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Has Santa promised to bring you a red hot rose and a chocolate-filled <keyword id="24479" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="heart">heart</keyword> this Valentine’s Day? No, we have not mixed up Christmas with <keyword id="4167782" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="V-day">V-Day</keyword>. Santa might be sitting out of V-day (the grumpy old soul), but that’s no reason why we should not have an <keyword id="2046986" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Old-Father-Valentine">Old Father Valentine</keyword> or an <keyword id="2046987" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Old-Mother-Valentine">Old Mother Valentine</keyword> bringing us what our hearts desire. 
 Although <keyword id="4171139" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="February-14">February 14</keyword> has been traditionally earmarked as the day to celebrate <keyword id="411749" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Romantic-love">romantic love</keyword> and <keyword id="2046991" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Couplehood">couplehood</keyword> with gifts of <keyword id="5823" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Flowers">flowers</keyword>, <keyword id="25282" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="chocolates">chocolates</keyword> and V-Day cards (we are not ruling out diamonds or the gift of a remote island if your beau’s pocket suits it), you will be surprised to find how the legends and practices vary from country to country and from culture to culture. 
 To begin with, there is the most popular notion that <keyword id="560286" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Saint-Valentine">Saint Valentine</keyword> was a <keyword id="51197" type="POSITION" weightage="100" keywordseo="priest">priest</keyword> who lived in <keyword id="6356059" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Rome">Rome</keyword> in the third century. When <keyword id="2046992" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Emperor-Claudius-II">Emperor Claudius II</keyword> outlawed marriage for young men to turn them into better soldiers, the kind-hearted priest still performed the weddings in secret till the time he was caught and put to death for defying the emperor. Another version suggests that he was executed for helping the Christians escape from Roman prisons. It is also said that the captive priest fell in love with his jailer’s daughter and wrote her a last letter before his death that said – From Your Valentine. 
 
These are, no doubt, most touching tales and stir up our passion for love, friendship and camaraderie. But before we get all soft and mushy, here are 7 fun facts and oddments from all over the world that will spice up your V-Day this year. 
 
Will Santa sue <keyword id="2046984" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Jack-Valentine">Jack Valentine</keyword>? Yes, he may, if what is happening in <keyword id="86049" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Norfolk">Norfolk</keyword> goes viral. In this county in the East of England, Jack Valentine brings gifts and candy for kids and fancy presents for grown-ups. He leaves those on the doorstep, knocks and then disappears. Sounds a lot like Santa? Well, almost. Only he/she happens to be a close friend or a friendly neighbour who wants to make your day. But we firmly believe in the myth of Jack Valentine and here’s what one BBC writer has to say, “I hope Jack Valentine got a good lawyer. I love Jack dearly, but when Santa finds out what he’s up to, there’s going to be trouble! Let’s face it – turning up out of thin air once a year, leaving presents and disappearing without a trace – it’s the same act. It’s a lawsuit just waiting to happen.” 
 
 
 
Not a Saint’s day… it’s a <keyword id="2046997" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Pagan-festival">pagan festival</keyword>, folks. And dates back to Roman times, according to some experts. It has probably evolved from the Feast of Lubercus or the <keyword id="2046999" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Festival-of-Lupercalia">Festival of Lupercalia</keyword> that originated in third century Rome and took place every year on February 15. At that time, it was a kind of thanksgiving to <keyword id="2046985" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="God-Lupercus">God Lupercus</keyword> who protected shepherds and their flocks of sheep from hungry wolves roaming outside the city of Rome. During Lupercalia, <keyword id="2047000" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Goddess-Juno">Goddess Juno</keyword> was also worshipped and young people chose their partners for the festival by drawing names from a box. But the <keyword id="2046998" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Roman-festival">Roman festival</keyword> went out of fashion when Christianity became prevalent and in 496 AD, Pope Gelasius changed the Lupercalia festival of February 15 to <keyword id="2047001" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Saint-Valentines-Day">Saint Valentine’s Day</keyword> on February 14. 
 
 
 
What’s V-Day got to do with birds mating, agriculture? It’s <keyword id="20721" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="romance">romance</keyword> time for your winged <keyword id="343" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="Friends">friends</keyword> – that’s what the people of <keyword id="6373167" type="COUNTRY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Slovenia">Slovenia</keyword> believe. As per the old European belief, birds choose their mates on February 14 and this might have led to the idea that young people should do the same. Interestingly, the earliest description of the Valentine’s Day tradition occurs in Chaucer’s Parlement of Foules, composed around 1380, which takes place “on Seynt Valentynes day,/Whan every foul cometh there to chese (choose) his make (mate).” In Slovenia, they also say that <keyword id="217334" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="St-Valentine">St Valentine</keyword> brings the keys of roots and the V-Day is the day when plants and flowers start growing. That’s why February 14 is the first day of the year when work begins in the fields. Also, St Valentine, locally known as Zdravko, is considered the patron saint of beekeepers in this part of Europe. Earlier, March 12 or Saint Gregory’s Day was considered the day of love and the first day of spring until the V-Day took over. 
 
 
 
In <keyword id="6355311" type="COUNTRY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Japan">Japan</keyword>, <keyword id="2047006" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="V-Day-chocolate">V-Day chocolate</keyword> is not that sweet. What the heck! If you are a woman and in Japan, chances are you are buying loads of ‘<keyword id="2047008" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Obligation-chocolate">obligation chocolate</keyword>’ and paying out of your own pocket. Traditionally, only <keyword id="624" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Women">women</keyword> buy the gift of chocolate on February 14 and different types at that, depending on the nature of the relationship. So you buy <keyword id="2047009" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Giri-choko">giri-choko</keyword> or ‘obligation chocolate’ for <keyword id="74643" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="bosses">bosses</keyword>, <keyword id="580180" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="co-workers">co-workers</keyword>, <keyword id="1307041" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="male-friends">male friends</keyword> and casual acquaintances, and <keyword id="2047010" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Honmei-choko">honmei-choko</keyword> or sweetheart chocolate for boyfriends, <keyword id="6374759" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="lovers">lovers</keyword> or <keyword id="64920" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="husbands">husbands</keyword>. But don’t feel too bitter about it. The <keyword id="2047018" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="White-Day">White Day</keyword> on March 14 is the time when the Japanese males reciprocate and come up with return gifts which are at least two or three times more valuable than the V-Day gifts they have received from the women. But what if you get a present of equal value? It means the romance is over. 
 
 
 
Too many love-days in <keyword id="5565" type="COUNTRY" weightage="80" keywordseo="South-Korea">South Korea</keyword>. You got it right – romance days are just too many in this Asian country. It starts with the traditional Valentine’s Day on February 14 and here, too, women buy chocolate and candy for the men. But just like Japan, the White Day on March 14 sees the men buying gifts for the women (this kind of gift exchange is a nice tradition, we must say). Wait, there’s even more. There’s the <keyword id="80230" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Black-Day">Black Day</keyword> on April 14 when heartbroken singles (those who never got any gift) flock to local Chinese eateries, sympathise with each other and express their sorrow by eating <keyword id="2047019" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Jajangmyeon">jajangmyeon</keyword> or black noodles – a noodle dish topped with a thick sauce made of black soybean paste (hence the name). Next up on the calendar is <keyword id="2047020" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Pepero-Day">Pepero Day</keyword> (named after a <keyword id="2047024" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Korean-cookie-stick">Korean cookie stick</keyword> dipped in compound chocolate) on November 11. With so many days to celebrate, gift-giving expands to a really wide circle of friends, <keyword id="22378" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="family">family</keyword>, <keyword id="50724" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Colleagues">colleagues</keyword> and pretty much everyone you know. So chances are no one will have to eat ‘black noodles’ this year for lack of companionship. 
 
 
 
 
No V-Day in <keyword id="6355226" type="COUNTRY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Brazil">Brazil</keyword>? Don’t be shocked. What we mean is Brazilians don’t celebrate it on February 14 like the rest of the world does. Brazil celebrates its day of romance on <keyword id="2047027" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="June-12">June 12</keyword> and it is called <keyword id="2047025" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Dias-dos-Namorados">Dias dos Namorados</keyword> or the Day of the Enamoured. The rituals are the same, though, as people exchange chocolates, flowers and other gifts. But the next day, there is even a bigger celebration as <keyword id="2047026" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Saint-Anthonys-Day">Saint Anthony’s Day</keyword> is observed on <keyword id="1077344" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="June-13">June 13</keyword> and <keyword id="56152" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Single-women">single women</keyword> perform various rites in a bid to find great life partners. <keyword id="2047028" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Saint-Anthony">Saint Anthony</keyword> is known in Portugal, Spain and Brazil as a marriage saint because he used to reconcile couples. And his feast day on June 13 is celebrated with gala parades and colourful marriages that no one is likely to forget. 
 
 
 
<keyword id="2047029" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Vinegar-valentines">Vinegar valentines</keyword> – try them out. 
Want to flush some people out of your life? Do it this V-Day. One way of doing it is tear up their photographs and shout abuse on the phone, à la Jab We Met movie. But why don’t you look up some vinegar valentines, also known as <keyword id="2047032" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Hate-valentines">hate valentines</keyword> or <keyword id="2047033" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Penny-dreadfuls">penny dreadfuls</keyword>? They are nothing but elaborate Valentine’s Day cards with a twist – featuring <keyword id="620955" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="caricatures">caricatures</keyword> and satirical verses/messages that can make the heart burn in the wrong way. This curious tradition started around 1840-1850 and continued till the 1940s. In fact, they became so popular at one point that they accounted for more than 50% of <keyword id="2046990" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="V-Day-card">V-Day card</keyword> sales. But the tradition died a slow death and the V-Day has become syrupy sweet nowadays. Still, if you would like to send in some <keyword id="2047036" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Caustic-V-Day-greetings">caustic V-Day greetings</keyword>, you may just find some vintage cards online. 
 
 
 
Images: Thinkstock Photos/Getty Images

Celebrating V-Day: 7 Legends, Myths & Fun Facts You Will Love To Explore

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Natalie Portman wore a sparkling recreation of a late-1940s Christian Dior gown Saturday.</li><li>The actress was attending the premiere of her film "May December" at the Cannes Film Festival.</li></ul>The bejeweled gown Natalie Portman wore to the premiere of her latest film at the Cannes Film Festival was inspired by a museum-worthy piece.The actress stepped onto the red carpet with her "May December" costars Charles Melton, Julianne Moore, and Cory Michael Smith on Saturday in a sparkling strapless gown. The bone-colored dress featured a voluminous, scalloped skirt with layers of ornate blue beading.<div type="image" title="Natalie Portman on the red carpet during the Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2023, in Cannes, France." height="6000" width="4000" msid="100402931" hostid="261" sizebytes="843694"></div>According to <a href="https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/natalie-portman-cannes-film-festival-2023-christian-dior-dress-1235658928/">Women's Wear Daily</a>, the custom Christian Dior piece was inspired by the "Junon" dress from the designer's 1949-1950 fall/winter collection. The original dress is part of The Costume Institute's collection at <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/83233?ft=junon&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=40&amp;pos=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, although it's not currently available to view.Dior's initial design was a reference to Juno, the Roman goddess most closely resembling the Greek goddess Hera, per the museum's website. The Met regards "Junon" and another dress from the same year, <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/83234?ft=dior+venus&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=40&amp;pos=1">"Venus,"</a> as two of the "most coveted of his designs.""The magnificent skirt of ombréed petals, like abstractions of peacock feathers without their 'eyes,' obliquely references the bird associated with the Queen of the Olympians," the website reads.Over the weekend, Portman paired her version with platform peep-toe heels and diamond drop earrings. Her hair was pulled into a slicked-back bun that gave way to nude makeup and glittery silver eyeshadow.<div type="image" title="Natalie Portman attends the &quot;May December&quot; red carpet during the Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2023, in Cannes, France." height="5478" width="3653" msid="100402932" hostid="261" sizebytes="561340"></div>The "Black Swan" star hit the red carpet in another strapless Dior gown in a similar color scheme for the premiere of "The Zone of Interest" on Friday. She wore her hair down with the slim, sequin dress and paired it with a statement necklace from Chopard, according to <a href="https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/natalie-portman-cannes-red-carpet-premiere-dior" target="_blank" rel="noopener">W Magazine</a>.<div type="image" title="Natalie Portman attends the &quot;The Zone of Interest&quot; red carpet Cannes Film Festival on May 19, 2023, in Cannes, France." height="5320" width="3547" msid="100402933" hostid="261" sizebytes="527668"></div>Portman's outfits weren't the only things stealing the show at Cannes — <a href="https://deadline.com/2023/05/may-december-cannes-standing-ovation-natalie-portman-julianne-moore-todd-haynes-1235374133/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deadline reports</a> "May December," a story about an actress researching a scandalous tabloid romance, earned an eight-minute standing ovation at the festival.

Natalie Portman wore a dazzling recreation of a 1949 Christian Dior gown housed at The Met to the Cannes Film Festival

<ul><li>The 26-year old is a trained doctor by profession and actor by choice. </li><li><keyword id="2761252" type="General" weightage="90" keywordseo="trinetra" source="Orion">Trinetra</keyword> underwent a gender affirming surgery in the midst of her MBBS.</li><li>The journey through school and college was not easy either, especially since the bullying wasn't coming from fellow students alone. </li></ul> The second coming of <keyword id="36968" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="zoya-akhtar" source="Orion">Zoya Akhtar</keyword> and <keyword id="125922" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="reema-kagti" source="Orion">Reema Kagti</keyword>’s <keyword id="5690475" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="made-in-heaven" source="Orion">Made in Heaven</keyword> swerves from profane to the profound in a matter of seconds. While the lines – “Sometimes heaven does not ordain a companion for us. Some of us are meant to travel alone…” – may not be intended for <keyword id="7507179" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Trinetra-Haldar-Gummaraju" source="Orion">Trinetra Haldar Gummaraju</keyword>, who essays the role of a trans <keyword id="205921" type="General" weightage="40" keywordseo="wedding-planner" source="Orion">wedding planner</keyword> in the upcoming web series, they most certainly fit the bill. Trinetra, a trans actress, says she is alone but not lonely. Delve a little deeper into the life of this 26-year old queer woman and you see she’s a work in progress. A trained doctor by profession and actor by choice, 26-year old Trinetra underwent a gender affirming surgery in the midst of her MBBS and since then has been creating content on her social media channels for the queer community. While her journey has been eventful, no doubt, it has been a lonely one. At an age when most children are busy with toys, Trinetra was coming to terms with gender dysphoria or gender incongruence. By definition, gender dysphoria is nothing but a sense of unease a person experiences when their biological sex and their gender identity are not in sync. A transgender person is someone whose gender identity does not match with the sex assigned at birth. While there is a term to explain queer people today in medical parlance, but for the society at large, society continues to view them differently and often makes them the butt of jokes. Opening up to Business Insider in a no-holds-barred interview, Trinetra says: “I was the first born male child but I was never one of the boys. All the things that little boys are expected to do like sport and everything we associate traditionally with being masculine was not coming to me naturally at all. My father tried to masculinise me in as many ways as possible, which every Indian father would do. It took me many years to come to terms with the fact that I am not a boy and I don’t want to adopt that identity.” The journey through school and college was not easy either, especially since the bullying wasn't coming from fellow students alone. Her queerness earned her no brownie points with her teachers and professors either. It took her many years to come to terms with the fact that she was not a boy and neither did she want to adopt that identity. It came with a lot of bullying and ragging in college and rejection from teachers and professors, she says. And no, there is no recourse to bullying and ragging even today. She explains: “A child feels powerless in such situations. People in positions of power are role models.” So bitter is her experience as a trans woman that she does not even like mentioning the name she was born with – a name her parents chose for her at birth. As she explains, asking a trans person their name before their transition is disrespectful because it brings back memories of a traumatic past. She says the name a trans person is assigned at birth is a “deadname” and is typically associated with trauma and rejection. A similar incident was seen with Hollywood actor, Elliot Page, of Juno and Inception fame. The actor, who was assigned female at birth, and later publicly came out as a trans man, was trolled after coming out and spoke extensively about it. She is very vocal about her transness or queerness on her social media channels. She gives blow by blow details of her gender affirming surgery and how painful it was for her. The content she creates is both bold and perhaps designed to shock those with a weak stomach. She gives graphic details about the pain she experienced for months after the surgery. For someone as vocal as Trinetra is, she refuses to say a word about how her personal life has changed after her surgery. Call it the Bollywood effect, if you please. Ask her how her life has changed and she talks at length about the clothes that she can now wear freely and easily that she earlier could not. The joy of wearing a traditional red and white saree is evident in a 2018 video where she is offering sweets to Goddess Durga at a Puja Pandal in Kolkata. On how it is for a queer person to find a date, she says while she is on the dating scene and that she has had both good and bad experiences, she is happily single. “For the first time in my life I have a real sense of self worth after everything has been achieved. I do not think anything in my life is lacking because I have been able to give myself a lot more than any man has been able to…So I feel content and at peace by myself.” Gender affirming surgery may solve one part of the equation for transgender people, but it does not make it easy. Dating for transgender women is not particularly easy because transphobia shows up in the dating game as well. Typically, the dating pool will have heterosexual men and they are not open to the LGBTQ+ ( lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, asexual, and more) community as much. So the pool of available men for trans women continues to be other queer men. “It can be quite a task to navigate that and to have someone find out and reject you… or to come out to someone and they react with aggression and violence,” says Trinetra. Often, men would not be willing to take trans partners home and that can lead to a string of casual relationships. What is most sad is when Trinetra says that trans women are not only seen as inferior and that they are okay with the bare minimum. Indian society tends to beat it out of you, she says. For the longest time, even she was fine with people who saw her as a woman. It is no longer the case. She believes that she has achieved way too much to be reduced to someone’s attraction towards her. Every trans person reading this should believe that they are inherently enough and beautiful. “I am not seeking anything external. I am very content on my own. If someone’s energy matches mine then it is great.” There is too much emphasis on romantic connections, says this 26 year old.

The other wedding planner of Made in Heaven

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">NASA/JPL-CaltechAn artist's concept of the Juno spacecraft.</div></div></div>On July 4, late in the evening, NASA's Juno spacecraft finally reached Jupiter, five years after the probe left Earth."Juno, welcome to Jupiter," a voice announced at NASA, as the room of engineers and astronomers broke out into cheers and applause.The solar-powered spacecraft, roughly the size of a basketball court, overcame the extraordinary challenges of its long journey and inhospitable destination to successfully enter a 53-day orbit of the gas giant <a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/juno/facts/">540 million miles</a> from home.Its mission: uncover the secrets lurking under Jupiter's clouds.Could our solar system's largest planet be hiding a solid metal core? Significant amounts of water? The keys to understanding the origins of our solar system, Earth, and the ingredients needed for life itself? Scientists think these are all serious possibilities.To get close enough to Jupiter to get the answers, Juno first had to make it through massive belts of radiation and storms of charged particles. It also had to slow down quickly and precisely enough to hook into Jupiter's orbit rather than careening right past it, as Nadia Drake <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/nasa-juno-mission-jupiter-arrives-orbit-planets-space/">explained at National Geographic</a>.It also <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-nasa-jupiter-what-to-expect.html?_r=0">had to avoid</a> engine failure, computer failure, and tiny particles of dust that could throw its equipment off completely. And then it had to flip around back toward the sun, so it could collect enough solar energy to continue its mission.The danger is not yet over. Over the course of its 20-month mission, Juno will be exposed to unpredictable storms, high pressure, and the amount of radiation in <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-to-risk-jupiter-s-fireworks-for-science">100 million dental X-rays</a>.But if Juno lives up to expectations, it will totally change our view of the solar system.While probes <a href="http://www.space.com/33285-juno-history-of-jupiter-probes.html">have passed near Jupiter before</a>, this mission will get closer than ever before, giving us our best chance to peer beneath its thick, stormy atmosphere - and understand what lies beneath. (Juno is in fact named for a Greek goddess, also known as Hera, who could <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/overview/">see through clouds</a>.)<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA20706">NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS</a>The final view captured by Juno before its non-essential instruments powered down to prepare to enter Jupiter's orbit. It was still 3.3 million miles away from its destination.</div></div></div>Juno looks like a <a href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/spacecraft/juno-spacecraft">three-pronged propeller</a>, thanks to the unfurled solar panels that are powering it. The propeller spins <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html">three times every minute</a>.While it orbits Jupiter, it will keep the propeller's edge toward the planet, like someone doing a string of cartwheels. The whole system makes Juno more stable, keeps the solar panels in the sun's path, and lets all the instruments on board take turns to get a good look at Jupiter.About those solar panels: this is the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html">farthest away from the sun</a> that NASA has ever been able to send a solar-powered spacecraft. (The New Horizons spacecraft currently studying Pluto, for example, runs on <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/newhorizons.cfm">plutonium</a>.)Juno's path around Jupiter was <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html">carefully calculated</a> to keep it safe from the worst of the planet's very strong radiation. Still, it's a bit of an experiment in understanding how to protect instruments from damaging radiation, something we'll need to get better at the more we want to leave Earth. Engineers <a href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/spacecraft/juno-spacecraft">designed from scratch</a> a vault to protect the computers and other instruments on board.It wouldn't be a NASA mission without the promise of beautiful images. Nicknamed <a href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/spacecraft/juno-spacecraft">Juno Cam</a>, the spacecraft's camera will photograph the tops of the clouds masking the planet. But the radiation will get to Juno Cam pretty quickly - scientists only expect it to last for seven of the spacecraft's 32 planned orbits of Jupiter.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/jupiter/">X-ray: NASA/CXC/SwRI/R.Gladstone et al.; Optical: NASA/ESA/Hubble Heritage (AURA/STScI)</a>Jupiter's auroras, shown here in purple as seen by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory superimposed on a Hubble Space Telescope portrait of the planet.</div></div></div>One of the instruments on Juno, called <a href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/spacecraft/juno-spacecraft">JADE</a> (short for Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment) will be studying Jupiter's huge polar auroras, which can stretch up to tens of thousands of kilometers.JADE, with the help of a few other instruments, will tally up how many electrons and charged particles (and what kind) are creating the auroras. That should help scientists understand what causes them.Meanwhile, instruments tracking the planet's gravity are what will help scientists <a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/juno/science/">determine whether</a> Jupiter is all gas or has a solid core buried down there.That answer, plus how much water Juno finds in the planet's atmosphere, will help scientists figure out if any one of their <a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/juno/science/">theories on how the planet formed</a> is actually correct.Because Jupiter is so huge (more than twice as large as all the solar system's other planets combined), its gravity was strong enough to keep everything that was around when the planet formed, unlike smaller planets which lost lightweight gases. That means Jupiter is a bit like a time capsule that lets us see back to what our neck of the woods was like when the solar system first formed.When Juno is <a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/juno/overview/">done with its mission</a>, it will dive towards the center of Jupiter and be destroyed by the planet's atmosphere. But it has a lot of work to do before then. It's not sending any scientific data back yet (its observation equipment was powered down so it could use all its energy to just get into the planet's orbit), but July 4 marked a critical first step.In due time, Juno's principal investigator Scott Bolton <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/#public">promised</a>, "We will have spectacular discoveries." For now, he congratulated his team on "the hardest thing NASA's ever done - or at least, that's what I say." <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-terrifying-juno-mission-jupiter-2016-6">NASA's video about its next mission will give you chills</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="Z3bGk3NDE6U6vM-9Sofo09HtO5339RLY" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

NASA just overcame incredible odds to reach Jupiter - and begin to reveal its secrets

<h2>BI Answers: How do winter storms get their names?</h2>
Less than a month after Hurricane Sandy felled trees, knocked out power lines, and smashed homes along the stretch of coastline from Maryland to Massachusetts, another storm was barreling towards the northeast.
Days later, the entire region was coated in a <a href="http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/first-hurricane-sandy-now-winter-storm-athena-for-the-eastern-us">record-breaking layer of thick snow</a>.
For the first time in history, The Weather Channel decided to name the winter storm. They called it Athena, for the Greek goddess of warfare. (She's also the goddess of courage, civilization, inspiration, law, wisdom, and justice, but we're pretty sure these aren't what TWC had in mind when they came up with the moniker.)
"A storm with a name is easier to follow," TWC's CEO, Tom Niziol, <a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/storm-coverage-varies-athena-easter-article-1.1198483">wrote on its website</a>, "which will mean fewer surprises and more preparation."
With the majority of the region still heaving from Sandy's effects, Niziol said, it was important to make announcements about a second storm clear and simple. Sounds pretty reasonable, right?
Wrong. Naming winter storms is a big no-no, at least as far as the National Weather Service is concerned.
Shortly after TWC's announcement, the NWS issued a press release stating it would not recognize any of TWC's names for winter storms; the agency also <a href="http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=ADMERH&amp;e=201211071402">sent out an internal memo advising its staff</a> to "please refrain from using the term Athena in any of our products."
<h3>Why All The Fuss Over A Name?</h3>
At first glance, it seems like it should have been no big deal. The Weather Channel named the storm because they thought it would make it easier for people to protect themselves from its effects.
Whenever an announcement was made about incoming winds or severe temperatures associated with the storm, they could shout out the name Athena. Anyone listening would know instantly that the information was related to a bigger pattern of events; one that could be severe and long-lasting.
This same idea is what inspired the government to <a href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml">start naming tropical storms</a> for the first time in the early 1900s. The naming system worked so well that it <a href="http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Storm-naming.html">became official policy in 1953</a>. For nearly three decades, every Atlantic tropical storm was named using a database kept by the National Hurricane Center. The original list featured only women's names, but men's were added in 1979.
We've been doing this for hurricanes and tropical storms for years. Why not do the same for winter storms?
Here's the problem: Hurricanes and winter storms are radically different tempests, and lumping them in together can be misleading. Only about 100 hurricanes happen every year across the globe, New York University Center of Atmosphere Ocean <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">Science</keyword> professor Olivier Pauluis told us. By contrast, winter storms can be thought of as including all of our "bad weather" days - times when it's extra windy or raining heavily, said Pauluis.
The difference between a hurricane and winter storm is a lot easier to see via satellite. While hurricanes have a <a href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/hurr/stages/cane/eye.rxml">single, well-defined center</a> (the eye) that the rest of the storm rotates around - meaning they often follow a pattern that meteorologists can track - winter storms can have multiple centers that move and shift dramatically.

Each beast forms differently, too. While winter storms develop when there's a large temperature gap between two blobs of air, <a href="http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/hurricane/">hurricanes form near the equator</a> when the heat from warm ocean waters combines with powerful winds to create large water droplets.
Those droplets condense into thick columns of clouds, which eventually power a spinning storm. Depending on the storm's windspeed, meteorologists decide if it's a tropical storm or a hurricane.

Overall, adopting the same naming convention for winter storms that we use for hurricanes could confuse the public, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/tv-weathercasters-criticize-unilateral-action-by-the-weather-channel-on-storm-naming/2012/10/03/2b975a92-0d64-11e2-bd1a-b868e65d57eb_blog.html">meteorologists who protested the decision said</a>.
And a confused public is often an unprepared one.
Imagine you see a tweet from The Weather Channel, for instance, that says that Winter Storm Triton is approaching. It's going to be a doozy - lots of rain, wind, the whole deal. You consider canceling your weekend trip upstate. But then you get home and tune into your local weather station to see if there's an update. The weather person mentions that heavy rains are coming, but says nothing about any big storm, not to mention anything named Triton. Should you still cancel?
Chances are, you won't be getting an answer any time soon.
Hurricanes are named according to <a href="http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Storm-naming.html">a standardized international system</a> that cycles through a predetermined set of names, while these named winter storms are nothing more than a made-for-TV creation. But despite any confusion that's resulted from TWC's latest tradition, the company has no plans to stop naming winter storms.
Their list of <a href="http://www.weather.com/storms/winter/news/winter-weather-watch-2014-2015-20140930#Names">potential storm names for the winter of 2014-2015</a> includes names like Juno, Quantum, and Thor, with one possibility for every letter of the alphabet. (The year's first significant winter storm got the "A" name, Astro.)
Most names are based on Greek or Roman mythology, with a few exceptions. This year's "B" storm, Bozeman, is in honor of <a href="http://www.weather.com/storms/winter/news/winter-storm-names-2013-2014-20131001">the Montana high school class</a> that helped develop last year's list of names. The "W" storm name, Wolf, was chosen <a href="http://www.weather.com/storms/winter/news/winter-storm-names-2014-2015-what-they-are-and-what-they-mean-20140929">via popular vote</a>.
This post is part of a continuing series that answers all of your questions related to science. Have your own question? Email&#xa0;<a href="mailto:science@businessinsider.com">science@businessinsider.com</a> with the subject line "Q&amp;A"; tweet your question to&#xa0;<a href="https://twitter.com/BI_Science" target="_blank">@BI_Science</a>; or <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BusinessInsiderScience" target="_blank">post to our Facebook page</a>.

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