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The <keyword id="116095" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-space-research-organisation" source="Orion">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (<keyword id="6358064" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro" source="Orion">ISRO</keyword>) on Tuesday successfully performed the third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) of the <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword> spacecraft. The next firing is planned for July 20 between 2 pm and 3 pm, the national space agency headquartered here said. "The third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network)/ISRO, Bengaluru," it said. The Chandrayaan-3 mission to the Moon was launched on July 14.

Chandrayaan-3: ISRO successfully completes third orbit-raising manoeuvre

The Indian Space Research Organisation, commonly referred to as <keyword id="6358064" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="isro" source="Orion">ISRO</keyword>, has successfully carried out two more tests as part of plans to further validate and refine the performance of the propulsion system that would be used to launch India's first human spaceflight mission, <keyword id="6797456" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="Gaganyaan" source="Orion">Gaganyaan</keyword>. The "hot tests" on Gaganyaan Service Module Propulsion System (SMPS) were conducted at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, in Tamil Nadu on Wednesday. The Gaganyaan project envisages demonstration of human spaceflight capability by launching a crew of three members to an orbit of 400 km for a three days mission and bring them back safely to earth, by landing in Indian sea waters, according to ISRO. "These tests will further validate and refine the performance of the propulsion system, ensuring its readiness for the upcoming Gaganyaan mission," it said. "These tests (carried out on July 26) marked the second and third hot tests in the Service Module - System Demonstration model (SM-SDM) phase 2 test series. The first hot test was conducted on July 19, 2023," the Bengaluru-headquartered national space agency said in a statement. ISRO said three more hot tests are scheduled, to demonstrate de-boosting requirements and off-nominal mission scenarios. The SMPS is designed and developed by the Liquid Propulsion System Centre located at Bengaluru and Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram. During the tests on Wednesday, the thrusters were operated in both continuous and pulse mode, in sync with the mission profile. The initial hot test which lasted for 723.6 seconds focused on demonstrating Orbital Module injection and the calibration burn of 100 Newton thrusters and Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) engines. "The calibration burn was essential to identify and isolate any non-operational engines. The <keyword id="18165981" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="lam-engines" source="Orion">LAM engines</keyword> and reaction control system (RCS) Thrusters performed as expected," the statement said. "The latter hot test, with a duration of 350 seconds, aimed to demonstrate the circularisation of the Orbital Module to achieve the final orbit. During this test, the LAM engines operated in continuous mode, while the RCS Thrusters fired in pulse mode," it added.

ISRO successfully conducts propulsion system tests for its first human spaceflight mission

<div class="image-container float_right"><div class="image">APA rocket carrying the Mars orbiter takes off from the east-coast island of Sriharikota, <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>, Tuesday, Nov. 5, 2013. </div></div>ON NOVEMBER 5th, India's <keyword id="41531" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="space">space</keyword> organisation, ISRO, launced a rocket carrying a small, unmanned spacecraft, the Mangalyaan ("Mars vehicle"). By the end of the month, the orbiter is set to stretch its solar wings and begin a <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21588945-boldly-go-china-mind-red-planet-red-rival">nine-month trip to Mars</a>. Officially, it will look for signs of methane on Earth's neighbour. In fact the main concern is rivalry closer to home: to show that India's space plans are not entirely outclassed by China's. A successful mission would swell national pride. But as the Mangalyaan begins its journey, many might wonder how a country that cannot feed all of its people can find the money for a Mars mission. How can poor countries afford space programmes?
India is not the only emerging economy with space ambitions. Nigeria already has a handful of satellites floating around the Earth (though these were launched by others). Depending how you define a space programme, even minnows like Sri Lanka, Bolivia and Belarus have plans of some sort to get space activity under way. By one count, including co-operative efforts between countries but not fully private ones, there are currently over 70 space programmes, though only a dozen of these have any sort of launch capability. China's programme is advanced: last year it <a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/06/chinas-space-programme%20">put a woman in space</a>, and in December it will launch its <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21586805-international-astronautical-congress-meeting-beijing-what-exactly">first (uncrewed) lunar mission</a>. 
From a distance, India's extra-terrestrial ambitions might seem like a waste of money. The country still has immense numbers of poor people: two-fifths of its children remain stunted from malnutrition and half the population lack proper toilets. Its Mars mission may be cheap by American (or Chinese) standards, at just $74m, but India's overall space programme costs roughly $1 billion a year. That is more than spare change, even for a near $2-trillion economy. Meanwhile, spending on public health, at about 1.2% of GDP, is dismally low. What if the 16,000 scientists and engineers now working on space development were deployed instead to fix rotten sanitation? And why should donors bother to help tackle poverty where governments have enough spare resources to think about space? For some countries, at least, decent answers exist to such questions. Trips to the Moon and Mars may well be mostly about showing off. But most space programmes are designed to get satellites into Earth's orbit for the sake of better communications, mapping, weather observation or military capacity at home. These bring direct benefits to ordinary people. Take one recent example: a fierce cyclone that hit India's east coast last month killed few, whereas a similar-strength one in the same spot, in 1999, killed over 10,000. One reason for the improvement was that Indian weather satellites helped to make possible far more accurate predictions of where and when the storm would hit. Otherwise, improved data on monsoon rains, or generally shifting weather patterns, can help even the poorest farmers have a better idea of when to plant crops.
Donors may not be mollified (Britain, for example, is winding down its aid to India). But any aid programme has to be justified in the face of other waste, which can be far costlier than space programmes. A bigger problem in India, for example, is that pitifully few people pay tax, partly because so few have formal jobs. As an emerging middle-income country, India should easily have the means to pay for proper public health, as well as the odd jaunt into space. The pity of it all: it does neither as well as it could.

THE ECONOMIST EXPLAINS: How Poor Countries Afford Space Programs

<ul><li>The Ministry of Human Resource and Development is conducting the Prime Minister Innovative Learning Program — Dhruv — between October 10 and 23. </li><li>The programme will commence at Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO) in Bangalore and conclude at <keyword id="57604" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="iit-delhi">IIT Delhi</keyword> on October 23. </li><li>The programme will discuss global community challenges such as agricultural problems, glacial meltdown and water conservation.</li></ul>India’s Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi will conclude the Prime Minister Innovative Learning Programme — Dhruv. The programme will take place between October 10 and 23, Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank, Minister of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) <a href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/prime-minister-innovative-learning-program-dhruv-to-be-held-from-oct-10-hrd-minister20191009162403/">told</a> ANI. It will commence at Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO) in Bangalore. The programme — which will comprise of 60 students, 30 each from science and arts. It will discuss global community challenges such as agricultural problems, glacial meltdown and water conservation. It will include students across fields — from dance and singing to physics and mathematics. “Talented students from the arts and science stream have been selected from around the country for the programme. It would start on October 10 in Bangalore and conclude on October 23 at IIT Delhi,” Nishank said. The programme will be conducted in the presence of Kailasavadivoo Sivan, Chairman of Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO), PM’s scientific advisor Professor K Vijayraghavan, and Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma. “This is an ambitious initiative of the Modi government. So, it is most befitting that the pilot project is launched from the ISRO headquarters from where the country’s inspiring space programme including the recent Chandrayaan mission have taken off,” Hindustan Times <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-pm-s-innovative-learning-scheme-hrd-ministry-to-zero-in-on-60-talented-kids/story-YeC9qiGicxTfLrTvMoRtQM.html">reported</a> citing government officials.

Prime Minister’s innovative learning programme 'Dhruv' to kick off tomorrow at ISRO

(Photo Courtesy : <keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">isro</keyword>.gov.in) <ul><li>India may be able to accomplish its mission of sending an astronaut into space under ‘<keyword id="6797456" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</keyword>’ by 2021. </li><li>India’s space agency, the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> will send two unmanned flights before the first manned mission. </li><li>It is also working on successfully completing 10 satellite missions before January 2019. </li></ul>India may soon be able to <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indias-first-manned-space-mission-to-send-3-persons/articleshow/65576098.cms">send a crew of three astronauts</a> into space for five to seven days on an ambitious manned space exploration mission. After successfully launching <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-successfully-launches-communication-satellite-gsat-29-using-its-heaviest-rocket/articleshow/66623518.cms">GSAT-29,</a> India’s space agency is now planning to begin space exploration through its first manned mission -- ‘Gaganyaan’. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working aggressively towards achieving this milestone of sending a team of astronauts into space by 2021. In order to accomplish this, it will first send one of the two ‘unmanned’ space vehicles under the programme by December, 2020,<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/first-unmanned-mission-under-gaganyaan-by-dec-2020isro-chief-k-sivan/articleshow/66623343.cms"> reported </a>Economic Times citing the space agency's chief K Sivan. ISRO will assess the various parameters for India’s first manned mission through these space flights. Additionally, the space agency is aiming to launch six satellites and four space vehicles by January 2019, reported <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-lines-up-10-missions-before-jan-2019/articleshow/66624616.cms">Economic Times</a>. India has made huge leaps in satellite and space research in recent years compared to its modest start in 1960s, <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-successfully-launches-104-satellites-single-flight">sending 104 satellites</a> in a single flight in 2017 and joining an elite group of nations with advanced space technologies. In his <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-launch-first-manned-space-mission-by-2022-pm-modi/articleshow/65410373.cms">speech</a> on India’s independence day this year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India will make an effort to send a human into space by 2022 onboard ‘Ganganyaan’. However, India will have to bear a hefty cost to achieve this. Indian government have estimated the total cost of ‘Gaganyaan’ to be less than $1.43 billion, reported <a href="https://in.reuters.com/article/india-space/india-says-manned-space-mission-to-cost-1-4-billion-idINKCN1LD1J8">Reuters</a>. Although, the budget is lower in comparison to United States and China who worked on similar project but it is slightly higher than <a href="https://qz.com/india/1423840/inside-gaganyaan-isros-mission-to-put-an-indian-in-space/">ISRO’s annual budget</a> of $1.1 billion (for 2018). The Indian government expects that its recent satellite missions -- including those done on behalf of foreign governments will help to fund country’s space programme which has a total budget of $4 billion.

How India is inching a step closer to its mission of sending an astronaut into space by 2022

<ul><li>Prime Minister Modi announced during his Independence Day address this year that India would send its first manned mission to space by 2022. </li><li>The overall cost of the mission, which will involve a crew of three astronauts orbiting Earth for seven days, was pegged at $1.4 billion on 28 August. </li><li>The goal of the mission is to cement India’s status as a space power. </li></ul>During his Independence Day address earlier this month, PM <keyword id="6354477" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Narendra-Modi">Narendra Modi</keyword> earmarked a deadline for the country’s first manned space mission. He announced that the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (ISRO) would be sending an astronaut around Earth by 2022. On 28 August, the overall cost of the mission was pegged at $1.4 billion, significantly less than what space stalwarts like the United States and Russia spend on their expeditions. The mission, which will comprise of a three-person crew, is slated to take between five to seven days and will see the spacecraft staying within a 300 to 400 km orbit from the Earth. ISRO is well known for its low-cost space programmes and the organisation surged to global prominence in 2014 after its Mangalyaan mission, wherein a satellite was sent to Mars for a cost that was 10 times less than what NASA had spent on a similar project. The Mangalyaan satellite completed <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/mars-orbiter-mission-completes-1000-days-orbit">1000 days</a> in Mars's orbit last June. While all that is well, India, right now, has far more pressing obligations to take care of - like infrastructure for its cities and healthcare and education for its citizens. Why spend $1.4 billion on a space mission? The answer is simple. Bragging rights. To be a space power will not only be a source of national pride but an indication of of India’s increasingly prominent role on the global stage. And this isn’t the country’s first mission to space either. In addition to the Mars launch, it sent the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft to explore the Moon’s surface. However, the successful completion of manned space missions is a rare feat only achieved by three countries until now - the US, Russia and China. Interestingly, Denmark also has a manned space mission slated for 2022. Fuel from the moon However, there’s also another, arguably more important, reason that India is interested in sending humans to space. It wants to mine fuel from the Moon someday. And this is where its space and energy ambitions converge. The Indian government wants to assess the feasibility of harnessing a waste-free nuclear fuel from the south side of the Moon. As a part of its <keyword id="53289" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</keyword> programme, the ISRO is set to send a rover to the Moon in early 2019 to analyse samples of the lunar surface for <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/after-mangalyaan-india-wants-to-be-the-first-to-explore-the-dark-side-of-the-moon/articleshow/64793523.cms">helium-3</a> concentration, a potentially trillion-dollar isotope that is believed to be abundant on the Moon because of solar winds. First discovered as a result of NASA’s Apollo missions, the non-radioactive isotope does not produce waste when fused in a nuclear reaction and if harnessed adequately, could provide an important source of energy to power Earth. In December 2018, China plans to send its own <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/China-says-it-will-launch-2-robots-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon-in-December-on-an-unprecedented-lunar-exploration-mission/articleshow/65417551.cms">rover to the moon</a> to scout for helium-3 samples, among other things, illustrating the urgency of India’s task. The Chandrayaan-2 rover will spend two weeks covering a 400-metre radius on the moon. Following the landing of the rover, the ISRO also plans to launch a space station into orbit. A manned mission to the Moon will be a culmination of this programme.

India is spending $1.4 billion on a space trip and there are bigger plans involved

<ul><li><keyword id="153327" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Antrix-Corporation">Antrix Corporation</keyword>, the commercial arm of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has brought in a total of ₹62.98 billion in revenue. </li><li>The government plans to expand to commercial viability of its Departments of Space (DoS) by forming the <keyword id="7832818" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="new-space-india-limited">New Space India Limited</keyword> (NSIL).</li><li>Private players are still left out of the loop until the ‘<keyword id="7803428" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Space-Activities-Bill">Space Activities Bill</keyword>’ is tabled in Parliament and passed by its members.</li></ul>The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) arm of commercial operations, the Antrix Corporation, clocked in ₹62.98 billion (₹6,289 crore) in revenue from launching 239 satellites over the last three years. And, this might only increase in the future. The government already announced that they plan on increasing the commercial viability of the Department of Space (DoS) by replacing Antrix with <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/union-budget-2019-isros-new-commerical-arm-is-new-space-india-limited/articleshow/70086097.cms">New Space India Limited (NSIL)</a>. NSIL will be set up to meet the ever increasing demands of the Indian space programme. It will also help commercially exploit the global space market, according to Jitendra Singh from the Prime Minister’s Office. Keeping costs low ISRO has an edge over its competition as it keeps its launch costs as low as possible — something that Elon Musk’s SpaceX is also trying to accomplish by employing reusable rockets. ISRO charges approximately $3 million per satellite launch where as SpaceX’s cost are still at around $60 million. In comparison, United Launch Alliance — which mostly launches satellites for the US government and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) — charges upward of $100 million. But, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">keeping costs low comes with its own price.</a> Most of India’s missions, like Mangalyaan and the upcoming Gaganyaan, are technology demonstrators rather than long-term voyages which collect data. Private participation The market for space launches is getting increasingly competitive with private players entering the field globally. In India, only the public sector is allowed to launch rockets into space. Private participation, so far, has been limited to building components and technologies for ISRO, on a small scale. The Indian government is currently mulling over the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-space-activities-bill-addresses-damage-in-outer-space/articleshow/69960212.cms">‘Space Activities Bill’</a> to align its liability in outer space with international standards. Once the bill comes into place, it will allow private players to launch rockets with a government license. “ISRO, competent as it is, cannot be the only warden of India’s space ambitions and necessities. This role should be extended to the private sector just as other countries are doing,” according to Chaitanya Giri, a fellow with the space and ocean studies programme at Gateway House — the Indian council on global relations. (With IANS inputs) See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">India’s low cost space missions come at a price</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/union-budget-2019-isros-new-commerical-arm-is-new-space-india-limited/articleshow/70086097.cms">India forms a new space company to sell ISRO’s space technology products</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-space-activities-bill-addresses-damage-in-outer-space/articleshow/69960212.cms">India’s new ‘Space Activities Bill’ will fix the liability for damage caused in outer space</a>

ISRO’s commercial operations clock in over ₹60 billion in revenue but leaves private players out of the equation

<ul><li>The Indian government has approved ₹10 billion in funding for programmes at the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (<keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword>). </li><li>The resources will be distributed between the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (<keyword id="6395832" type="DEFINITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="PSLV">PSLV</keyword>) and the <keyword id="502946" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Geosynchronous-Satellite-Launch-Vehicle">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle</keyword> Mark-III (<keyword id="138322" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="GSLV">GSLV</keyword> Mk-III) projects. </li><li>Though ISRO is a research and development agency, their commercial launches help optimise costs.</li></ul>Despite recent setbacks, the central government has <a href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-big-boost-to-isro-centre-approves-rs-10-000-crore-plan-for-future-missions-1863715">green-lit</a> a budget of over ₹10 billion ($149 million) for projects at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The funds are meant to provide a boost to the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III (GSLV Mk-III) programmes. It’s not that ISRO’s reputation is coming into question but the launch failure of the GSAT-11 and its recall along with the GSAT-6A going incommunicado has cast a shadow on matters nonetheless. Analysts have <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/spate-of-setbacks-leaves-space-agency-isro-on-edge/story-PZZD1X19GdbVdiclNk76YP.html">surmised</a> that since ISRO operates on a ‘shoestring’ budget, direct monetary losses is where failures will have the most impact. Hedging against risk One has to understand that agency launches aren’t the same as commercial launches. Normally, the objective behind a commercial launch is to place the satellite in orbit, and then they’re done. On the other hand, when an agency launches a satellite not only do have to ensure the launch is a success but they also have to put measures in place to manage the pre-launch and post-launch operations. So, monetary losses occur across the board whenever there’s a failed launch because delays and re-testing are resource intensive. Considering that none of the satellites launched from India by the agency are <a href="http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/14mspec.htm">insured</a>, it’s all the more reason to double check everything before sending the satellite into space. Because, once it’s lost, it’s a sunk cost for the agency. In order to hedge against that risk, it makes sense that ISRO is providing a boost to its launch vehicles. Operating through its commercial partner, Antrix, India is a <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/with-100-successful-satellite-launches-isro-in-new-orbit/article10029737.ece">dominant</a> player in the market that’s currently growing exponentially. Thus, it’s possible for more launch vehicles to increase the number of commercial launches that India can cater to. That being said, competition has been on the rise with the entry of new firms like SpaceX and Blue Origin. Their reusable technology <a href="https://futurism.com/elon-musk-with-new-spacex-tech-rocket-costs-will-drop-by-a-factor-of-100/">drastically</a> reduces the cost of launching rockets. There have been <a href="https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/isros-resuable-rocket-in-pipeline-but-may-take-some-time/">reports</a> of ISRO’s own reusable rocket being developed, but that may take some time. Nonetheless, ISRO’s Chairman K Sivan has <a href="http://www.defencenews.in/article/Spate-of-setbacks-leaves-space-agency-ISRO-on-edge-558627">emphasised</a> that the agency, at the end of the day, is a research and development (R&amp;D) platform. He explained that commercial launches only serve the purpose of optimising the cost of access to space and keeping up with industry standards. PSLV, GSLV Mk-III Programs From the budget of ₹10 billion, ₹6 billion ($89 million) is allocated for 30 PSLV operational flights as a part of the PSLV Continuation Programme, which is currently in Phase 6. Not only does this include the purchase of 30 PSLV vehicles, but also covers the costs associated with the launch campaign, facility augmentation and programme management. These flights will serve the purpose of meeting the required amount of satellites needed for Earth Observation, navigation and space species. And, the government claims that all the flights will be completed between 2019 to 2024. At the same time, funding for the GSLV Mk-III Continuation Programme amounts to approximately ₹4 billion ($59 million) which will be directed towards the Phase 1. Inclusive of 10 flights, unlocking this weight category will enable India’s self-reliance for future launches of communication satellites in the four-tonne class. The PSLV, on the other hand, has already <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">launched</a> 48 Indian satellites and 209 international payloads. (Representative image: <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/galleries/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%20-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8035%20/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F-1%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80/view5.jpg" data-type="tilCustomLink">ISRO</a>)

You Searched For "India space programme" and got 8 results

Chandrayaan-3: ISRO successfully completes third orbit-raising manoeuvre

PTI

ISRO successfully conducts propulsion system tests for its first human spaceflight mission

PTI

THE ECONOMIST EXPLAINS: How Poor Countries Afford Space Programs

The Economist

Prime Minister’s innovative learning programme 'Dhruv' to kick off tomorrow at ISRO

Prerna Sindwani

How India is inching a step closer to its mission of sending an astronaut into space by 2022

BI India Bureau

India is spending $1.4 billion on a space trip and there are bigger plans involved

Dilsher Dhillon

ISRO’s commercial operations clock in over ₹60 billion in revenue but leaves private players out of the equation

Prabhjote Gill

Indian Government approves ₹10 billion budget for two of its space programs

Prabhjote Gill

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