <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/20/255819681/the-truth-behind-the-lies-of-the-original-welfare-queen">now-debunked</a> "<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/15/archives/welfare-queen-becomes-issue-in-reagan-campaign-hitting-a-nerve-now.html">welfare queen</a>" stoked racist fear among white Americans.<div type="image" title="Ronald Reagan" height="1767" width="2826" msid="77489534" hostid="261"></div>"He really tightened the eligibility requirements," Schram said. "He made it more difficult for you to get welfare even after you started to work."For example, Reagan <a href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/aid-families-dependent-children-afdc-and-temporary-assistance-needy-families-tanf-overview-0">cut spending</a> to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program, which provided cash assistance to low-income children whose father or mother was absent from the home, incapacitated, deceased, or unemployed. This forced struggling mothers and families further into poverty, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/07/29/reagan-welfare-cuts-found-to-worsen-families-poverty/077278f9-a875-4791-9c34-d1cf3cd148b5/">research funded by The Ford Foundation found</a>.The social-welfare-policy researcher <a href="https://profiles.howard.edu/profile/35131/sandra-edmonds-crewe">Sandra Edmonds Crewe</a>, who is the dean of Howard University's School of Social Work, described such policies by conservative policymakers as a direct response to Black participation in the system."There is always a backlash that comes after progression — always," Crewe told Business Insider, likening the backlash against welfare expansion to the resurgence of white nationalism in response to Barack Obama's presidency.Instead of receiving an opportunity to be lifted out of poverty, many Black Americans remained disenfranchised.Reagan's legacy, however, was solidified by a Democratic president, <keyword id="10212" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Bill-Clinton">Bill Clinton</keyword>, who promised to "change welfare as we have come to know it." By <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487675/">replacing</a> the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program with a Temporary Assistance for Needy Families block grant, he dramatically reduced the size of welfare programs. "TANF really did change welfare as we knew it," Schram said.<div type="image" title="Bill Clinton" height="3150" width="4721" msid="77489539" hostid="261"></div>Before Clinton, about 75% of people who were eligible for welfare were receiving it. But by 2000, four years after Clinton's program was enacted, only about 25% were, Schram's research found.In other words, at a time when Black Americans were given significantly more access to public assistance, measures were enacted to make assistance harder to access."When we do get included in the <keyword id="465398" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="welfare-state">welfare state</keyword>, in the Great Society programs, we are stigmatized for it," Cha-Jua, who is Black, said.<h2>How this legacy is playing out today</h2>The racial wealth gap in the US not only persists — it's <a href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/01/09/trends-in-income-and-wealth-inequality/#:~:text=The%20greatest%20loss%20%E2%80%93%2039%25%20%E2%80%93,doubled%20from%201989%20to%202016.">growing</a>. For every $100 in wealth held by a white family today, a Black family has just $10, per research from <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/recent-trends-in-wealth-holding-by-race-and-ethnicity-evidence-from-the-survey-of-consumer-finances-20170927.htm">the Federal Reserve's 2017 "Survey of Consumer Finances."</a>A recent analysis of homeownership by the <a href="https://fredblog.stlouisfed.org/2019/04/hidden-figures-in-homeownership/?utm_source=series_page&amp;utm_medium=related_content&amp;utm_term=related_resources&amp;utm_campaign=fredblogign=fredblog">Fed</a> noted that homeownership by race seemed similar to the <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/recent-trends-in-wealth-holding-by-race-and-ethnicity-evidence-from-the-survey-of-consumer-finances-20170927.htm">wealth distribution by race</a>.The difference in homeownership can also be seen at the geographic level, per research from the <a href="https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/mapping-black-homeownership-gap">Urban Institute</a>.Today, white people still make up a plurality of those on welfare programs such as TANF or the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. A Department of Agriculture report from November estimated that <a href="https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/resource-files/Characteristics2018.pdf">35.7% of SNAP recipients in the 2018 fiscal year were white</a>, 25.1% were Black, 16.7% were Hispanic, 3% were Asian, and 1.5% were Native American (0.8% were listed as multiple races, while 17.4% were listed as "race unknown").Enrollment by race for Medicaid and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children show similar enrollment as those in SNAP.Black people make up just 13.4% of the US population and are therefore overrepresented in welfare programs. When asked why this was the case, Crewe of Howard University had a simple answer: "systemic inequality."Without more intervention, inequality will continue to reproduce itself, Crewe said. Orfield of UCLA agreed.This is especially true today, as Congress decides whether to give Americans cash assistance after the temporary $600 increase weekly unemployment benefits expired July 31.Black and brown workers are more likely to report being in financial hardship right now.A <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/19UkIM_LtTUj02El9Hw7U03-ybv0sCGUNTYGdnrHz7FU/edit">survey</a> by the organization Lean In with Survey Monkey in early April people found that Black women were twice as likely as white men to say they were laid off or furloughed during the pandemic. New <a href="https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiNzRhYjg2NzAtMGE1MC00NmNjLTllOTMtYjM2NjFmOTA4ZjMyIiwidCI6Ijc5MGJmNjk2LTE3NDYtNGE4OS1hZjI0LTc4ZGE5Y2RhZGE2MSIsImMiOjN9">analysis</a> by the global advisory firm <a href="https://www.stout.com/en/">Stout Risius Ross</a> found that only 26% of African American tenants said they felt highly confident they could pay their mortgage payments on time right now, compared with almost half of white Americans, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/27/how-the-eviction-crisis-will-impact-each-state.html">CNBC</a> reports."My view of this," Orfield said, "is if you're in a society that's completely stratified by race and ethnicity, basically what you've got is a system that guarantees inequality unless you specifically decide to change it."

How decades of US welfare policies lifted up the white middle class and largely excluded Black Americans

<ul><li>Online learning platform Internshala jointly with the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) hosted a national event, on Sunday to celebrate the <keyword id="8023592" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="internship-day-2019">Internship day 2019</keyword>. </li><li>The initiative was to honour the colleges and organisations with the best internship culture. </li><li>The top three organisations include Times Internet, Out of the Box Solutions and Today’s Kalam Foundation, an NGO working to reform education. </li><li>According to Internshala, over 15,000 students received internship opportunities in the last four months.</li></ul>Online learning platform Internshala jointly with the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) hosted a national event, on Sunday to celebrate <keyword id="8023589" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="internship-day">Internship day</keyword> 2019. The initiative was to honour the colleges and organisations with the best internship culture, that has helped students capitalise on the theoretical concepts with practical exposure. “Anything and everything outside the classroom, is internship,” Anil Sahasrabudhe, Chairman, AICTE said. Industries are making use of interns as their workforce to bring speed and innovation to their projects. The top three organisations include Times Internet, startup Out of the Box Solutions and Today’s Kalam Foundation, an NGO that focuses on imparting quality education in India. The selections are on the basis of internship profiles offered by the organisations, stipend range and learning opportunities for interns. Sarvesh Agrawal, CEO of Internshala earlier told Business Insider India that “internships are finally becoming mainstream phenomenon and are no longer restricted to select few campuses and companies.” Among the colleges with the best internship record are <keyword id="8023590" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Paavai-Engineering-College">Paavai Engineering College</keyword>, Tamil Nadu, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, New Delhi, and Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, New Delhi. In 2018, Manipal Institute of Technology was ranked first across India, with its best internship culture. Following it was Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology and Chandigarh University. According to Internshala, over 15,000 students from the 2800 AICTE- approved colleges received internship opportunities in the last four months. Overall, nearly a third of students got internships on their own. While many of these internships have turned into pre-placement offers by the end. Disclaimer: Business Insider India is operated by Times Bridge, which is a subsidiary of Times Internet. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/internships-in-india-on-the-rise-with-startups-leading-the-way/articleshow/67655265.cms">India sees steep rise in internships across different industries as young graduates seek more skills: survey</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/the-best-paid-and-most-promising-internship-in-every-field-according-to-more-than-13000-interns-who-know/articleshow/66464359.cms">The best-paid and most promising internship in every field, according to more than 13,000 interns who know</a>

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