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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Brazil, India, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia declined to endorse Ukraine's sovereignty this weekend.</li><li>It came at the end of a Ukraine peace summit in Switzerland. </li></ul>Over the weekend, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy rallied countries from around the world to support his call for Russia to end its invasion."Russia can start negotiations tomorrow if they pull out of our territories," Zelenskyy said at a peace conference in Switzerland, according to the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cxrr1kyp04eo">BBC</a>.The conference is one of the most high-profile attempts to date to find an agreement on routes to peace.But there are some crucial problems. Russia wasn't there, nor was its key global backer, China.Nearly 100 countries did send delegations, including many of Ukraine's most important allies and major non-Western powers.At the end of the conference, about 80 signed a document blaming the war on Russia and affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity.But it was telling who didn't sign — Saudi Arabia, Brazil (which didn't formally attend but sent a delegation), India, and South Africa."Unfortunately, there are people who are still balancing," Zelenskyy said of the abstentions.He said Russia was seeking to divide the world against Ukraine — evidently with some success.Russian President Vladimir Putin is seeking to drive a wedge between those countries and the West, using oil, propaganda, and diplomacy.It has been especially effective in the "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sc/why-support-from-the-global-south-is-critical-for-peace-in-ukraine">Global South</a>" of non-Western powers whose wealth and influence on world affairs is growing.<h2 id="5c80b91d-831c-4174-98e8-dae7b6103ecc">Exploiting global divisions</h2>In the wake of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the US assembled a coalition of countries to impose sanctions on Russia and isolate it diplomatically.But powerful non-Western countries refused to take part.Each of the countries that refused to sign the Ukraine document has strong ties with the US, particularly India and Saudi Arabia, which want American help in regional power struggles.But each has also maintained good relations with Moscow, with Putin using Russia's oil and diplomacy to cultivate relations.To offset Western sanctions, Russia sold oil at cut-price rates to India and Brazil and has worked closely with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-arabia-mohammed-bin-salman-power-broker-mbs-crown-prince-2023-12">Saudi Arabia</a> to control global prices.The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/05/russia-using-soviet-playbook-global-south-challenge-west-and-it-working">Chatham House</a> analyst Natalie Sabanadze wrote in May that Russia had succeeded in "bringing deep-seated resentment against the West to the fore.""Many states have relished the opportunity to defy Western pressure by helping Russia evade sanctions and reaping benefits for themselves in the process," Sabanadze continued.Putin has exploited long-standing grievances about Western imperialism and has renewed alliances forged during the Soviet era.<h2 id="e6b0addd-33f6-4653-ae60-234187bebda4">Russia renews Cold War-era alliances</h2>During South Africa's period of racial apartheid, tolerated by many in the West, the USSR opposed it and supported the African National Congress party, which has ruled since apartheid ended.The Soviet Union also helped India in its Cold War-era clashes with Pakistan.Some of those allegiances appear to have held firm.Over the past year, Russia has organized conferences with African and Latin American nations. It's seeking to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-xi-meeting-china-plan-supplant-us-working-apec-summit-2023-11">expand the BRICS group</a> of major non-Western economies, viewing it as a bulwark against Western powers.Russia has also seized on claims that Western support for Israel in its war against Hamas is evidence of hypocrisy.It's to Putin's advantage when those countries see Russia vs. Ukraine and Israel vs. Hamas as <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-wants-world-think-wars-gaza-ukraine-western-plot-russia-2023-10">equivalent struggles</a>, both complex enough to avoid taking a side.Some analysts have also suggested a more cynical calculus, telling Business Insider that some countries are simply hedging their bets by refusing to back either Russia or Ukraine.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-mohammed-bin-salmans-biden-threat-appears-pay-off-oil-2023-6">Saudi Arabia</a> and India have both trod this middle path.<a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/smita_sharma/status/1802283282693865873?s=46&amp;t=itcSHGtE0ezHJx3yL_GcHA">Pavan Kapoor</a>, a senior Indian diplomat, said from Switzerland that his country didn't endorse the statement because "only those options acceptable to both parties can lead to abiding peace."For Putin, that fence-sitting is proof of success.

Key holdouts at a Ukrainian diplomatic summit are proof that Putin's diplomatic playbook is working

Earlier this week, former US President Donald Trump revealed that Indian Prime Minister <keyword id="19895781" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="narendra-modi" source="keywords">Narendra Modi</keyword> is scheduled to meet with him next week. This potential gathering, set against the backdrop of Trump’s bid for a return to the White House, highlights how global leaders are positioning themselves in anticipation of possible changes in US leadership. “He happens to be coming to meet me next week, and Modi, he’s fantastic,” Trump said on Tuesday during a town hall event in Flint, Michigan, while discussing free trade and US job protection. He even went on to call India a “very big abuser” in trade, Al Jazeera reported. Most likely, Prime Minister Narendra Modi meeting up with Trump could be an acknowledgment of the latter's potential return to power in the November election, as foreign leaders carefully navigate diplomatic relations with key US political figures. However, neither the Trump campaign nor India’s Ministry of External Affairs have clearly commented on the matter yet, meaning that the Indian leader’s plans of a tête-à-tête with ex US President Trump are foggy at best. During a press conference, foreign secretary <keyword id="20181706" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="vikram-misri" source="keywords">Vikram Misri</keyword> said, "there are many meetings with the Prime Minister right now which we are trying to fix. Right now, I will not be able to tell you about any specific meeting, whether the meeting has been fixed or not." "We are looking from all angles as to how much time we have and with whom we can hold meetings. We will keep updating you about the meetings," he added. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="113444882" title="Trump says PM Modi will meet him during US visit, calls him &amp;#39;fantastic&amp;#39;" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>What we do know with certainty is that Mr Modi is indeed scheduled to travel to the US over the weekend and his calendar is going to be jam-packed. His visit coincides with his planned participation at the <keyword id="23145156" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Quad-Leaders-Summit" source="keywords">Quad Leaders Summit</keyword> (including representatives from Australia, India, Japan and the US) in Wilmington, Delaware, hosted by President Joe Biden. As per a White House official, the meet-up will feature "ambitious announcements in multiple areas such as maritime security, high-quality infrastructure and critical and emerging technologies to demonstrate the group’s endurance". Prime Minister Modi will have bilateral meetings with President Biden, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on Sunday, following the conclusion of the Quad Summit. A special event, the Cancer Moonshot initiative, is also scheduled on the sidelines of the summit. In his meeting with President Biden, India and the US are anticipated to sign several agreements, including those related to the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework and a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on drug frameworks. Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri stated that Modi and Biden will review the comprehensive global strategic partnership between India and the US, which spans over 50 areas of engagement and bilateral dialogue mechanisms. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="113085171" title="India is likely to benefit if Trump wins US elections, per Nomura Global Research" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>Both leaders will also assess progress in areas of cooperation, though tensions remain due to the alleged assassination plot involving Khalistani leader Gurpatwant Singh Pannun. The investigation is ongoing, and India has formed a committee to examine the accusations. This visit may serve to ease some of the friction in the relationship. Defence cooperation remains a key area of collaboration between India and the U.S., including agreements on the procurement of 31 MQ-9B Predator drones, joint manufacturing of Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicles, and co-production of GE F414 engines in India. The Ukraine conflict is also expected to be a topic of discussion. Prime Minister Modi is supposed to attend the "Modi &amp; US" community event at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Long Island. The event, already overbooked with more than 24,000 Indian Americans registered for a venue with a capacity of 15,000, has attracted attendees from 42 states, especially the tri-state area. Additionally, PM Modi will allegedly lead a roundtable with CEOs of American companies working in fields like AI, quantum computing, biotechnology, and cutting-edge technology. Lastly, on September 23, Modi will address global leaders at the United Nations' Summit of the Future (SOTF) and is expected to hold bilateral meetings with other heads of state attending the UN General Assembly. Obviously, squeezing in a meeting with Trump and Democrat Candidate Kamala Harris (you know, to balance things out) seems unlikely given Mr Modi’s tight schedule. But we’ll have a clearer picture only in the coming days. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="111770277" title="PM Modi likely to address high-level UNGA session on Sep 26" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>

Why is Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visiting the US this weekend?

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The US says that Chinese students are welcome to study in the US, but in arts, not the sciences.</li><li>Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell said that Indian students can fill the gap in STEM fields.</li></ul>Chinese students are still welcome in the US, but less so in fields of science where sensitive tech could be involved, Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell said.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/live/zj6BmmyePX8">Speaking to the Council of Foreign Relations think tank</a> on Monday, Campbell said more students were needed in STEM fields because Americans were not filling out those spots in universities.However, the ideal international students for these fields are Indians, not Chinese, Campbell said. But he added that the US does need more Chinese students, too — just not in STEM."I would like to see more Chinese students coming to the United States to study humanities and social sciences, not particle physics," Campbell said.He also cited security concerns about letting Chinese students access sensitive technology."There's been careful attempts now across most American universities to support continuing higher education, but to be careful about the labs, some of the activities of Chinese students," he said.He added: "I do think it is possible to curtail and to limit certain kinds of access, and we have seen that generally, particularly in technological programs across the United States."<h2 id="57d14d2c-30b3-4ece-9b47-7abf82293431">Chinese academics have already faced Trump-era restrictions</h2>Back in the Trump era, there were policies in place to restrict Chinese access to developments in the US academic space — like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2021/08/10/biden-keeps-costly-trump-visa-policy-denying-chinese-grad-students/">denying visas to Chinese graduate students</a> based on the Chinese universities they attended.Former President Donald Trump also enacted the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/justice-department-china-initiative-trump-2022-2">China Initiative,</a> a program aimed at countering China's economic espionage and preventing trade secret theft. The China Initiative was <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/justice-department-china-initiative-trump-2022-2">scrapped by the Department of Justice</a> in 2022 after critics said it promoted an anti-Asian bias.But even now, Chinese students say that they have been facing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/14/china-united-states-university-students-border/">extra scrutiny while entering the US</a>. The Washington Post, citing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/638299464">online discussion forums</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/14/china-united-states-university-students-border/">reported</a> in March that Chinese students were questioned for hours at US border controls, or had their visas canceled without valid reasons.Chinese students make up the largest international student body in the US, with almost 290,000 students enrolled in US institutions in the 2022-23 academic year, according to the <a target="_blank" href="https://opendoorsdata.org/fast_facts/fast-facts-2023/">Institute of International Education</a>.Indian students are the second largest group, with about 270,000 enrolled in the 2022-23 academic year. And Campbell said that there is space for this group to grow."I believe that the largest increase that we need to see going forward would be much larger numbers of Indian students that come to study in American universities on a range of technology and other fields," he told the think tank on Monday.<h2 id="b0a55766-8e6e-4ffd-8092-de27fd97dfcc">Worsening US-China relations</h2>Campbell's comments also come amid worsening <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/us-china-trade-war">US-China relations</a>, particularly in the tech space.In April, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/senate-passes-tiktok-ban-2024-4">Senate passed a bill</a> that, if signed into law by President Joe Biden, will force Chinese tech company Bytedance to sell video site TikTok.The White House also announced in May that it would impose tariffs on $18 billion of Chinese goods.In particular, new measures target Chinese electric vehicles, with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-joe-biden-hikes-tariffs-on-chinese-made-evs-2024-5#:~:text=The%20White%20House%20has%20announced,the%20US%20market%20are%20growing.">tariffs rising from 25% to 100%</a>. This provided relief for American EV companies nervous about the competition from cheap Chinese EVs entering the market.China, meanwhile, is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-squeezing-us-firms-apple-tesla-hard-painful-business-lesson-2024-3">squeezing the US tech companies</a> that operate within its borders. Apple is one of them, with its iPhone sales in China dropping 24% in the first six weeks of the year, <a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-iphone-sales-china-down-huawei-vivo-smartphone-2024-3#:~:text=Apple%20is%20no%20longer%20the,Vivo%2C%20Huawei%2C%20and%20Honor.">according to data from Counterpoint Research</a>.And homegrown Chinese companies are taking a larger share of the domestic pie, aided by the state.China <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-iphone-ban-office-workers-worry-bosses-apple-huawei-2023-9">banned its officials from using iPhones</a> in September, a move that coincided with Huawei's launch of its Mate 60 Pro, a breakthrough phone whose capabilities rivaled those of the iPhone.Sure enough, unit sales of Huawei phones <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/apples-china-iphone-sales-plunge-24-first-six-weeks-2024-report-says-2024-03-05/">climbed 64%</a> in the same period iPhone unit sales fell by almost a quarter.The Council of Foreign Relations think tank and representatives of Campbell didn't immediately respond to a request for comment from Business Insider, made outside normal working hours.

A US diplomat says US colleges need more Chinese students to enroll — but in the arts, so they can be walled off from accessing sensitive tech

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Key holdouts at a Ukrainian diplomatic summit are proof that Putin's diplomatic playbook is working

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Why is Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visiting the US this weekend?

Ashmita Gupta

A US diplomat says US colleges need more Chinese students to enroll — but in the arts, so they can be walled off from accessing sensitive tech

Aditi Bharade

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