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Finally, Europe has found a place on the map that pinpoints the areas where <keyword id="163713" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Early-humans">early humans</keyword> existed much before the current human species or <keyword id="602546" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Homo-sapiens">Homo sapiens</keyword> came into being. According to a recent report published in the scientific journal PLOS ONE, British scientists, on a routine geological survey, have discovered the <keyword id="214190" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Footprints">footprints</keyword> of ancient humans called <keyword id="2064704" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Hominins">hominins</keyword> on the <keyword id="2064715" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Muddy-bank">muddy bank</keyword> of an <keyword id="2064717" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Estuary">estuary</keyword> at <keyword id="2064705" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Happisburgh">Happisburgh</keyword> in <keyword id="86049" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Norfolk">Norfolk</keyword>. These <keyword id="2064706" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Footmarks">footmarks</keyword> are about 800,000 years old and look like they belonged to a group of adults and children – probably that of a family. 
 However, these are not the oldest footmarks left by our ancient ancestors. You will find such footprints at <keyword id="2064707" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Laetoli">Laetoli</keyword> in <keyword id="89578" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Tanzania">Tanzania</keyword> dating back to 3.5 million years while those found at <keyword id="2064708" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Ileret">Ileret</keyword> and <keyword id="1179917" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Koobi-Fora">Koobi Fora</keyword> in <keyword id="6360004" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Kenya">Kenya</keyword> are about 1.5 million years old. But the hominin footprints found in the UK are the oldest outside <keyword id="12925" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="Africa">Africa</keyword>, clearly indicating that our ancestors evolved in <keyword id="686724" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Continental-Europe">continental Europe</keyword> as well. After all, <keyword id="6355981" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="England">England</keyword> was not much like an island in those days and was connected to the continental Europe. 
 Scientists analysed the shallow prints using multi-image <keyword id="2064709" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</keyword>, a technique that combines digital photographs to create a permanent record. The final output shows that the hollows are distinctly elongated and tally with the foot sizes of hominins from different age-groups. In many cases, one can distinctly identify the heel, the arch and even the toes. 
 
In case you are curious, let us tell you these foot sizes match the modern shoe sizes of 7 or 8 in UK/India. The US equivalent will be size 8 or 9 while the European equivalent will be 41 or 42. The biggest footprints could be that of a male while the smaller ones, varying in size, could be left by women and children. 
 
As for height, the hominins seem to resemble the Homo sapiens and their heights varied between 2'11" and 5'6" (depending on age). Another interesting point is that each walked on their two feet, which means these ancient people were fully bipedal. 
 “This is an extraordinarily rare discovery,” said <keyword id="1295177" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Nick-Ashton">Nick Ashton</keyword> of the <keyword id="173563" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="British-Museum">British Museum</keyword>, who led the research team, which also involved the National History Museum and Queen Mary University London. “At first we weren’t sure what we were seeing,” Dr Ashton told the media. “But as we removed any remaining beach sand and sponged off the seawater, it was clear that the hollows resembled prints and that we needed to record the surface as quickly as possible before the sea eroded it away,” he said. 
 But what is the real identity of the <keyword id="2064711" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Happisburgh-hominins">Happisburgh hominins</keyword> whose footmarks indicated that they were travelling south, treading the mud-flats along the river edge? Going by several points of similarity regarding body stature and the period in history when they existed, some experts believe that they might have belonged to the species called <keyword id="2064713" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Homo-antecessor">Homo antecessor</keyword> or <keyword id="2064703" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Pioneer-Man">Pioneer Man</keyword>, whose fossil remains have been found at <keyword id="1329916" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Atapuerca">Atapuerca</keyword> in <keyword id="6363645" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Spain">Spain</keyword>. 
 Homo antecessor might have become extinct from Europe some 600,000 years ago and next came <keyword id="1453378" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Homo-heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</keyword>, followed by the <keyword id="528865" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</keyword> and finally, the modern humans or Homo sapiens, who came into existence some 40,000 years ago. 
 
Image: Wikipedia

Footprints
In The Mud Of Time Indicate Early Humans Treaded European Shores

New Delhi, Apr 12 () Former Australia captain Ian Chappell has compared the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic with a five-day game, saying the need of the hour for every individual is to display patience, determination and initiative -- key attributes of a Test cricketer -- to tide over the crisis. To support his point, Chappell cited the example of two "influential innings" of Sachin Tendulkar and fellow Australian opener Ian Redpat, which according to him displayed all the three qualities needed to to bail out of the current situation. "The current testing times are demanding a lot of citizens round the world. I've learned that rules that apply to athletes prospering at sport are also helpful in living life. "With the Covid-19 pandemic biting hard, citizens of all countries are being asked to display - among other attributes - patience, determination, and a bit of initiative. These are qualities essential to playing Test cricket at a high level," Chappell wrote in a column for espncricinfo.com. Chappell handpicked Tendulkar's memorable innings against Australia in a 1998 Test in Chennai, where he dominated Shane Warne with his attacking approach. "To highlight the point I've chosen two particularly influential innings. The first one is a Sachin Tendulkar masterpiece in Chennai in 1998. His brilliant second-innings 155 won the Test for India, but it wouldn't have happened without the initiative displayed by Tendulkar in the lead-up to the series," the Aussie legend said. "Tendulkar asked tall former India allrounder Ravi Shastri how he should cope with champion Australian legspinner Shane Warne if he went round the wicket to bowl into the rough. "Shastri's reply was tinged with common sense. 'Because of my long reach,' he replied, 'I had a defensive antidote to Warne bowling in the rough, but you don't. You'll have to devise an attacking option to combat Warne bowling in the footmarks'." Chappell recollected how seriously Tendulkar took his senior teammate's advice and prepared himself ahead of the contest against Warne. "Following that sound advice, Tendulkar spent time at the MRF nets - where he deliberately scuffed an area outside leg stump - facing the wristspin of former Indian leggie Laxman Sivaramakrishnan," he wrote. Chappell rates that innings as one of the best of Tendulkar and said the master blaster's initiative and determination stood out. "Fast forward to the fourth day of a tightly contested match where India are in trouble. Tendulkar, having been dismissed cheaply by Warne in the first innings, strides to the crease with his team two down and only 44 runs in front. The ball is spinning sharply and Warne, boosted by a four-wicket haul in the first innings, is confident. "Tendulkar struggles to assert any authority early on and Warne, sensing his opponent is vulnerable, opts to come round the wicket. It's rare that a Test match is so finely balanced on the fourth day with the champions of each team doing battle with each other. At that moment the result was on the line," he said. "Tendulkar's determination and initiative were rewarded when he put his well-thought-out plan into operation. He immediately attacked deliveries pitching in the footmarks, and after a series of electrifying shots reached and cleared the boundary, Warne reluctantly went back over the wicket. Tendulkar had won the battle and India would go on to win the Test." The other innings which stood out in Chappell's memory in this context was that of Redpath against the West Indies at the MCG in 1976. "Combine Tendulkar's initiative and determination with Redpath's patient courage and you have some of the qualities required to survive this devastating pandemic," the 76-year-old signed off. SSC SSC BSBS

Chappell cites Tendulkar, Redpath's examples to win battle against COVID-19

One of the main reasons for India gaining the ascendancy in the Lord's Test was <a href="http://www.gocricket.com/player/ravindra-jadeja/4001/32004">Ravindra </a><a href="http://www.gocricket.com/player/ravindra-jadeja/4001/32004">Jadeja</a>'s fearless batting that put off the English bowlers on a lively pitch. Jadeja, whose stoic 98-ball 31 at Trent Bridge, Nottingham helped India draw the first Test, was a completely different batsman on Sunday, when his 57-ball 68 helped India post a 319-run target. 
 
Sceptics had doubted Jadeja's skills as a Test batsman after the left-hander had failed to score a single fifty in 14 previous innings and had only given flashes of brilliance by scoring hardly enough 20s and 30s. The situation was also against him. <a href="http://www.gocricket.com/player/stuart-binny/4001/31034">Stuart Binny</a>, promoted up the order ahead of Jadeja, had thrown his wicket away by taking Moeen Ali's spin casually. When Jadeja tried to step out to English frontline bowlers James Anderson and Stuart Broad on his first few deliveries, more than the fans the TV commentators had their heart in their mouths as 'living dangerously', 'playing too many shots' were the phrases being used to describe his initial demeanours with the willow. 
 
"I just made my plan to go out there and play my shots. If I would have played defensively, it wouldn't have worked out for me. Defence is not my game. So I just decided that whenever I get a chance, I will play my strokes and back my natural game. I had that in mind before going out to bat," Jadeja said after the fourth day's play. 
 
Jadeja's free-flowing nine hits to the fence helped his partner Bhuvneshwar Kumar gain confidence and notch up his third half-century. Together with Bhuvneshwar, Jadeja shared a run-a-ball 99-run stand that not just frustrated the English attack but helped pose a tricky target for their batsmen to get in just over four sessions of play. 
 
On Sunday, it looked as if whatever Jadeja would touch would turn into gold as he struck with his very first ball, dismissing <a href="http://www.gocricket.com/player/sam-robson/3001/84620">Sam Robson</a> lbw. Jadeja says his introduction in the attack as early as seventh over was not an instinctive move by skipper <a href="http://www.gocricket.com/player/ms-dhoni/4001/4057">Mahendra Singh Dhoni</a> but a ploy to target the rough outside the left-hander's off stump. 
 
"No, everybody knew that there were footmarks in front of the left-hander and I was just trying to bowl in those footmarks. It was difficult for the batsmen to defend the ball when the odd ball was going straight and the odd ball was bouncing," he said. 
 
What the viewers and the spectators at Lord's got to see for the first time was a wicketkeeper standing back to a spinner as Dhoni stood nearly four yards behind the stumps to Jadeja as the latter's faster ones were the balls which were bothering the batsmen. "MS asked me 'what do you think if I step back, you can bowl as fast as you want', so I said okay, let me try. And, it worked for us as few of the straighter ones got them in trouble and we almost got a wicket. It was our team strategy to ball like that," he said with a big smile.

Jadeja: Defence Is Not My Game

Its been 15 years, but it feels like last week. Catching a train from Manchester to Birmingham with my father, munching on potato chips and talking about a rather one-sided semi-final between Pakistan and <keyword id="22501" type="COUNTRY" weightage="40" keywordseo="New-Zealand">New Zealand</keyword> that we'd just taken in, watching the 1964 <keyword id="17991" type="PERSON" weightage="40" keywordseo="James-Bond">James Bond</keyword> flick Goldfinger on the eve of the game, bumping in to Pat Symcox in the lobby of our hotel the morning of it, and then trooping over to Edgbaston for the second semi-final of the 1999 World Cup. 
 But that's secondary. We're only talking about this day because of what transpired on the cricket field on June 17, 1999 - exactly 15 years ago. So lets rewind to that lovely English summer's day. The day <keyword id="17439" type="PERSON" weightage="40" keywordseo="Shane-Warne">Shane Warne</keyword> enjoyed his best day in Australian yellow. 
 It is, truly, the stuff of folklore; the bizarre last over, with the two boundaries hammered by <keyword id="209561" type="PERSON" weightage="40" keywordseo="Lance-Klusener">Lance Klusener</keyword>, the inexplicable mix-up with <keyword id="56876" type="PERSON" weightage="40" keywordseo="Allan-Donald">Allan Donald</keyword>, the scores tied. But anyone who was at Edgbaston that day will say that it belonged to Warne. Five months after a return from shoulder injury, Warne bowled a spell eerily reminiscent of the semi-finals of the previous World Cup, when victory had threatened to slip out of Australia's reach. 
 <keyword id="6355117" type="COUNTRY" weightage="40" keywordseo="South-Africa">South Africa</keyword>, chasing 213, were 43 for 0 with Herschelle Gibbs and <keyword id="12706" type="PERSON" weightage="40" keywordseo="Gary-Kirsten">Gary Kirsten</keyword> looking good when Warne was tossed the ball. If ever there was a symphony orchestrated in one over, it was Warne's second. Ambling in, tongue protruding and eyes fixed firmly on Gibbs, he unleashed a beauty. The ball looped up, drifted away, landed in the rough outside leg stump, and fizzed past a dumbfounded Gibbs to clip off. Gibbs could only stand in disbelief, refusing to acknowledge that he had been bowled. 
 Five deliveries later, Warne floated another one up in the footmarks outside leg, Kirsten went down to sweep, missed, and the ball hit off again. Hansie Cronje lasted just two deliveries, as an attempted flick to the onside went to first slip and Warne had three wickets in eight alls. Called back for his final spell, Warne added <keyword id="61954" type="PERSON" weightage="40" keywordseo="Jacques-Kallis">Jacques Kallis</keyword> to his kitty and a spell of 4 for 29 had been completed. 
 We all know how that epic match ended, but for this writer it is the memory of watching Warne in action for the first time live that trumps everything else. Even being invited up the stairs to the TV broadcaster's box and seeing Ian Botham and Geoffrey Boycott just feet away, while narrowly missing bumping in to <keyword id="6367229" type="PERSON" weightage="40" keywordseo="Ricky-Ponting">Ricky Ponting</keyword> on the way down. That was the effect Warnie had.

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Footprints In The Mud Of Time Indicate Early Humans Treaded European Shores

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Chappell cites Tendulkar, Redpath's examples to win battle against COVID-19

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Jadeja: Defence Is Not My Game

Gocricket

15 Years On, Shane Warne's Edgbaston Magic Endures

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