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Imagine finding prime real estate along the banks of the most sacred river in your culture. Everything is perfect — rocky spots in the stream provide a daily catch of fish, the sun’s rays dance brilliantly on your hut all day, there’s abundant water for your crops, and you occasionally glimpse the elusive river dolphin, a creature of legend in your village. It’s the perfect place to raise your family. But one night, you wake up to a thunderous rumbling followed by the torrential sound of rushing water. Stepping outside, you realise you've become the victim of what seems to be a celestial joke. The beautiful river that promised to nourish your family has vanished, leaving a dry valley in its place. This story might have been fiction, but a similar, very real fate might have affected the <keyword id="20201803" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Ganga-river" source="keywords">Ganga river</keyword> in the ancient past. Researchers have recently unveiled evidence of a previously unknown and extraordinarily powerful <keyword id="19905951" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="earthquake" source="keywords">earthquake</keyword> that struck near Dhaka, the capital of <keyword id="19919639" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Bangladesh" source="keywords">Bangladesh</keyword>, approximately 2,500 years ago. This <keyword id="21033620" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="seismic-event" source="keywords">seismic event</keyword>, estimated to have reached a magnitude of 7.5 or 8, was so forceful that it dramatically altered the course of the Ganga river, one of the largest rivers in the world. The Ganga River, flowing approximately 1,600 miles from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal, is a vital waterway that merges with other major rivers like the Brahmaputra and the Meghna to form the largest <keyword id="22109265" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="river-delta" source="keywords">river delta</keyword> on Earth. This delta, known for its complex network of waterways, can naturally change course, but the violent rerouting caused by the ancient earthquake stands out as a unique <keyword id="22109268" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="geological-event" source="keywords">geological event</keyword>. Typically, rivers can change course over years or decades due to sediment buildup, but an earthquake-driven <keyword id="22109266" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="avulsion" source="keywords">avulsion</keyword> of this magnitude and speed is unprecedented. As geophysicist Michael Steckler puts it, "I don't think we have ever seen such a big one anywhere." The earth<keyword id="43061" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Quake" source="Orion">quake</keyword>'s immense power was buried in the landscape until recently discovered by a team of scientists who studied the geological clues in the region. Their research indicates that the quake caused a phenomenon known as avulsion, which rapidly rerouted the Ganga River. Satellite imagery initially revealed the clues, showing what appeared to be an old river channel running parallel to the Ganga about 62 miles south of Dhaka. Upon closer examination, the team found bands of sand cutting through the muddy ground. These bands, identified as seismites, are vertical layers of sand formed when an earthquake shakes watery soils. Chemical analyses confirmed that these seismites formed during a single seismic event, leading the researchers to deduce the occurrence of a massive earthquake 2,500 years ago. Two possible mechanisms could have triggered this earthquake: the seismically active zone around the <keyword id="22109267" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Shillong-Massif" source="keywords">Shillong Massif</keyword> mountains in northeastern India or the subduction of the Indian Ocean crust beneath Bangladesh, Myanmar, and northeastern India. The study not only sheds light on an ancient earthquake but also raises concerns about future seismic activity in the region. A 2016 study led by Steckler indicated that both the Shillong Massif and the Indo-Burman subduction zone could potentially trigger similar magnitude earthquakes again. Such an event could have catastrophic effects, impacting around 140 million people in the densely populated regions of Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. The findings of this research have been published in Nature Communications and can be accessed <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47786-4" data-type="tilCustomLink">here</a>.

A massive earthquake may have instantly changed the course of Ganga 2,500 years ago — and it could happen again

India's diverse landscape offers a plethora of adventures for thrill-seekers, and <keyword id="660604" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="River-rafting" source="Orion">river rafting</keyword> stands out as one of the most exhilarating experiences. With its vast network of rivers flowing through dramatic terrains, India provides ample opportunities for both amateurs and seasoned rafters to test their skills amidst breathtaking scenery. Whether you seek the rush of Grade V rapids or prefer a gentler float down a tranquil river, there's a rafting destination in India to suit every adventurer's preferences. Here we’ve listed some of the best destinations across the country for an unforgettable river rafting experience. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Rishikesh, Uttarakhand" comment="subhead" text="Rishikesh, Uttarakhand"><keyword id="47181" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Rishikesh" source="Orion">Rishikesh</keyword>, Uttarakhand</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="1" msid="110119494" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Conquer the rapids amidst the Himalayan serenity&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Rishikesh, often dubbed as the "Yoga Capital of the World," is also renowned for its thrilling river rafting expeditions. Nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas and straddling the Ganges River, Rishikesh offers a variety of rafting stretches suitable for beginners to experts. The most popular route is from Shivpuri to Rishikesh, covering approximately 16 kilometres and featuring rapids ranging from Grade I to IV. The scenic beauty of the surrounding mountains and the spiritual aura of Rishikesh add an extra dimension to the rafting experience. Best time of rafting: Late September to mid-November and early March to mid-May. Distance covered: Shivpuri to Rishikesh route approximately 16 kilometres Read - <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/travel/india/article/7-best-tourist-places-to-visit-in-rishikesh/articleshow/109564949.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Tourists places to visit in Rishikesh</a> <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Zanskar River, Ladakh" comment="subhead" text="Zanskar River, Ladakh"><keyword id="1282115" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="zanskar-river" source="Orion">Zanskar River</keyword>, Ladakh</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="2" msid="110119515" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Navigate icy waters through the heart of the Himalayas&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>For the ultimate adrenaline rush amidst surreal landscapes, head to Ladakh and conquer the icy waters of the Zanskar River. The Zanskar River expedition is not for the faint-hearted, as it involves navigating through freezing temperatures and challenging Grade IV and V rapids. The journey usually spans over several days, allowing rafters to soak in the raw beauty of the remote Himalayan region, including towering cliffs, ancient monasteries, and glimpses of local wildlife. Best time for rafting: Mid-June to early August Distance covered: Distance varies depending on the specific route and duration of the expedition, but it can span over several days covering a significant distance of about 150 kilometres. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Tons River, Uttarakhand" comment="subhead" text="Tons River, Uttarakhand">Tons River, Uttarakhand</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="3" msid="110119533" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Raft through rugged landscapes in the Garhwal Himalayas&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Tons River, a tributary of the Yamuna, offers a thrilling rafting experience in the lesser-explored Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Rafting on the Tons River combines adrenaline-pumping rapids with serene stretches, making it suitable for both adventure enthusiasts and nature lovers. The Tons River expedition usually starts from Mori and covers approximately 30 kilometres, showcasing the rugged beauty of the Himalayan landscape and the rich cultural heritage of the region. Best time for Rafting: Late September to mid-November and early March to mid-May Distance covered: Approximately 30 kilometres <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Beas River, Himachal Pradesh" comment="subhead" text="Beas River, Himachal Pradesh"><keyword id="697717" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Beas-river" source="Orion">Beas River</keyword>, Himachal Pradesh</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="4" msid="110119544" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Thrills await amidst the majestic Kullu Valley&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Dive into adventure amidst the majestic Kullu Valley with river rafting on the Beas River in Himachal Pradesh. Experience the thrill of conquering Grade I to III+ rapids while surrounded by stunning Himalayan scenery. Whether you're a beginner seeking an introduction to whitewater rafting or a seasoned rafter looking for a new challenge, the Beas River offers an exhilarating experience for all. Best time for rafting: March to June and September to November. Distance covered: Ranging from a few kilometres to around 10-15 kilometres <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Teesta River, Sikkim" comment="subhead" text="Teesta River, Sikkim">Teesta River, Sikkim</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="5" msid="110120105" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Chase adventure amidst Sikkim&amp;#39;s pristine beauty&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Sikkim's Teesta River presents an exciting rafting opportunity between the lush forests, terraced fields, and quaint villages. The Teesta River rafting route, starting from Makha or Tarkhola, features a mix of rapids ranging from Grade II to IV, offering an enjoyable experience for rafters of all skill levels. Besides the thrill of rafting, adventurers can also soak in the panoramic views of the Eastern Himalayas and immerse themselves in the local Sikkimese culture. Best time for rafting: October to December and March to May Distance covered: Distance varies depending on the starting point and specific route chosen by the rafting operator. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Kundalika River, Maharashtra" comment="subhead" text="Kundalika River, Maharashtra">Kundalika River, Maharashtra</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="6" msid="110120207" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Ride the rapids in the Sahyadri ranges&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Escape the urban chaos and embark on a thrilling rafting journey down the Kundalika River in Maharashtra. Surrounded by the scenic Sahyadri ranges, paddle through Grade II to IV rapids and navigate the twists and turns of the river under the guidance of expert instructors. Whether you're a first-time rafter or a seasoned adventurer, the Kundalika River offers an adrenaline-pumping experience amidst nature's tranquillity. Best time for rafting: June to September. Distance covered: Rafting on the Kundalika River usually covers a distance of approximately 10-12 kilometres <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Barapole River, Coorg, Karnataka" comment="subhead" text="Barapole River, Coorg, Karnataka">Barapole River, Coorg, Karnataka</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="7" msid="110120230" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Monsoon madness: Rafting through Coorg&amp;#39;s rain-soaked forests.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Immerse yourself in the natural beauty of Coorg as you navigate the rapids of the Barapole River during the monsoon season. Feel the rush of adrenaline as you tackle Grade II to IV rapids amidst the lush greenery of the Western Ghats. With experienced guides leading the way, river rafting on the Barapole River promises an unforgettable adventure for thrill-seekers. Best time for rafting: July to September. Distance covered: afting on the Barapole River is typically around 6-7 kilometres <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Brahmaputra River, Arunachal Pradesh" comment="subhead" text="Brahmaputra River, Arunachal Pradesh">Brahmaputra River, Arunachal Pradesh</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="8" msid="110120268" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Embark on an epic journey through Northeast India&amp;#39;s wilderness.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Go on an epic rafting expedition along the mighty Brahmaputra River as it cascades through the remote wilderness of Arunachal Pradesh. This multi-day adventure takes rafters through challenging Grade IV and V rapids, remote tribal villages, and pristine natural landscapes. The Brahmaputra River rafting experience offers a rare opportunity to explore the unspoiled beauty of Northeast India while tackling some of the most formidable rapids in the country. Best time for rafting: November to March Distance covered: Distance covered during multi-day expeditions can vary greatly depending on the chosen route and duration <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Kali River, Karnataka" comment="subhead" text="Kali River, Karnataka">Kali River, Karnataka</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="9" msid="110120298" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Nature&amp;#39;s playground: Rafting through the Western Ghats&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Embark on an adventure through the pristine wilderness of the Western Ghats with river rafting on the Kali River in Karnataka. Feel the thrill of navigating Grade II to IV rapids amidst lush forests and cascading waterfalls. With its diverse landscapes and exciting rapids, the Kali River promises an adrenaline-fueled journey for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers alike. Best time for rafting: October to February and June to September. Distance covered: Typically ranging from around 8-12 kilometres <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand" comment="subhead" text="Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand">Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand</cmsannotation> <div type="image" title="10" msid="110120338" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Whitewater adventure in the heart of the Garhwal&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>Discover the raw beauty of the Himalayas with a rafting expedition on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand. Marvel at the snow-capped peaks and dense forests as you tackle challenging rapids interspersed with calm stretches of water. Whether you seek an adrenaline rush or a serene escape into nature, rafting on the Bhagirathi River offers an unforgettable experience in the heart of the Garhwal Himalayas. Best time for rafting: March to June and September to November. Distance covered: around 15-20 kilometres From the snow-fed rivers of the Himalayas to the meandering streams of the plains, India boasts an array of destinations that promise thrilling river rafting experiences. Whether you're a novice seeking an introduction to whitewater rafting or a seasoned rafter craving the rush of challenging rapids, there's a river in India waiting to be conquered. With its combination of adrenaline-pumping adventure and breathtaking scenery, river rafting in India is truly an experience of a lifetime. So, grab your paddle, brace yourself for the rapids, and embark on an unforgettable journey through some of the country's most spectacular landscapes. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Frequently asked questions" comment="subhead" text="Frequently asked questions">Frequently asked questions</cmsannotation> 1. Is river rafting safe for beginners? Yes, most river rafting destinations offer routes suitable for beginners with experienced guides providing instructions and safety equipment. 2. What should I wear for river rafting? Wear comfortable swimwear or quick-drying clothing, along with secure footwear (like sandals with straps) and a hat for sun protection. Wetsuits may be provided by the rafting operator in colder regions. 3. Can children participate in river rafting? The minimum age for river rafting varies depending on the destination and the difficulty of the route. Generally, children above the age of 12 or 14 can participate under the supervision of adults. 4. Do I need prior experience for river rafting? No prior experience is necessary for most river rafting excursions, as trained guides provide safety instructions and paddle commands before embarking on the journey. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/travel/india/webstories/top-10-adventure-sports-across-india-where-to-experience-them-in-2024/slidelist/109857299.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">10 best destinations to experience adventure sports in India</a>

Top 10 destinations for river rafting in India in 2024

<keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="India" source="Orion">India</keyword>, a land of diverse landscapes and rich natural beauty, is blessed with numerous <keyword id="6410614" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Rivers" source="Orion">rivers</keyword> that play a crucial role in shaping the country's geography, culture, and economy. These rivers are not merely water bodies; they are lifelines that have sustained civilizations for centuries. In this article, we will delve into the 10 biggest and most <keyword id="19752028" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Famous-Rivers-in-India" source="Orion">famous rivers in India</keyword>, celebrating their significance and the myriad ways they contribute to the nation's vitality. Ganga: The Ganga, often referred to as the holiest river in India, holds profound religious and cultural importance. Originating from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas, it flows through the plains, touching states like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal. The Ganga supports a vast ecosystem and is integral to various religious practices, making it a symbol of purity and spirituality. Yamuna: Flowing parallel to the Ganga, the Yamuna is another major river in Northern India. It originates from the Yamunotri Glacier and passes through states such as Uttarakhand, Haryana, and Delhi. The Yamuna is a tributary of the Ganga and is revered in Hindu mythology, playing a crucial role in the cultural and historical narrative of the region. Brahmaputra: Known as the 'Son of Brahma,' the Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers in India, originating from Tibet and flowing through the northeastern states. It carves its way through the picturesque landscapes of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, providing life-sustaining water to the plains. The Brahmaputra is also known for its vibrant biodiversity, supporting unique flora and fauna. Indus: Although the majority of the Indus River flows through Pakistan, it originates in Tibet and has a significant part of its basin in India. The river played a vital role in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, showcasing its historical importance. Today, it continues to be a source of sustenance for communities in the northern regions of India. Godavari: The Godavari, often hailed as the 'Dakshin Ganga' or the Ganges of the South, is the second-longest river in India. Originating from the central Indian state of Maharashtra, it flows eastward through Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The Godavari is not only a source of water but also a cultural and economic lifeline for the regions it traverses. Krishna: The Krishna River, originating in the Western Ghats, flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Known for its significance in Hindu mythology, the Krishna River supports agriculture and provides drinking water to several cities in its basin. The river's dams and reservoirs play a crucial role in water management and power generation. Narmada: Flowing through the central part of India, the Narmada River holds cultural and historical importance. Originating in Madhya Pradesh, it flows westward, creating a natural boundary between North India and the Deccan Plateau. The Narmada is revered as a sacred river and is home to the famous marble rocks at Bhedaghat in Jabalpur. Tapi: The Tapi River, originating in the Satpura Range of central India, flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. Although not as extensively mentioned in ancient texts, the Tapi is a vital river for the regions it traverses, supporting agriculture and local economies. Mahanadi: Originating in the Chhattisgarh region, the Mahanadi River flows through Odisha before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. This river is crucial for the agricultural practices in the region, providing water for irrigation and supporting a variety of crops. The Mahanadi Delta is known for its rich biodiversity and estuarine ecosystems. Kaveri (Cauvery): The Kaveri River, originating in the Western Ghats, flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It is one of the most important rivers in South India, playing a vital role in agriculture and supporting the livelihoods of millions. The Kaveri has a cultural significance, and its waters are central to religious practices in the region. India's rivers are not only watercourses but are deeply intertwined with its cultural, historical, and ecological fabric. From the spiritual significance of the Ganga to the vibrant ecosystems of the Brahmaputra, each river contributes uniquely to the diverse tapestry of the nation. Understanding and appreciating the importance of these rivers is essential for sustainable water management and the preservation of India's natural heritage. Note: The article is based on content generated by AI models like Bard and Chatgpt.

Exploring the majestic rivers of India: A glimpse into nature's lifelines

Beijing, <keyword id="1334" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="China">China</keyword> will build a <keyword id="10353766" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="major-hydropower-project">major hydropower project</keyword> on Brahmaputra river in Tibet and a proposal for this has been clearly put forward in the 14th Five-Year Plan to be implemented from next year, the official media on Sunday quoted the head of a Chinese company tasked to build the dam as saying. <keyword id="10352993" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="yan-zhiyong">Yan Zhiyong</keyword>, chairman of <keyword id="10353764" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-power-construction-corp-of-china">the Power Construction Corp of China</keyword>, said China will "implement hydropower exploitation in the downstream of <keyword id="10353765" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-yarlung-zangbo-river">the Yarlung Zangbo River</keyword> (the Tibetan name for Brahmaputra) and the project could serve to maintain water resources and domestic security, the Global Times reported. Speaking at a conference on Thursday, Yan said the project was clearly put forward in the proposals for formulating the country's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25) and its long-term goals through 2035 made by the Central Committee of the ruling Communist Party of China (CPC), it quoted an article on the WeChat account of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China on Sunday. "There is no parallel in history it will be a historic opportunity for the Chinese hydropower industry," Yan told the conference organised to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the founding of the China Society for Hydropower Engineering. The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) and National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 were adopted by Plenum - a key policy body of the CPC - last month. Details of the plan were expected to be released after the formal ratification by National People's Congress (NPC) early next year. Proposals for dams on the Brahmaputra have evoked concerns in India and Bangladesh, the riparian states, and China has downplayed such anxieties saying it would keep their interests in mind. As a lower riparian State with considerable established user rights to the waters of the trans-border rivers, the Indian government has consistently conveyed its views and concerns to the Chinese authorities and has urged them to ensure that the interests of downstream States are not harmed by any activities in upstream areas. China has already operationalised the USD 1.5 billion Zam Hydropower Station, the largest in Tibet in 2015. About the new dam, the Global Times report said that speculation about China planning to build a "super hydropower station" in Medog county, where the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon is located, have circulated for years. Medog is the last county in Tibet which borders Arunachal Pradesh. In his address, Yan said that the hydropower exploitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River downstream is more than a hydropower project. It is also meaningful for the environment, national security, living standards, energy and international cooperation. According to the report, the mainstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River has the richest water resources in Tibet Autonomous Region, about 80 million kilowatt hours (kWh), while the 50-kilometer section of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon has 70 million kWh that could be developed with a 2,000-meter drop, which equals more than three Three Gorges power stations in Hubei province. Tibet has about 200 million kWh of water resources, accounting for 30 per cent of the total in China. The 60 million kWh hydropower exploitation at the downstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River could provide 300 billion kWh of clean, renewable and zero-carbon electricity annually. The project will play a significant role in realising China's goal of reaching a carbon emissions peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060, he said. "It is a project for national security, including water resources and domestic security," he said, noting that the project will also smooth cooperation with South Asia. The hydropower station could generate income of 20 billion yuan (USD three billion) annually for the Tibet Autonomous Region, he said. India and China established Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) in 2006 to discuss various issues related to trans-border rivers. Under existing bilateral Memorandums of Understanding, China provides hydrological information of Brahmaputra River and Sutlej River to India during the flood seasons. Under the arrangement, China provides flood season data of the Brahmaputra river between May 15 and October 15 every year. SEE ALSO - <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/rajasthan-government-imposes-night-curfew-from-8-pm-to-6-am-these-are-the-districts-under-restriction/articleshow/79484267.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/rajasthan-government-imposes-night-curfew-from-8-pm-to-6-am-these-are-the-districts-under-restriction/articleshow/79484267.cms</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/from-whitehat-jr-big-basket-and-unacademy-to-dunzo-these-are-the-indian-startups-that-reported-data-leaks-over-the-past-few-months/slidelist/79467618.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/from-whitehat-jr-big-basket-and-unacademy-to-dunzo-these-are-the-indian-startups-that-reported-data-leaks-over-the-past-few-months/slidelist/79467618.cms</a>

China to build a major dam on Brahmaputra river: Official

The pre-monsoon season hasn’t started on a pleasant note for <keyword id="6354915" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="assam" source="Orion">Assam</keyword>. Every year, the rainy season brings destruction to the most-populated northeastern state. It brings chaos, displacing thousands of people and animals, and damaging crops and properties worth billions. However, this time, the monsoons are yet to arrive and according to the <keyword id="645470" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="assam-state-disaster-management-authority" source="Orion">Assam State Disaster Management Authority</keyword> (ASDMA), at least <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/over-four-lakh-people-affected-as-pre-monsoon-rains-trigger-floods-in-assam/articleshow/91632004.cms">4 lakh people have been affected and 24 people</a> have lost their lives so far due to the floods which have ravaged the state. On May 24, Assam floods witnessed a surge in the death toll, as it rose to 25 and 6.5 lakh people remained affected. These <a href="https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2022-05-24-assam-floods-improve-but-rains-prevail-over-northeast-india">6,50,402</a> affected, which include 1,25,471 children, reside in 1,709 villages based in 22 of the state's 34 districts. Close to 82,503 hectares of crop areas in flood-hit areas also remain affected. <div type="image" title="Flood hazard map of Assam, where colours represent different hazard classes" msid="91820351" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Flood hazard map of Assam, where colours represent different hazard classes&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Why are floods an annual occurrence in the state of Assam? Assam is one of the most flood-prone states in India and it has almost become an annual calamity. In terms of impact on <a href="https://www.insightsonindia.com/2020/07/20/assam-floods/">human lives</a>, the floods of 1988, 1998 and 2004 were the worst – the 2004 floods alone affected 12.4 million people and claimed 251 lives. According to the Assam government, the <a href="https://waterresources.assam.gov.in/portlets/flood-erosion-problems#:~:text=The%20flood%20prone%20area%20of%20the%20country%20as%20a%20whole,prone%20area%20of%20the%20country.">flood-prone area</a> of the state is 31.05 lakh hectares, against a total area of 78.523 lakh hectares – this means nearly 40% of the state’s area is flood-prone. Overall, Assam accounts for nearly 10% of the total flood-prone area of the country. The average <a href="https://waterresources.assam.gov.in/portlets/flood-erosion-problems#:~:text=The%20flood%20prone%20area%20of%20the%20country%20as%20a%20whole,prone%20area%20of%20the%20country.">annual loss</a> due to floods in Assam is to the tune of ₹200 crore and particularly in 1998, the loss suffered was about ₹500 crore and during the year 2004 it was about ₹771.00 crore. Apart from the natural topography and annual excessive rainfall in Assam, there are various reasons – both man-made and natural – behind the destructive floods that hit Assam every year. Assam is home to a vast network of rivers, including the Brahmaputra and Barak River, and more than 50 tributaries feeding them. Assam also receives river water from <a href="https://waterresources.assam.gov.in/portlets/flood-erosion-problems#:~:text=The%20flood%20prone%20area%20of%20the%20country%20as%20a%20whole,prone%20area%20of%20the%20country.">neighboring states</a> like Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. <a href="https://waterresources.assam.gov.in/portlets/flood-erosion-problems#:~:text=The%20flood%20prone%20area%20of%20the%20country%20as%20a%20whole,prone%20area%20of%20the%20country.">In 2004 and 2014</a>, the south bank tributaries of the Brahmaputra in lower Assam experienced flash floods of high magnitude due to cloud bursts in the catchment areas in Meghalaya. A similar incident occurred in <a href="https://waterresources.assam.gov.in/portlets/flood-erosion-problems#:~:text=The%20flood%20prone%20area%20of%20the%20country%20as%20a%20whole,prone%20area%20of%20the%20country.">Arunachal Pradesh in 2011</a>, further aggravating floods in Assam. Bank erosion caused by the river Brahmaputra is one of the major reasons why Assam gets flooded every year. It means the removal of soil, sediment, or rock fragments along the banks, which results from high water flow. Due to erosion, the width of the river increases and it changes its course. According to the Assam government, more than <a href="https://waterresources.assam.gov.in/portlets/flood-erosion-problems#:~:text=The%20flood%20prone%20area%20of%20the%20country%20as%20a%20whole,prone%20area%20of%20the%20country.">4.27 lakh hectares</a> of land, which is 7.40 % area of the state, has been eroded by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries since 1950. The width of the river Brahmaputra has increased up to 15 kilometres at some places due to bank erosion, making it the widest river in India. It is estimated that annually nearly 8,000 hectares land is lost to erosion. The surveys carried out at different periods reflect an alarming picture regarding the widening of river Brahmaputra which is as follows: <div type="image" title="River Brahmaputra has been widening at an alarming rate" msid="91820475" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;River Brahmaputra has been widening at an alarming rate&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Floods are also caused by human intervention – like encroachment of river banks and wetlands, lack of drainage, unplanned urban growth, hill cutting and deforestation. The dams that are being built are further aggravating these disasters. Government measures to control floods in Assam In 1982, the <keyword id="905955" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="brahmaputra-board" source="Orion">Brahmaputra Board</keyword> suggested that dams and reservoirs be built to mitigate floods in Assam. While dams are meant to regulate the flow of water, they can also be beyond the capacity of the channels downstream, proving to be a double-edged sword. The <keyword id="14039836" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="water-resources-department-of-assam" source="Orion">Water Resources Department of Assam</keyword> has constructed embankments and flood walls across the state. River training, bank protection, anti-erosion and town protection are also in the works. Here’s how their plan has progressed thus far: <div type="image" title="Assam govt&amp;#39;s measures to control floods in the state" msid="91820500" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Assam govt&amp;#39;s measures to control floods in the state&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Here's a short video <div type="image" title="Why Assam gets flooded every year" msid="91820530" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Why Assam gets flooded every year&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

SIMPLY PUT: Why Assam gets flooded every year

<ul><li>The <keyword id="6983392" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Baishui-Glaciers">Baishui glaciers</keyword>, which are known as the world’s Third Pole, are melting twice as fast as 2005. </li><li>The glaciers, situated between India and China, have lost 60% of their mass and shrunk by 250 meters since 1982. </li><li>The Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra rivers in the <keyword id="873165" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</keyword> all originate from these glaciers, whose melting could have dire consequences for the respective river basins. </li><li>The rivers currently enable states like West Bengal, Assam and Uttar Pradesh to be the largest agricultural producers in the country. </li></ul>A cluster of Chinese glaciers are melting at an unprecedented rate — and could have disastrous consequences for India. The Baishui glaciers are the world’s third-largest frozen area of water in the world, and are melting at double the rate since 2005. The disappearance of 60% of its mass, according to a report <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/melting-glacier-in-china-draws-tourists-climate-worries/2018/10/20/78aaef7a-d4d1-11e8-a4db-184311d27129_story.html?utm_term=.c5fe9c8a7319">published</a> in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21562202">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>, could have disastrous consequences for India. Trouble for India The shrinking of the world’s ‘<a href="https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/about/">Third Pole</a>’ has immediate consequences of India. Temperatures in the region have increased by 1.5 degrees Celsius, as compared to pre-industrialisation levels, causing the glaciers to not only shrink by 250 meters but also lose 60% of their mass. More than 500 small glaciers in the area have also disappeared altogether. The glaciers are also the source of 10 of Asia’s largest rivers – including the Ganges, Brahmaputra and the Indus. Their melting has huge implications for these rivers, and could affect the livelihood of over 1.3 billion people. The most immediate effect will be on farmers, who depend on the melting waters of the glacier for the irrigation of water-intensive crops. In fact, rice, wheat and sugarcane account for 90% of India’s crop production are the <a href="https://www.oav.de/fileadmin/user_upload/5_Publikationen/5_Studien/170118_Study_Water_Agriculture_India.pdf">most water consuming</a> crops in India’s agricultural scene. The problem isn’t that excessive water will flood the fields and destroy crops. These rivers are already picketted with dams and irrigation canals that can handle the excess water. The issue is that <a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/if-80-water-consumption-in-india-is-for-agriculture-why-is-it-unregulated-and-inefficient/">India’s agricultural water requirements</a> are barely being met, despite the immoderate water supply. So once this water runs out, the river basins will exclusively depend on <a href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1306/1306.2709.pdf">monsoon rains</a> to replenish themselves. The underwater aquifers that are in place within agricultural regions are already struggling with their water tables. The use of water is so extensive in these regions that water is being used faster than it can be replaced. The fall in food production will, in turn, hurt India’s food security. The Ganges river basin, the largest in India, provides water to West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, the largest rice-producing states in the country. This isn’t good for a country whose population largely depends on rice as their staple diet. Even the production of wheat, sugarcane, jute and basic vegetables is threatened, as the primary regions where they are produced overlap with the affected river basins. Tea plantations in the northeast Indian state of Assam will also be affected, as the <keyword id="179908" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Brahmaputra-river">Brahmaputra river</keyword> irrigates them. The effects transcend India. The Third Pole expands over the Himalaya-Hindu Kush mountain range and the <keyword id="74610" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Tibetan-plateau">Tibetan Plateau</keyword>, spelling bad news of India’s neighbours as well. Even, Pakistan needs to be on its toes, since 60% of the country depends on the <keyword id="162118" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indus-River">Indus river</keyword> for its irrigation requirements.

A glacier in China is melting at an unprecedented rate — but it is India that may end up paying the price

India is building Asia’s longest bridge-‘<keyword id="3690249" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="The-Dhola-Sadiya-Bridge">The Dhola-Sadiya Bridge</keyword>’-over <keyword id="13243" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="River-Brahmaputra">River Brahmaputra</keyword> and is expected to be completed within seven months. Once completed, the bridge will reduce the travel time between <keyword id="6354915" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Assam">Assam</keyword> and <keyword id="46408" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Arunachal-Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</keyword> by four hours. 
 
The bridge will be built at the tune of Rs 938 crore and after its completion, it will be of great use for defence purposes also and keeping in mind the passage of tanks and other army vehicles, the bridge is also being strengthened. So far, India lacks a bridge that is fortified for passage of tanks around Tinsukia from where troops can cross over to Arunachal Pradesh. The bridge will also reduce the time consumption for the armed forces to reach the border in Dibang and Anjaw via Teazpur. At present it takes about two days. 
 The compensation for the construction of the bridge has been approved by the <keyword id="335681" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Road-Ministry">road ministry</keyword>. 
 
The bridge is also important for connectivity as till date Arunachal Pradesh does not have a single operational airport and China has been building air strips on its side of the LAC. The bridge will come as a shot in arm for the military. 
 According to an official, the project will complete in the next seven to eight months. Prime Minister <keyword id="6354477" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Narendra-Modi">Narendra Modi</keyword> has already visited the project and gone through the visual presentation of this project when he participated in the North Eastern Council meeting in Shillong early this year. 
 
Construction of this bridge in Assam was approved as a part of Rs 24,000 crore Arunachal Pradesh package to improve road connectivity in the border state. 
 
(Image Credits: Indiatimes)

Asia’s longest bridge is coming up on Brahmaputra, will reduce travel time by 4 hours

Forget about defining the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=Line+of+Actual+Control+">Line of Actual Control</a> and addressing the issue of Chinese intrusion into Indian territories as <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="China">China</keyword> has now given birth to a new issue which could further widen gaps between the two countries. 
 It has now operationalised the $1.5 billion Zam <keyword id="2398983" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="hydropower-station">Hydropower Station</keyword>, which has raised concerns in India over the likelihood of <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=disrupting+water+supplies">disrupting water supplies</a>. 
 The dam, the largest in <keyword id="6364076" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Tibet">Tibet</keyword>, built on the Brahmaputra river, also raised concerns in India over <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=China">China's ability to release water in times of conflict</a> which could pose serious risk of flooding. 
 
The China Gezhouba Group, a major hydropower contractor based in Wuhan, capital of Hubei Province said on Tuesday that all six of the stations’ units were incorporated into the power grid. 
 
Located in the Gyaca County, Shannan Prefecture, the Zam Hydropower Station also known as Zangmu Hydropower Station, harnesses the rich water resources of Brahmaputra known in Tibet as Yarlung Zangbo River, a major river which flows through Tibet into India and later into Bangladesh. 
 
The dam considered to be the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=hydropower+station+">world's highest-altitude hydropower station</a> and the largest of its kind will produce produces 2.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year. 
 
According to the company, it would alleviate the electricity shortage in central Tibet and empower the development of the electricity-strapped region. It is also an important energy base in central Tibet. 
 
Investment of the hydropower station, about 140 kms from Tibetan capital Lhasa, totaled 9.6 billion yuan (about $1.5 billion). 
 
The first unit began operations last November. 
 
The problem for India does not end here as China is reportedly building few more dams. The country seeks to allay Indian fears saying that they are the run-of-the-river projects which were not designed to hold water. 
 
An Indian Inter-Ministerial Expert Group (IMEG) on the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=hydropower+station+">Brahmaputra</a> in 2013 said the dams were being built on the upper reaches and called for further monitoring considering their impact on the flow of waters to the lower reaches. 
 
The IMEG noted that the three dams, Jiexu, Zangmu and Jiacha are within 25 kms of each other and are 550 kms from the Indian border. 
 
India has been taking up the issue with China for the past few years the two countries reached an understanding in 2013. Chinese side agreed to provide more flood data of Brahmaputra from May to October instead of June to October in the previous agreements river water agreements in 2008 and 2010. 
 India is concerned that if the waters are diverted, then projects on the Brahmaputra, particularly the <keyword id="743602" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Upper-Siang">Upper Siang</keyword> and Lower Suhansri projects in <keyword id="46408" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Arunachal-Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</keyword>, may get affected. 
 
(Image: Indiatimes)

A reason to worry for! China operationalises biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet

<ul><li>India is all set to build its longest river bridge between <keyword id="6354915" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="assam">Assam</keyword> and <keyword id="6355772" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="meghalaya">Meghalaya</keyword> by 2026. </li><li>The 20 kilometer-long bridge will connect Dhubri in Assam to Phulbari near the Bangladesh border. </li><li>It will shorten travel by 203 kilometers and save two and-a-half hours of travel time. </li></ul>The Indian government is constructing a new bridge between the states of Assam and Meghalaya — set to be the longest river bridge in the country by 2026 The four-lane bridge over the Brahmaputra river will shorten the distance between the cities of Dhubri and Phulbari by 203 kilometers, and also save commuters two and-a-half hours in travel time. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways along with National Highways and Industrial Development Corporation Limited (NICL) has been preparing plans to iron out the details of the project. The government has approached many global players to bid for the project, according to recent media <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/20km-assam-bridge-to-cut-travel-by-200km/articleshow/66288987.cms?utm_campaign=andapp&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=other">reports</a>. A Japanese funding agency, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has agreed to fund the project. The project is likely to be completed by 2026-27. People currently have very limited options to travel between Assam and Meghalaya. They either have to take small boats, which take at least two and-a-half hours to reach the destination, or they have to take a long route of 100 kilometers before the Naranarayan bridge. The proposed project aims to shorten the travel time to only 20 minutes. Currently, the 9.15 km stretched river bridge between Dhola and Sadiya in Assam is the <keyword id="1761952" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="longest-bridge">longest bridge</keyword> in India. Interestingly, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dhola-sadiya-bridge-10-things-to-know/article18582536.ece">The Dhola-Sadiya bridge cut 5 hours of travel time</a> for people traveling from Assam to Roing in Arunachal Pradesh.

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