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<ul><li>Economist <keyword id="370528" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Abhijit-Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</keyword> became the sixth Nobel Laureate from <keyword id="6354925" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="kolkata">Kolkata</keyword>.</li><li><keyword id="9684" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Rabindranath-Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</keyword>, <keyword id="9663" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Amartya-Sen">Amartya Sen</keyword>, Mother Teresa, CV Raman and Ronald Ross are the others from Kolkata or have a connection to the city, who won the award.</li><li>Two of them are from the city’s Presidency College.</li></ul>Durga Puja might be over but celebrations aren’t over in the city of joy – Kolkata. The city celebrated its sixth Nobel Laureate with Abhijit Banerjee being awarded the prestigious award for his contribution to economics. In fact, one of the most prestigious universities of the city – Presidency college has in itself brought out two Nobel Laureates including Banerjee. Here’s a look at the city’s <keyword id="444148" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nobel-prize-winners">Nobel Prize winners</keyword> 
	
	<div type="Slideshow" msid="71592451" hostid="261" title="Kolkata has been home to six Nobel Prize winners" firstImageMsid="71592452" slideCount="6"></div>





 See Also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/indian-american-mit-prof-abhijit-banerjee-and-wife-wins-nobel-in-economics/articleshow/71580069.cms">Indian-American MIT Prof Abhijit Banerjee and wife Esther Duflo win Noble prize in Economics</a>

checkout the list of Nobel Prize winners from Kolkata

<ul><li>Google is celebrating the 100th birthday of an Indian scientist Dr <keyword id="29151" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="vikram-sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</keyword>’s with a ‘Doodle.’ </li><li>Sarabhai established the Indian Space Research Organization (<keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword>) in 1962. </li><li>At a young age of 28, he also established the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad. </li><li>The Indian scientist was also awarded with Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan.</li></ul>Google is celebrating the 100th birthday of an Indian scientist Dr Vikram Sarabhai on Monday, with a ‘doodle.’ A Mumbai-based artist Pavan Rajurkar sketched the doodle, where L of Google turns into a rocket. This year, India which sent Chandrayaan-2 to space, has more reasons to celebrate the birthday of the multitalented innovator and physicist. Sarabhai is called the father of India’s space programme, after he established the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1962. ‘Not a fantasy’ Ever since, many things related to space are named after him. in 1973, India named a cavity on the moon in his honour with the name ‘Vikram’. The lander which will drop Chandrayaan-2 onto the moon on September 7, is also called Vikram. Sarabhai has chalked the strategy of ISRO early on, too. "There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the moon or the planets or manned space-flight,” he had said. C.V. Raman’s protege Sarabhai was born on 12 August 1919 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. He studied from University of Cambridge with a major in science. He later joined the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore and began research in cosmic rays under the guidance of Nobel winner Sir C.V. Raman. "To us there is no ambiguity of purpose. We are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally and in the comity of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society," news agency IANS reported citing Vikram’s statement. At the age of 28, he established the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad. He had then set up the first rocket launching station in India. In 1966, he was awarded with Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan, six years later. He was also Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. Along with other Ahmedabad-based industrialists, he played a major role in the creation of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. With inputs from IANS See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-wants-moon-stories-after-chandrayaan-2-launch/articleshow/70548181.cms">ISRO’s Chandrayaan 2 launch is inspiring childhood memories of Karva Chauth and power cuts</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/akshay-kumars-mission-mangal-could-miss-facts-about-mangalyaan/articleshow/70498232.cms">The truth of ISRO's Mangalyaan which Akshay Kumar's Mission Mangal could miss</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-successfully-clears-its-second-orbit-as-it-races-to-the-moon/articleshow/70388934.cms">Chandrayaan-2 successfully clears its second orbit as it races to the Moon</a>

Google Doodle is celebrating Vikram Sarabhai’s 100th birthday — the father of Indian space programme

<ul><li>The Indian government declared February 28 as the <keyword id="116990" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="National-Science-Day">National Science Day</keyword> to commemorate the discovery of 'Raman Effect' by the Indian scientist. </li><li>According to the job site Indeed, science professionals skilled in analytics, coding, data and innovation can earn as much as ₹16 lakh per annum. </li><li>Cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad and Chennai hire and retain the maximum talent in the field. </li><li>The National Science Foundations says that as much as 80% of the jobs in the next 10 years will demand science and maths skills. </li></ul>The Indian government declared February 28 as the National Science Day to commemorate the discovery of the 'Raman Effect' by the Indian scientist <keyword id="515484" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="CV-Raman">CV Raman</keyword>. The aim is to boost participation in science and its applications. Some parts of the application are already evident in the last three years where STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) jobs have witnessed a significant rise. The National Science Foundation says that as much as 80% of the jobs in the next 10 years will demand science and maths skills. “With the world experiencing the positive impact of new technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, STEM based job roles are defining the future of work and giving reason for aspirants to pursue a career in related streams. Businesses across sectors too are looking towards the role of data and research as the catalysts for success,” Prateek Shukla, CEO and co-founder of Masai School told Business Insider. According to the job site Indeed, science professionals skilled in analytics, coding, data and innovation can earn as much as ₹16 lakh per annum. Metropolitan areas including Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad and Chennai hire and retain the maximum talent in the field. Average salaries for STEM-related roles <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Job Title </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Average annual salary range </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Java Developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹616,965 to ₹1,675,000 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Full stack developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹588,284 to ₹1,599,000 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Front-end developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹588,284 to ₹1,599,000. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Software engineer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹571,248 to ₹1,596,000. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">.NET developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹276,120 to ₹732,000 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">iOS developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹284,808 to ₹708,000. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Android developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹243,312 to ₹624,000 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Web developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹195,372 to ₹504,000 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">PHP Developer </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">₹247,332 to ₹624,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> Source: Indeed Full stack developers, frontend engineers and Java coders are among the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/ai-blockchain-digital-maketing-and-other-top-emerging-jobs-in-india-according-to-linkedin/articleshow/72446654.cms">most sought-after jobs </a>in India, as per LinkedIn. <keyword id="4244406" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="women-in-stem">Women in STEM</keyword> roles Women represent a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/india-tops-the-world-in-producing-female-graduates-in-stem-but-ranks-19th-in-employing-them/articleshow/74117413.cms">minority in the world of science </a>at a mere 30%; and only 35% of the STEM students are women. This is despite the fact that almost 40% of Indians who graduate in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) disciplines are women. However, they constitute merely 14% of the total 280,000 scientists, engineers and technologists in research development institutions in India, according to the <a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/international-day-of-women-and-girls-in-science">United Nations</a>. “Tech-based job roles have long been associated to be a male dominated space. With this preconceived notion, several women have been discouraged to take up tech based education or pursue related careers,” said Shukla of Masai School. The edtech startup offers a six-month coding programme, pushing more women to take up careers in coding. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/ai-blockchain-digital-maketing-and-other-top-emerging-jobs-in-india-according-to-linkedin/articleshow/72446654.cms">These are the top 15 emerging jobs in India, according to LinkedIn</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/india-tops-the-world-in-producing-female-graduates-in-stem-but-ranks-19th-in-employing-them/articleshow/74117413.cms">India tops the world in producing female graduates in STEM but ranks 19th in employing them</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/education/news/indias-think-tank-niti-aayog-is-making-ai-simple-and-fun-for-2-5-million-students/articleshow/74365745.cms">India’s think tank NITI Aayog is making AI simple and fun for 2.5 million students</a>

STEM jobs: Here are the average annual salaries for STEM-related job roles

New Delhi, Mar 31 () India is all set to enter the strict BS-VI emission era from Tuesday midnight with Indian automobile industry pumping in around Rs 70,0000 crore in the last four years to upgrade its technology. While auto companies put in around Rs 40,000 crore to upgrade their facilities and products, the auto component industry chipped in with an investment of Rs 30,000 crore for the same. Originally, automobile manufacturers across segments were to not produce or sell BS-IV vehicles from midnight tonight, although the Supreme Court recently allowed sale and registration of BS-IV vehicles for ten days after the end of the ongoing lockdown. Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA) President Deepak Jain said the auto components industry invested around Rs 30,000 crore for migrating to BS-VI regime. In the long-term, the changeover to stricter emission norms would be beneficial for the country, but in short-term it would bring pain in terms of price escalation to an industry which is already reeling under a slowdown and now the lockdown due to coronavirus pandemic, he added. "Besides this, we also need initiatives like scrappage policy at the earliest to chuck out old polluting vehicles from roads," Jain said. Reflecting upon the company's journey of upgrading to stricter emission norms, Maruti Suzuki India (MSI) Senior Executive Director and Member of Executive Board CV Raman said the auto major conducted over 11,000 emission tests across 14 models, besides spending hundreds of hours on engine calibration and validations. "All of these efforts helped us in phasing out BS-IV systematically and we are glad to share that we barely have any BS-IV inventory left. We were able to liquidate all our BS-IV stock and hence there is no need for any fire sales from Maruti," Raman said. The company had upgraded its mass models such as Alto and Baleno with BS-VI petrol engines in April 2019. This was closely followed by other models. MSI stopped production of BS-IV vehicles in January 2020. In fact, the auto major has already sold over 7.5 lakh BS-VI units till date. Similarly, Toyota Kirloskar Motor (TKM) Senior Vice President Naveen Soni said the company's vehicles turned compliant to BS-VI norms well ahead of time. "We have been successful in upgrading our vehicles to BS-VI technology before the stipulated timelines, thereby allowing us to focus on the production and sale of BS-VI vehicles," he noted. Various other carmakers including Honda, Hyundai and Tata Motors have also worked towards making their products BS-VI compliant. Similarly, various two-wheeler companies and commercial vehicle players have also announced transition to BS-VI norms. On a petition filed by auto dealers' body FADA, the Supreme Court on March 27 allowed the sale of unsold stock of BS-IV vehicles for 10 days after the expiry of the lockdown period, except in Delhi-NCR. The Federation of Automobile Dealers Association (FADA) had sought additional time of two months to clear the BS-IV inventory. The nationwide lockdown imposed on March 24 to check spread of coronavirus will last till April 14. The government in 2016 had asked automobile industry to upgrade to BS-VI norms by April 1, 2020. The short deadline was unprecedented anywhere in the world as it was a leap from BS-IV to BS-VI. Deteriorating air pollution situation in various cities, including Delhi-NCR, was one of the prominent reason to usher in stricter emission norms in the country. In 2018, the Supreme Court ordered that no Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) vehicle shall be sold across the country with effect from April 1, 2020. The apex court was deciding whether grace period should be given to automobile manufacturers for sale of BS-VI non-compliant vehicles after April 1, 2020. MSS RKL RVK

India drives into BS-VI era with air pollution control in mind

Researchers at the Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics (IAP), Indian Institute of Science (<keyword id="19910180" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="IISc" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="IISc" meta.hostid="83" meta.entityid="IISc">IISc</keyword>), and collaborators have designed a new <keyword id="23052480" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="supercapacitor" source="keywords">supercapacitor</keyword> that can be charged by shining <keyword id="19982220" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="light" source="keywords">light</keyword> on it. The supercapacitors can be used in various devices, including streetlights and self-powered electronic devices such as sensors, Bengaluru-based IISc said in a press release. "Capacitors are electrostatic devices that store energy as charges on two metal plates called <keyword id="20675368" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="electrodes" source="keywords">electrodes</keyword>. Supercapacitors are upgraded versions of capacitors - they exploit electrochemical phenomena to store more energy," Abha Misra, Professor at IAP and corresponding author of the study published in the 'Journal of Materials Chemistry A", was quoted as saying in the release. The electrodes of the new supercapacitor were made of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods grown directly on Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO), which is transparent. It was synthesised by Pankaj Singh Chauhan, first author and CV Raman postdoctoral fellow in Misra's group at IISc. Both ZnO and FTO are semiconductors with appropriately aligned energy levels, enabling superior performance of the photo-rechargeable supercapacitor, the release said. FTO, being transparent, allows light to fall on the optically active ZnO nanorods, which charges the supercapacitor. Chauhan explained that two electrolytes -- a liquid and a semi-solid gel -- were used as the conducting medium between the electrodes. The capacity for storing charges (<keyword id="23053496" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="capacitance" source="keywords">capacitance</keyword>) is inversely proportional to the distance between the electrodes, it said. "As the distance becomes very small, the capacitance shoots up," Misra stated. "In electrostatic capacitors, maintaining a small distance between electrodes is difficult. However, in a supercapacitor, the electrodes' charges attract the electrolyte's oppositely charged ions, resulting in the formation of a charge layer just atoms away from each other - called an electric double layer or EDL. This results in the high capacitance of supercapacitors," the release stated. When the researchers shined ultraviolet (UV) light on their supercapacitor, they noticed a huge increase in the capacitance, several times higher than previously reported supercapacitors. They also noticed two unusual properties. First, while capacitance generally decreases as the voltage increases, they found the reverse - their supercapacitor's capacitance under light illumination actually increased with increasing voltage. "We call it necking behaviour," said A M Rao, Professor at Clemson University, the USA, and co-author. He explained that this may be due to the high porosity of the electrodes. Second, the energy stored within the supercapacitor typically decreases when it is charged faster, because the ions in the electrolyte do not move fast enough to respond to the increased charging rate, the release said. However, with the liquid electrolyte, the team found that the energy stored in the supercapacitor surprisingly increased upon fast charging under UV light, it was noted. Mihir Parekh, a postdoctoral researcher in Rao's group, developed theoretical models to explain these novel observations. The findings open the doors to developing simultaneously fast-charging and energy-dense supercapacitors, according to him. To design their present supercapacitor, the team explored two key ideas. First, the surface area of the electrodes was increased by combining two optically active semiconductor interfaces in a way that maximises interaction with light, leading to higher charge generation. Second, a liquid electrolyte was used to ensure an effective EDL. Together, these resulted in superior performance. "The ideas were simple - but when combined together, they worked very well," Misra explained. She added that tweaking the design of the supercapacitor can enable its charging with visible and infrared light as well. The IISc-Clemson team aims to further explore and better understand the novel phenomena observed to design better supercapacitors. "Supercapacitors have lots of applications," Misra explains. For example, they can potentially replace solar cells used in streetlights. They have a high power density, so they can release charge more quickly than batteries. They can also be used to power chips in electronic devices like cell phones. "We have miniaturised supercapacitors to the micron scale so that they can be integrated along with these microelectronic chips," Misra added.

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checkout the list of Nobel Prize winners from Kolkata

Sanchita Dash

Google Doodle is celebrating Vikram Sarabhai’s 100th birthday — the father of Indian space programme

Prerna Sindwani

STEM jobs: Here are the average annual salaries for STEM-related job roles

Prerna Sindwani

India drives into BS-VI era with air pollution control in mind

PTI

IISc researchers, collaborators design supercapacitor that can be charged by shining light on it

PTI

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