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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Two sets of twins who married one another have riveted TikTok with their unique love story.</li><li>The couples naturally gravitated on a double blind date, and they all moved in months later.</li></ul>Two sets of identical twins who married one another are going mega-viral for their unconventional courtship on TikTok — as well as their uniquely intertwined lives today as next-door neighbors with daughters who are "genetically siblings."Last week, Southern Oregon-based Kerissa Sealby <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@sealbytwins/video/7324850120963394858">shared a video</a> of the foursome, nabbing nearly 3 million views. In the clip, she and her sister, Venessa, pan over to their respective husbands, Jacob and Lucas, in what appears to be a garage gym.It sparked curiosity on the platform about how the improbable pairings came to be. Kerissa told BI she never imagined she and her sister would marry twins because they "never had the same taste in men" — and had always hated one another's previous partners.After they were set up on a "double blind date" in June 2020 by a work acquaintance, the older twins (Kerissa and Jacob) and younger twins (Venessa and Lucas) <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@sealbytwins/video/7325288043361979690">naturally gravitated to one another</a>.The relationships progressed "really quickly," Kerissa told BI, chalking the connections up to "destiny," adding that she moved in with Jacob and Lucas three months after meeting. Venessa was pursuing Olympic bobsledding in New York at the time but moved into the apartment roughly a month later following a severe injury."We only went on one date before we all were like, 'Yep, we're together, this is it,'" Kerissa told BI. The girls are 28 and the guys are 32. "We dated for a year and got engaged and then had kids. So it was boom, boom, boom."<h2>Kerissa said it's 'weird' to think their daughters share the same DNA</h2>Kerissa and Jacob were engaged in December 2021, and found out that they were pregnant with daughter Sophie shortly thereafter. Venessa and Lucas got engaged in early 2022 but ended up tying the knot first, in October 2022, as Kerissa and Jacob opted to delay their nuptials until Sophie's arrival.Today, Kerissa and Venessa both work at <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@sealbytwins/video/7324811589666819371">the same real estate company</a>, and Jacob and Lucas are both <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@sealbytwins/video/7325627440850537774">physicians' assistants</a>. They're next-door neighbors (without a fence separating their properties), and both have dogs that are doodles, as well as young daughters who are technically cousins but also "genetically siblings," Jacob shared on TikTok. Adrian is three months old and Sophie is almost one-and-a-half. Kerissa told BI that while Adrian doesn't necessarily feel like her own daughter, it's strange to think both girls share the same DNA. "If you were on Ancestry.com and you put our DNA in, Adrian would come up as my child as well, which is weird," Kerissa told BI.The response they've gotten online mirrors the incredulous looks they often get <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@sealbytwins/video/7326014899015060782">in public</a> — though Kerissa acknowledged there have also been "weirdos" chiming in with "gross" comments.The arrangement isn't all that strange to them, though. Being a twin, Kerissa said it's easy to see Jacob and Lucas as "completely different people" — just as she's keenly aware of the differences between her and her sister, which may be less obvious to outsiders.But the improbable love story has struck a chord on TikTok, where commenters are eager for more twin content."Is this your tlc audition tape," one quipped. "Lemme know what time and what channel," another added. "I'm invested at this point lol. Sister wives is ending. I need a new show."

Two sets of identical twins quickly fell in love and all moved in. Now they're married with matching dogs and daughters who are 'genetically siblings.'

The <keyword id="2219970" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="World-Book-Night">World Book Night</keyword> (now in its fourth year and coincides with the <keyword id="2219971" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="UNESCO-International-Day-of-the-Book">UNESCO International Day of the Book</keyword>) came and went, but did it impact our life in any way? In the UK, 20 titles were selected and thousands of those <keyword id="5050" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="books">books</keyword> were given away for free on the night of <keyword id="6460904" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="April-23">April 23</keyword> to inspire people who “haven’t yet been turned on” to reading. A quick look at the list had us pleasantly surprised. It included the works of <keyword id="210859" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Agatha-Christie">Agatha Christie</keyword>, <keyword id="17397" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Jeffrey-archer">Jeffrey Archer</keyword>, <keyword id="324611" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="John-Grisham">John Grisham</keyword>, <keyword id="241349" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Roald-Dahl">Roald Dahl</keyword>, <keyword id="1367712" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Andy-McNab">Andy McNab</keyword> and others – mostly popular stuff that may actually drive reluctant readers back to the age-old habit of reading. 
 And that brings another startling fact to the forefront. If reading less is a global malady, men could be suffering more from it than their female counterparts. No, we are not getting gender-biased here. The findings came from a survey commissioned by the <keyword id="2219978" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Reading-Agency">Reading Agency</keyword> and conducted by <keyword id="2219982" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="OnePoll">OnePoll</keyword>. According to the report, researchers from OnePoll spoke to 2,000 British men and <keyword id="624" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Women">women</keyword> ahead of the World Book Night and it was found that 75% of the men would watch the big screen version of a story, instead of reading the original book. In fact, 30% of the men said they had not read a book after their school days. 
 But in spite of all the statistics, reading does change one’s life. They say everyone can write at least one classic – their own life story. Surprisingly enough, we have one such book in our April list – the <keyword id="2219985" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Posthumous-collection">posthumous collection</keyword> of <keyword id="642178" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Essays">essays</keyword> and <keyword id="851600" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="short-stories">short stories</keyword> by a young <keyword id="2219988" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Yale-graduate">Yale graduate</keyword> that has gone viral and read by at least 1.4 million people across 98 countries. That gives us great hope that books (in any format) will never become obsolete. Browse through our list of seven wonder works – analytical, inspirational, <keyword id="820033" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="sublime">sublime</keyword>, but essentially a <keyword id="6374782" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="journey">journey</keyword> towards a changing world order, a look into the changing times. 
 
Image: Thinkstock/Getty Images

April Read: Try These
7 Books To Usher In A Summer Of Change

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Antwan Winkfield, 38, has a genetic condition that causes his lungs to be compressed.</li><li>He's been on a ventilator for 11 years.</li></ul>This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Antwan Winkfield, founder of the inspirational clothing brand <a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/smilsbytweezy/?igshid=OGQ5ZDc2ODk2ZA%3D%3D">SMILS</a>. It has been edited for length and clarity.I was diagnosed with <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.nf1pn.com/hcp/">neurofibromatosis</a> type 1 with plexiform neurofibromas (NF1-PN) as a toddler, so I don't remember a time before the symptoms. Growing up, my biggest impact from NF1-PN — which causes tumors to form throughout the body — was scoliosis, which is a curvature of my spine. I needed my first spine surgery when I was just 2, and I was fragile as a kid from the metal rods in my back. There was no football or roughhousing for me.I was a kid with restrictions, but I just wanted to be a kid. So, I pushed the limits. My mother never coddled me, and I'm grateful for that. She never let me use <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/disabled-dating-app-founder-discrimination-bumble-2023-12">my disability</a> as an excuse.At first, I went to a school for disabled kids, but I wasn't being academically challenged. In third grade, I asked my mom to let me transfer to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-i-learned-teaching-in-public-school-for-23-years-2023-9">public school</a>. A bully in my grade sent me home in tears every day. One day, the teacher told the bully to sit and listen to my story. That changed my life because as I told her everything I had been through, I realized I'm kind of a badass.<h2 id="c64f09a6-edca-497b-9751-7b69509232a0">It took me five years to graduate college because of illness</h2>That's when I decided that I had NH1-PN; it didn't have me. At that age, I wasn't thinking about college because I thought I'd never be able to afford it. But in eighth grade, a teacher encouraged me. That's when I developed a new dream: to be the first person in my family to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/recently-graduated-college-incredibly-lonely-struggling-adjust-2024-1">graduate from college</a>.Years later, as that achievement got closer, I realized that it was one thing to get <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/accepted-princeton-ivy-league-poc-affirmative-action-conflicted-2024-3">accepted to college</a> and a whole different one to graduate. I enrolled at the University of Kansas to study social work. But around that time, my NF1-PN symptoms started to flare.Internal tumors were compressing my lungs, which left me susceptible to sickness — not a good thing when you're living in a dorm. I never just <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-do-i-keep-getting-the-cold-2019-2">caught a cold</a>. It always became pneumonia, usually severe enough to leave me in the hospital for weeks.At one point, I thought I was going to have to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vanlife-dropped-out-college-live-out-of-my-car-2023-5">drop out of college</a>. With my advisor's help, I talked with my teachers, and many of them worked with me. Because of that, I was able to graduate with my bachelor's degree in five years. I came from a family where I was never expected to go to college, and I'd had a life of chronic illness, so graduating was surreal.<h2 id="bebb7aa0-e97f-4a8b-a9c6-ed4d8d971583">I graduated with my master's when I was in the ICU</h2>After graduation, I worked in a court diversion program with young people who were at risk. It meant a lot to be able to show them that there was no excuse for not going to college.After five years, I decided to go back to get my master's in business administration. During that time, my health continued to get worse. I needed supplemental oxygen, and I had my first <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ventilators-respirators-explainer-difference-why-important-2020-3">trach tube</a> placed. I needed to be on a ventilator occasionally, especially at night time. Despite that, I kept up with school and worked full time.I graduated from my <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/masters-degree-scam-higher-education-millennials-genz-student-loan-debt-2022-5">master's program</a> while I was in the intensive care unit. I live-streamed the ceremony and marched across the nurses' station to get my degree. It wasn't the ceremony I had envisioned, and I missed my classmates, but I was still so proud.<h2 id="91230cb9-edd7-4ce3-a816-3dbeb24ec169">I want others to handle adversity, not let it handle them</h2>After that, I knew I could do anything. Still, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/quit-6-figure-tech-job-mental-health-collapsed-2024-7">my health</a> was really making it difficult. I started having trouble drawing a full breath. I even wet myself a few times. Doctors told me it happened because my oxygen levels had dipped dangerously low.That's when they knew I needed to be on the ventilator full-time. I knew they were right, and I wasn't going to let that hold me back. I made the decision to be happy, and keep living my life. I ordered a cart from Amazon and pushed <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-its-like-to-be-on-a-ventilator-with-coronavirus-2020-4">my ventilator</a> around with me wherever I went — including at my job as a manager for an entertainment company.I want other people to know that adversity doesn't have to be your destiny. We're all going to encounter adversity, and you're in control of how you respond to it.Recently, I was checking out at Walmart, and the lady at the cash register told me her 2-year-old <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/babysitting-grandchildren-rewarding-games-spontaneous-2024-7">granddaughter</a> had just been put on a ventilator. She hugged me and told me I gave her hope; if her grandbaby has to be on a ventilator for life, she can still have a full, meaningful life. Inspiring people like that keeps me going and makes everything I've been through worth it.

I've been on a ventilator for 11 years. It hasn't stopped me from getting my master's degree and working full-time.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>We asked a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/dermatologist">dermatologist</a> to explain why some men lose their hair, and why male pattern baldness can strike early in life. </li><li>According to Dr. Jennifer Chwalek, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/genetics">genetics</a> will likely determine whether or not you lose your hair, and how soon it will happen. </li><li>Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone in the hair follicle by an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase. </li><li>When the enzyme attaches to the androgen receptor in the hair follicle in susceptible individuals, it causes the follicle to produce a smaller hair.</li><li>According to Chwalek, about 40% of the population has some degree of thinning.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.</a></li></ul>Following is a transcript of the video. Graham Flanagan: Look at that beautiful bald man. He's oozing swagger and confidence. He owns it. But it wasn't always like this. This is Rob. He's 33. This is also Rob. He started to lose his hair when he was about 20. So, what happened? Why did Rob go bald, and what does it mean? There's something about being bald and owning it. I mean, look at all these bald icons. Michael Jordan, Jason Statham, his sidekick, The Rock. But losing your hair is not something you aspire to. Commercial: If you're concerned about your thinning hair, call Hair Club for Men and receive our free brochure. Flanagan: In fact, there's an entire industry built around fighting it. Man: And remember: I'm not only the Hair Club president, but I'm also a client. Flanagan: I asked a dermatologist about why some men lose their hair and if going bald is my destiny as well. Jennifer Chwalek: So, when we say "baldness," we're usually referring to male-pattern baldness, or androgenetic alopecia. The hair follicle is slowly, over time, becoming smaller and smaller, to the point when it stops producing a full hair. Testosterone is becoming converted to dihydrotestosterone in the hair follicle by an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase, and when it attaches to the androgen receptor in the hair follicle, it causes the follicle to produce a smaller hair. Flanagan: So, I want to show you my friend Rob here. Rob started losing his hair in his early 20s, and, as you can see, there's little to...well, there's none left. So what is going on with Rob? Chwalek: Well, Rob has what we call androgenetic alopecia, or male-pattern baldness. This is due to several genes. And some of the genes are early expressing, and some susceptible individuals, they start to lose their hair very young, usually by age 30. Flanagan: The fact that Rob is bald, does that make him any less virile? Chwalek: No. So, it's a myth that hair loss or balding is associated with virility in men. Men who go bald don't have abnormal levels of testosterone. It's really that the hair follicle becomes sensitized to the effects of testosterone or androgens, and it starts to create a smaller hair, and eventually it stops producing hair. Flanagan: So, what role do genetics play, and is it true that baldness is inherited from your mom's side? Chwalek: The genetics of male-pattern thinning and baldness is complicated. We know that the androgen receptor gene is on the X chromosome, which is inherited from your maternal side, typically. So, there are some studies showing that having a brother who expresses male-pattern baldness might be more predictive than if your father has male-pattern thinning. Flanagan: Let's talk about me. Chwalek: Mm-hmm. Flanagan: I'm 37. I've still got some hair. Chwalek: Yeah. Flanagan: But can you tell me what's going on? Am I gonna go bald? Chwalek: Well, do you have a family history of any thinning? Flanagan: Yes, I do, on my dad's side. My dad, pretty much bald, his brother is bald. I have a brother who has a very thick head of hair. Chwalek: Do you think your hair has been thinning? Flanagan: I think it might be, like, in the front a little bit. I don't really know what's going up top there. Chwalek: Yeah, maybe a little. Flanagan: Really? Chwalek: Maybe a little. So, androgenetic alopecia is actually not an uncommon trait. About 40% of the population has some degree of thinning, usually between the ages of, like, 20 to 40. Flanagan: My wife, Janet, she really likes my blond hair, and if it were to go, that could be a problem. So, how long do you think I've got to keep some semblance of this? Chwalek: I think you probably have a while to go. I think you're gonna be OK. The men who tend to go bald-bald tend to do so by age 30, usually. Flanagan: Based on what you see, my age, what I've described about my family, you don't expect my hair to just fall out in the next, like, five years? Chwalek: No, it would be unusual, but you may notice, you know, as you get a little bit older, it may continue to thin slightly. Flanagan: OK, that's a relief. Fantastic. That's great!

The reason some men go bald, according to a dermatologist

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Sociopaths and psychopaths are two distinct subtypes of antisocial personality disorder.</li><li>Psychopaths are typically less anxious and have an easier time holding a job than sociopaths.</li><li>Stigma against these 2 labels has led to harsher criminal sentencing in certain cases.</li></ul><keyword id="12562392" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="psychopath" source="Orion">Psychopath</keyword>. Sociopath. Lots of people throw around these terms, but few understand what they actually mean. Even experts disagree on what makes a true psychopath or sociopath. Diagnosis, causes, potential criminality — all of these are subject to long-standing debate.The topic is complicated, but our explanation doesn't have to be. Here is a quick primer on what psychopathy and sociopathy actually mean.<h2>Antisocial personality disorder</h2>Typically, psychology sources describe psychopathy and sociopathy as two variants of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546673/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antisocial personality disorder</a> is marked by:<ul><li>Antagonistic behavior: Someone may act cruel to others without remorse. They may use manipulation or lies to get what they want.</li><li>Disinhibition: Someone may act without regard for social, ethical, or legal norms. They might act impulsively and take unnecessary risks out of boredom.</li></ul>Estimates suggest ASPD affects <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546673/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1%-4%</a> of the general adult population (only those 18 and older can be diagnosed with ASPD). Men are 3-5 times more likely to get an ASPD diagnosis than women. Most people with ASPD do not have psychopathy or sociopathy. These variants tend to be more severe versions of ASPD. According to a <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott-Johnson-12/publication/331993478_Understanding_the_violent_personality_2019/links/5c9a3570a6fdccd4603bf2f8/Understanding-the-violent-personality-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2019 literature review</a>:<ul><li>3%-15% of ASPD cases are the psychopathic subtype</li><li>30% of ASPD cases are the sociopathic subtype</li></ul>It's important to note that psychopathy and sociopathy are not official diagnoses. You can only be diagnosed with ASPD. <h2>Diagnosis</h2>If psychopathy and sociopathy aren't official diagnoses, how can professionals tell when someone has one of the conditions? Many clinicians use the <a href="http://www.hare.org/Hare2016CPAgoldmedalaward.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R)</a>, which scores you on 20 factors outlined in the table below. Professional raters score you on a 0-2 scale for each factor: <ul><li>0 means the factor doesn't describe you at all</li><li>1 means it describes you a little</li><li>2 means it describes you very well</li></ul>If you have a total score of 30 or higher, then you meet the threshold for psychopathy or sociopathy. <table style="height: 484px;"><tbody><tr style="height: 204px;"><td style="height: 204px; width: 376.227px;">Interpersonal signs:<ul><li>Superficial charm</li><li>Pathological lying</li><li>Grandiose sense of self worth</li><li>Manipulation or ability to "con" others</li></ul></td><td style="height: 204px; width: 390.766px;">Emotional signs:<ul><li>Lack of remorse or guilt</li><li>Callousness or restricted empathy</li><li>Blunted emotional response</li><li>Refusal to accept responsibility for one's own actions</li></ul></td></tr><tr style="height: 280px;"><td style="height: 280px; width: 376.227px;">Lifestyle signs:<ul><li>Difficulty handling boredom; need for stimulation</li><li>Impulsivity</li><li>Ignores responsibilities, such as paying bills or keeping promises</li><li>Lack of realistic, long-term goals</li><li>Using other people to avoid work and get free resources </li></ul></td><td style="height: 280px; width: 390.766px;">Antisocial signs:<ul><li>Early behavioral problems such as animal abuse</li><li>Juvenile delinquency</li><li>Difficulty controlling one's own behavior</li><li>Inability to follow the rules of parole after being released from prison</li><li>Tendency to commit multiple kinds of crimes, violent or nonviolent</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>People with psychopathy (PwP) tend to score higher on the interpersonal and emotional factors and have very low levels of anxiety and anger. Moreover, they often have a bold, charming demeanor and an exaggerated self-image. When they do act aggressively, it is often in service of a larger goal, and they will likely have a plan to talk their way out of trouble.People with sociopathy (PwS) tend to score higher on lifestyle and antisocial factors. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178915000543?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">High anxiety levels</a> can cause them to avoid responsibilities, and intense anger can lead to violence. PwS are often more impulsive than PwP and more likely to openly disregard laws and social norms. Thus, they are more likely to get into legal trouble.<h2>Psychopathy vs. sociopathy terminology</h2>In research, the term psychopath is more widely used than sociopath. "Psychopathy is far more widely researched (680+ scholarly publications in 2021 alone) than sociopathy (12 publications), which is telling," says <a href="https://www.waikato.ac.nz/fass/about/staff/tamatea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Armon Tamatea</a>, PhD, senior lecturer in psychology at <a href="https://www.waikato.ac.nz/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Waikato</a> who served as senior researcher for New Zealand's Department of Corrections. Instead of comparing it with sociopathy, the literature tends to use psychopathy as an umbrella term for the ASPD subtypes. For example, you can sometimes see sociopathy referred to as "secondary psychopathy." "The psychiatric, psychological, correctional, and criminal justice literatures tend to overwhelmingly favor 'psychopathy' as a more viable construct," says Tamatea. <h2>Causes</h2>Often psychopathy is described as having biological roots, while sociopathy is blamed on environmental triggers. In reality, nature and nurture have a hand in both.<h3>What causes psychopathy?</h3><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178915000543?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Studies suggest</a> there's a strong genetic component to psychopathy which may predispose someone to antisocial behavior.PwP may also have <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695/full#h5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">differences in their brain structure</a> which can cause:<ul><li>Blunted emotional response: Their amygdalas tend to under-react to stressful stimuli. This may explain why PwP can act boldly and take risks. It may also explain why typical deterrents to behavior, like punishment or guilt, don't seem to affect them much.</li><li>Reduced empathy: PwP can recognize others' emotions — they wouldn't be able to manipulate others without that skill. While they may show the "correct" emotional response back, they may not feel that way inside. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763421004619" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Neurological research</a> suggests PwP can "switch on" empathy if it suits a goal, but it isn't present by default. </li><li>Goal-focused attention: When PwP have a goal, they may develop tunnel vision. It can be harder for them to recall information that doesn't directly help them, such as social norms of right and wrong.</li></ul>Although biology may have a strong influence on how psychopathy develops, it isn't destiny. Early trauma, especially <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott-Johnson-12/publication/331993478_Understanding_the_violent_personality_2019/links/5c9a3570a6fdccd4603bf2f8/Understanding-the-violent-personality-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">witnessing violence in the community</a>, can make someone more likely to develop psychopathic traits."Psychopathic persons don't fall out of the sky. There is likely to be a background of trauma and abuse, psychophysiological differences, and a complex history of impaired relationships throughout their lives," says Tamatea. <h3>What causes sociopathy?</h3><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pamela-Perez/publication/271893643_The_etiology_of_psychopathy_A_neuropsychological_perspective/links/5a395ffaa6fdcc5ea0d0b386/The-etiology-of-psychopathy-A-neuropsychological-perspective.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Research suggests</a> the environment plays a strong role in sociopathy. PwS are more likely than the general public to have experienced:<ul><li>Childhood neglect and a lack of socialization</li><li>Physical and emotional abuse</li><li>Harsh and inconsistent discipline</li><li>Violence in the home or community</li></ul>"Like other aversive personality patterns, [antisocial] traits may well have emerged to serve a survival function," says Tamatea. For example, if your parents regularly hit you when they're in a bad mood, you may grow up seeing violence as normal. In that environment, it may make sense to "get the first punch in" as soon as you sense conflict so you aren't put on the defensive. Outside that home, however, physical aggression is usually less helpful when resolving conflicts.However, biological factors can also contribute to sociopathy. Studies suggest PwS have <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178915000543?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">differences in their prefrontal cortex</a>, the part of the brain that helps make decisions. These differences may explain why PwS have difficulty controlling their tempers and tend to take dangerous risks. A person's prefrontal cortex may develop differently due to early trauma and hardship. Brain injuries can also damage this area and cause a transition from normal development to sociopathic behavior. A <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00346/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2019 systematic review</a> found 85 cases of brain injuries causing sociopathy recorded in the past century.<h2>Careers</h2><h3>Psychopathy</h3>PwP can struggle with employment, especially if they have impulsive tendencies. However, some find their charisma and bold decision-making suit them well in their careers. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott-Johnson-12/publication/331993478_Understanding_the_violent_personality_2019/links/5c9a3570a6fdccd4603bf2f8/Understanding-the-violent-personality-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Research suggests</a> around 4.5% of corporate professionals score high enough on the PCL-R to indicate psychopathy.Some PwP are genuinely good at their jobs. Others may rise the ranks through deceit and manipulation rather than merit."Any field that utilizes "'experts'" is vulnerable," says <a href="https://forensicconsultation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scott Allen Johnson</a>, author and forensic consultant for the US Department of Defense. "Surgeons, military, educators, business executives and of course politicians who possess psychopath traits effectively persuade others of their superiority and expertise, even when their educational and experiential backgrounds do not appear to warrant their success or expertise. They are able to hide their intentions, lie and mislead, yet portray themselves as a rose, a savior to all."<h3>Sociopathy</h3>Sociopathy can make it hard to maintain employment for extended periods. "Sociopaths are not able to hide their antisociality, but rather … quite open and quick to demonstrate their thoughts and violent behaviors," says Johnson. Some PwS may find more successful careers after therapy and rehabilitation. Contrary to what older studies claimed, personality disorders, including antisocial personality disorder, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26364988/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">are treatable</a>. Research on psychopathy and sociopathy treatment is still very new though. The studies that do exist claim treatment works best when it:<ul><li>Is highly structured</li><li>Addresses comorbid conditions like anxiety or PTSD</li><li>Has realistic goals with explicit expectations</li></ul><h2>Crime</h2>Research has shown a strong link between psychopathy, sociopathy, and criminal behavior. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26364988/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Studies</a> have linked these traits to severe crimes such as interpersonal violence or sexual coercion. Estimates suggest <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott-Johnson-12/publication/331993478_Understanding_the_violent_personality_2019/links/5c9a3570a6fdccd4603bf2f8/Understanding-the-violent-personality-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">up to 30%</a> of the prison population meets the criteria for psychopathy and sociopathy. PwP and PwS also have higher rates of reoffending after release.However, PwP and PwS are not born criminals. Robert Hare, creator of the PCL-R checklist for measuring psychopathy and sociopathy, emphasizes in a <a href="http://www.hare.org/Hare2016CPAgoldmedalaward.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2016 paper</a> that "antisociality" is the core of these conditions, not law-breaking or violence. But since the DSM-5 and PCL-R criteria both include criminal behaviors, it is likely that studies overlook PwP and PwS without a criminal background. Therefore, without a clear picture of the whole group, studies may overestimate the prevalence of criminal behavior in PwP and PwS. There are also concerns that psychopathy and sociopathy labels may lead to worse sentencing for criminal defendants. <a href="https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2444&amp;context=fac_articles_chapters" target="_blank" rel="noopener">According to a 2021 paper</a>, when juries perceive a defendant as psychopathic (regardless of the person's actual mental condition), they are more likely to support a death penalty for that case.This is an especially serious risk for Black defendants. The same 2021 paper listed past findings such as:<ul><li>The PCL-R may skew results against Black respondents.</li><li>Jurors are more likely to see Black defendants as "antisocial" or "psychopathic."</li><li>Black defendants are more likely to be cast as "dangerous," even when their behavior is identical to white defendants.</li></ul>A <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bsl.2009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2012 survey</a> of legal professionals found labels of ASPD, psychopathy, or sociopathy had a significant effect on court rulings. Although defense teams often objected to the use of PCL-R and similar screening tools due to their subjectivity, the court typically admitted them as evidence of the defendant's mental <keyword id="11894571" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="health" source="Orion">health</keyword> and threat to society.<h2>Psychopathy vs. sociopathy</h2>That was a lot of information, so here is a table summarizing the main differences between psychopathy and sociopathy:<table><tbody><tr><td>Psychopathy</td><td>Sociopathy</td></tr><tr><td>3% - 15% of ASPD cases</td><td>30% of ASPD cases</td></tr><tr><td>Mostly caused by biological factors</td><td>Mostly caused by environmental factors</td></tr><tr><td>Difficulty empathizing or bonding with anyone</td><td>May show limited empathy toward some people in their family or friend group</td></tr><tr><td>Aggression tends to be goal-driven</td><td>Aggression tends to be impulsive</td></tr><tr><td>Low levels of anxiety and anger</td><td>High levels of anxiety and anger</td></tr><tr><td>May have stable employment or let others provide for them</td><td>Difficulty maintaining any employment</td></tr><tr><td>Better at avoiding trouble through deceit and manipulation</td><td>More likely to get in trouble due to lack of planning and antagonistic attitude</td></tr></tbody></table>It's important to note that these traits aren't absolute. Someone with sociopathy can have a career, and a person with psychopathy may have impulsive tendencies. But this table can give you a general idea of how to recognize sociopathy or psychopathy in the real world.<h2>Insider's takeaway</h2>To summarize, psychopathy and sociopathy are rare forms of antisocial personality disorder. Pop culture tends to mythologize people with these conditions as evil masterminds or born criminals. And criminal defendants labeled with psychopathic or sociopathic traits are typically subject to harsher sentences, regardless of their actual mental health.The truth, however, is they're simply humans with mental health issues and should be treated as such.

The real differences between psychopaths and sociopaths and why you can't be officially diagnosed as either

Your genes are one of many factors that contribute to developing certain diseases. Yes, Huntington's disease counters that notion - if you have a gene variant, you are pretty much guaranteed to have it - but for the most part, we have the ability to control our own destiny in a positive or negative way.&#xa0;For instance, if we take a look at the risk factors that affect our chances of developing coronary heart disease, we see that in addition to genetics, factors like stress, obesity, smoking, and air pollution contribute to its development.&#xa0;For those with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase&#xa0;(MTHFR) gene variant, there is a 16% higher risk of developing coronary heart disease. Yet, for those who smoke, the risk rises to 24%. Likewise, for those who are obese, the risk soars to 69% from the original baseline.Check out the full infographic from <a href="http://mosaicscience.com/story/genetics-risk-or-destiny">Mosaic</a>&#xa0;below.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-sex-happy-couples-have-every-month-relationships-science-2015-3">Here's how much sex happy couples have every month</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="kzam9yczoRday4iMwxqmAYMJtrg2etNb" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

Genes determine your risk for disease, but they're not a death sentence

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">AP Photo It's not destiny, but it matters a lot.</div></div></div><ul><li>A growing body of research suggests general cognitive ability may be the best predictor of job performance.</li><li>Social skills, drive, and personality traits such as conscientiousness matter, too.</li><li>Companies currently place a much greater emphasis on personality traits than on IQ.</li><li>It could be wise for companies to start measuring job candidates' intelligence and personality traits, to get a more holistic picture of their potential.</li></ul>"The key for us, number one, has always been hiring very smart people," <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/gates.htm">Bill Gates once said in an interview</a>. "There is no way of getting around that in terms of IQ, you've got to be very elitist in picking the people who deserve to write software."Gates was talking specifically about Microsoft, the tech behemoth he cofounded and ran for years. But that "elitist" strategy - prioritizing raw intelligence in the hiring process - turns out to be one with surprisingly broad applications. Years of research points to the same squirmy conclusion: Smart people make better workers.<h2>IQ versus other factors</h2>According to <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/intelligence">Psychology Today</a>, IQ is a construct that encompasses problem-solving abilities, spatial manipulation, and language acquisition. On an <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201207/brainiacs-and-billionaires">IQ test</a>, a score of 100 is average; someone who scores 125 or above is in the top 5%. The two <a href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/intelligent.aspx">most common IQ tests</a> are the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler scales. Versions of these are now used by the military, some schools, the National Football League - and certain employers.A <a href="https://hbr.org/2017/10/what-science-says-about-identifying-high-potential-employees">recent article</a> in the Harvard Business Review highlights three ways to identify high-potential employees: ability, social skills, and drive. "Ability" consists of cognitive ability, or IQ. The authors write: "[I]n forecasting potential to excel in a bigger, more complex job at some point in the future, the question shifts to how likely an individual is to be able to learn and master the requisite knowledge and skill. The single-best predictor of this is IQ or cognitive ability."These conclusions are largely based on <a href="http://www.drtomascp.com/uploads/PIOP_final_employability.pdf">a review</a> the authors - Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Seymour Adler, and Robert B. Kaiser - published in 2013, in the journal Industrial and Organizational Psychology. The review highlighted a gap between what companies look for in job candidates and what scientists say really matters to job performance. Specifically, "employers are more interested in employees' social skills than their cognitive ability."The authors explain that their research suggests social skills matter, and so does drive. They call this three-factor model "inherently compensatory," meaning if your cognitive ability is only average, but your social skills or drive are off the charts, you still have a chance to excel at work.As Michigan State University psychologist D. Zachary Hambrick put it, if you aren't incredibly intelligent, "acquire as much knowledge and skill as possible." Hambrick has spent a lot of time trying to <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/04/what_do_sat_and_iq_tests_measure_general_intelligence_predicts_school_and.html">debunk the myth</a> that intelligence is overrated, and still he told me, "Cognitive ability is far from a perfect predictor of any outcome," whether that's job performance or academic performance. Even if you don't have, say, a 170 IQ, "it's not like you're doomed."<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/vfsdigitaldesign/7422081742/in/album-72157630241617046/">VFS Digital Design/Flickr</a></div></div></div><h2>Research on the role of IQ</h2>The problem is that most human-resources personnel already acknowledge the importance of the ability to play nice with others and the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/conscientiousness-predicts-success-2014-4">willingness to work hard</a>, while discounting the role of intelligence.And at a time when more organizations are starting to embed personality testing into their hiring processes, and the term "emotionally intelligent" has become trendy in the workplace, it's worth taking a step back to get a more holistic picture of what matters to job performance.One of the most widely cited pieces of research on the topic is a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14717634">2004 paper</a>, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, by Frank L. Schmidt and John Hunter. The researchers reviewed dozens of studies and found that smarter people generally perform better at work, probably because smart people learn new skills more quickly.The really surprising bit is that, while being smart is more important the more complicated your job is - think a lawyer or an accountant - it's even meaningful for relatively uncomplicated jobs.More recently, in 2014, Wharton psychologist Adam Grant published <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140930125543-69244073-emotional-intelligence-is-overrated/">a post</a> on LinkedIn arguing that emotional intelligence - a term popularized by Daniel Goleman that describes the ability to identify and manage your own and others' emotions - is less important than cognitive ability when it comes to job performance. Based on the results of studies he ran on hundreds of salespeople and hundreds of applicants for sales positions, Grant concluded:"Cognitive ability was more than five times more powerful than emotional intelligence. The average employee with high cognitive ability generated annual revenue of over $195,000, compared with $159,000 for those with moderate cognitive ability and $109,000 for those with low cognitive ability. Emotional intelligence added nothing after measuring cognitive ability."Interestingly, Grant wrote that the CEO of the company where the study was conducted was hard pressed to believe the results were accurate.I asked Schmidt, a professor emeritus at the University of Iowa, why he thought many people have a hard time accepting that intelligence matters at work. Here's one reason he cited:"The concept that there is one personal trait, intelligence, which has a pretty strong genetic basis and which is very difficult to change, [that] is probably the most important determinant of where people wind up in the educational system and in the occupational structure and so forth - it seems unfair and it seems undemocratic."<h2>Measuring IQ at work</h2>Schmidt said that even companies that don't explicitly measure cognitive ability - say, by asking job candidates to sit for a written IQ test - may be assessing it indirectly.He mentioned <a href="https://careers.microsoft.com/help/interview">Microsoft</a> and <a href="https://careers.google.com/how-we-hire/interview/#onsite-interviews">Google</a> specifically, which sometimes have candidates solve problems orally during job interviews. Their performance on those problems, Schmidt said, reflects their cognitive ability. Even your standard job interview, Schmidt said, has been shown to correlate modestly with cognitive ability.Some organizations do measure general cognitive ability directly. The NFL, for example, has rookies <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/test-nfl-prospect-wonderlic-iq-intelligence-2015-8">take the Wonderlic test</a>, answering 50 questions in 12 minutes. <a href="https://www.wonderlic.com/">The Wonderlic</a> is also the most widely used measure of cognitive ability in the workplace; according to the company, in the past 12 months, roughly 6,000 customers purchased one of its assessment tools.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">Shutterstock</div></div></div><h2>Alternatives to measuring IQ</h2>Not all researchers subscribe to the belief that IQ is the most powerful predictor of job performance. Scott Barry Kaufman, a psychologist and the author of the 2013 book "<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00B3M3UME/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&amp;btkr=1">Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined</a>," says the emphasis on measuring IQ, and using it to determine someone's potential, can be limiting.In a <a href="https://hbr.org/2013/06/why-we-need-to-redefine-intell">2013 interview</a> with Sarah Green Carmichael at the Harvard Business Review, he advised managers on how to treat employees: "Appreciating and making that person feel as though the unique, like I say, brand of intelligence they bring to the workforce, the workplace, is appreciated and valued, and that when you are very sensitive when you're creating these teams, you're very sensitive to the bigger picture in looking at all these different puzzles, all these different kinds of minds that you have as workers and helping to see who fits their value best into that bigger picture."One solution, albeit an imperfect one, is to put job candidates through a more comprehensive screening process. That way, employers get a sense of cognitive abilities as well as personality traits.In a 2014 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/11/opinion/we-need-more-tests-not-fewer.html?_r=0">New York Times op-ed</a>, psychologist John Mayer suggested supplementing standardized tests such as the SAT with other tests that measure different cognitive abilities - for example, spatial reasoning or "'personal intelligence' - the ability to reason about a person's motives, emotions and patterns of activities." Mayer was writing about the education world, but the same logic might apply in the workplace.<h2>Beyond the IQ test</h2>I asked Hambrick if he thought it was important for people to know their own IQ score. Researching this topic had certainly made me want to know mine, if not to use it to meticulously plot out the rest of my career, to at least get a sense of what I could, realistically, achieve."Only if you want to know it," Hambrick said. "I don't think you should have to receive it if you don't want it." Hambrick doesn't know what his IQ score is - he said, "I'm not particularly interested in knowing it." <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/nfl-wonderlic-test-rookie-questions-iq-2016-11">Take the IQ test that every rookie has to take</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

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