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<div class="image-container float_right" style="width:480px"><div class="image">REUTERS/Shannon Stapleton</div></div>Royal Dutch <keyword id="46532" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Shell">Shell</keyword> said it would perform a "strategic portfolio review" on its North American <keyword id="188620" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Shale">shale</keyword> holdings after it reported a more than $2 billion charge this morning, <a href="http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/investor/news-and-library/2013/second-quarter-2013-results-announcement.html">the company reported in its earnings release today</a>. 
The impairment figured into a YOY fall in profits of 20% for the quarter, to $4.6 billion. 
The Angl0-Dutch firm said exploration and drilling has become costlier. It has holdings in most major liquids-rich plays, including the Eagle Ford in Texas and Bakken in North Dakota.
<a href="http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/754a5d72-fa78-11e2-a7aa-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2aiJJRJUe">The FT quoted</a> CFO Simon Henry that "the production curve is less positive than we originally expected." And there was more bad news on production targets, Ft's Guy Chazan wrote:
The company had said it was aiming to increase oil and gas output to 4m barrels a day by 2017-18. This has now been “retired”, Mr Voser said.
In its earnings release, Shell <a href="http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/investor/news-and-library/2013/second-quarter-2013-results-announcement.html#textwithimage_6">said</a> it expects "further focus and divestments there."
We've been reporting on '<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;cad=rja&amp;ved=0CD8QFjAC&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwhy-people-are-starting-to-talk-about-saudi-america-2012-12%3Fop%3D1&amp;ei=c1b6UbTlDdO44AO7wIH4Bw&amp;usg=AFQjCNFAkzWdaqgHQ-YhTenwg5qQkTA2Zg&amp;sig2=sPgrGqJRHEaHeQC-4oVEUQ&amp;bvm=bv.50165853,d.dmg">Saudi America</a>' for awhile as improvements in drilling and exploration have allowed the U.S. and Canada to exploit vast reserves of oil and gas contained in shale rock.
But there's been debate over just how long the phenomenon can last <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/us-energy-production-inflection-point-2013-7">as production rates slow</a> and drillers are forced to move into more expensive plays.

Shell Signals Trouble In 'Saudi America' 

<div class="image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/gas-flare-is-seen-at-an-oil-well-site-on-july-26-2013-news-photo/174480636#">Photo by Andrew Burton/Getty Images</a></div></div></div>Advancements in pulling oil out of shale changed North Dakota forever in 2008, and no place is that change more evident than the city of Williston.
Like a modern-day gold rush, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/young-man-chases-the-american-dream-in-williston-2012-3">workers have flocked to Williston for work and paychecks</a> that can't be found anyplace else in the U.S. The hours on the job here ensure that even a modest hourly wage can bring in $100,000 a year doing anything from working a rig to driving a truck.
But this economic largesse comes with a cost as the population has doubled in size since 2010, residents have been forced from their homes by doubling rents, and <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/boomtown-girls-and-the-williston-strip-club-2012-4?op=1">a transient workforce shifts the city's focus</a>.
When <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/youve-never-seen-anything-like-the-williston-oil-boom-2012-3?op=1">Business Insider went to Williston in March of 2012</a> the city had accepted the challenge before it, and the amount of work it would take to grow. The following photos show Williston's progress since our visit last year.

This Boomtown Has So Much Money It Burns Off $100 Million In Natural Gas A Month [PHOTOS]

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/313701/BGS_DECC_JurassicWealdShale_study_2014_MAIN_REPORT.pdf">Gov.uk</a></div></div></div>A new report suggests there may be up to 8.6 billion barrels of shale oil underneath southern England. 
That would be on top of the potential 1.3 quadrillion cubic feet of shale gas <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/uk-shale-deposit-estimates-revised-upward-2013-6">surveyed in the north last year</a>, and match <a href="http://bismarcktribune.com/bakken/researcher-talks-of-recovering-more-bakken-oil/article_3066521a-e140-11e3-b948-001a4bcf887a.html">some deposit estimates</a> for the U.S.' premier Bakken shale play in North Dakota.
There's one catch though: It's not clear how much of the stuff in England's south is recoverable. 
In their survey, <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/313701/BGS_DECC_JurassicWealdShale_study_2014_MAIN_REPORT.pdf">the UK's Department of Energy and Climate Change write</a> more information is needed to determine how much of the oil-in-place in the Weald region can be extracted.
It is still too early to use a more refined methodology, like the USGS's Technically Recoverable Resource "top-down" estimates, which require production data from wells. In time, the drilling and testing of new wells will give an understanding of achievable, sustained production rates.
Earlier this week, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/fracking-debate-is-over-2014-5">we declared</a> the debate in America over whether to continue fracking in the face of the practice's apparent environmental impact been settled. 
But it's only just begun in the UK, which <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/money/2013/nov/16/energy-prices-rise">faces skyrocketing energy costs</a> from <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/big-energy-debate/five-reasons-energy-bills-high">a host of factors</a> including higher commodity prices, green levies, and uncompetitive markets. A survey last year showed <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/british-deeply-ambivalent-about-fracking-2013-8#ixzz32YLOSYIF">the country was ambivalent on the question</a>, with 68% saying doing so would be good for the economy but 47% fearing fracking would also damage the environment. 
The Conservative government is doing all it can to placate opposition. It recently <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/may/23/fracking-compensation-increase-quell-opposition">announced it was considering</a> paying an average of $1.34 million per community where fracking occurs. That would be on top of current statutes that allow a $168,000 lump-sum payment to a community when a test well is fracked, plus 1% of any production revenues.

The UK May Have Just Found Its Bakken

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>The economics of oil have changed. Some businesses will go bust, but the market will be healthier.
The official charter of OPEC states that the group's goal is "the stabilisation of prices in international oil markets". It has not been doing a very good job. In June the price of a barrel of oil, then almost $115, began to slide; it now stands close to $70.
This near-40% plunge is thanks partly to the sluggish world economy, which is consuming less oil than markets had anticipated, and partly to OPEC itself, which has produced more than markets expected.
But the main culprits are the oilmen of North Dakota and Texas. Over the past four years, as the price hovered around $110 a barrel, they have set about extracting oil from shale formations previously considered unviable.
Their manic drilling--they have completed perhaps 20,000 new wells since 2010, more than ten times Saudi Arabia's tally--has boosted America's oil production by a third, to nearly 9m barrels a day (b/d). That is just 1m b/d short of Saudi Arabia's output. The contest between the shalemen and the sheikhs has tipped the world from a shortage of oil to a surplus.
<h3>Fuel injection</h3>
Cheaper oil should act like a shot of adrenalin to global growth. A $40 price cut shifts some $1.3 trillion from producers to consumers. The typical American motorist, who spent $3,000 in 2013 at the pumps, might be $800 a year better off--equivalent to a 2% pay rise. Big importing countries such as the euro area, India, Japan and Turkey are enjoying especially big windfalls. Since this money is likely to be spent rather than stashed in a sovereign-wealth fund, global GDP should rise.
The falling oil price will reduce already-low inflation still further, and so may encourage central bankers towards looser monetary policy. The Federal Reserve will put off raising interest rates for longer; the European Central Bank will act more boldly to ward off deflation by buying sovereign bonds.
There will, of course, be losers (see "Shale oil: In a bind"). Oil-producing countries whose budgets depend on high prices are in particular trouble. The rouble tumbled this week as Russia's prospects darkened further. Nigeria has been forced to raise interest rates and devalue the naira. Venezuela looks ever closer to defaulting on its debt. The spectre of defaults and the speed and scale of the price plunge have unnerved financial markets. But the overall economic effect of cheaper oil is clearly positive.
Just how positive will depend on how long the price stays low. That is the subject of a continuing tussle between OPEC and the shale-drillers. Several members of the cartel want it to cut its output, in the hope of pushing the price back up again.
But Saudi Arabia, in particular, seems mindful of the experience of the 1970s, when a big leap in the price prompted huge investments in new fields, leading to a decade-long glut. Instead, the Saudis seem to be pushing a different tactic: let the price fall and put high-cost producers out of business. That should soon crimp supply, causing prices to rise.
There are signs that such a shake-out is already under way. The share prices of firms that specialise in shale oil have been swooning. Many of them are up to their derricks in debt. Even before the oil price started falling, most were investing more in new wells than they were making from their existing ones. With their revenues now dropping fast, they will find themselves overstretched. A rash of bankruptcies is likely. That, in turn, would bespatter shale oil's reputation among investors.
Even survivors may find the markets closed for some time, forcing them to rein in their expenditure to match the cash they generate from selling oil. Since shale-oil wells are short-lived (output can fall by 60-70% in the first year), any slowdown in investment will quickly translate into falling production.
This shake-out will be painful. But in the long run the shale industry's future seems assured. Fracking, in which a mixture of water, sand and chemicals is injected into shale formations to release oil, is a relatively young technology, and it is still making big gains in efficiency. IHS, a research firm, reckons the cost of a typical project has fallen from $70 per barrel produced to $57 in the past year, as oilmen have learned how to drill wells faster and to extract more oil from each one.
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>The firms that weather the current storm will have masses more shale to exploit. Drilling is just beginning (and may now be cut back) in the Niobrara formation in Colorado, for example, and the Mississippian Lime along the border between Oklahoma and Kansas.
Nor need shale oil be a uniquely American phenomenon: there is similar geology all around the world, from China to the Czech Republic. Although no other country has quite the same combination of eager investors, experienced oilmen and pliable bureaucrats, the riches on offer must eventually induce shale-oil exploration elsewhere.
Most important of all, investments in shale oil come in conveniently small increments. The big conventional oilfields that have not yet been tapped tend to be in inaccessible spots, deep below the ocean, high in the Arctic, or both.
America's Exxon Mobil and Russia's Rosneft recently spent two months and $700m drilling a single well in the Kara Sea, north of Siberia. Although they found oil, developing it will take years and cost billions. By contrast, a shale-oil well can be drilled in as little as a week, at a cost of $1.5m.
The shale firms know where the shale deposits are and it is pretty easy to hire new rigs; the only question is how many wells to drill. The whole business becomes a bit more like manufacturing drinks: whenever the world is thirsty, you crank up the bottling plant.
<h3>Sheikh out</h3>
So the economics of oil have changed. The market will still be subject to political shocks: war in the Middle East or the overdue implosion of Vladimir Putin's kleptocracy would send the price soaring. But, absent such an event, the oil price should be less vulnerable to shocks or manipulation.
Even if the 3m extra b/d that the United States now pumps out is a tiny fraction of the 90m the world consumes, America's shale is a genuine rival to Saudi Arabia as the world's marginal producer. That should reduce the volatility not just of the oil price but also of the world economy.
Oil and finance have proved themselves the only two industries able to tip the world into recession. At least one of them should in future be a bit more stable.
Click <a href="https://subscriptions.economist.com/nwcd">here</a> to subscribe to The Economist.

The New Economics Of Oil: Sheikhs Vs. Shale

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images</div></div></div>Last night, the LA Times' Louis Sahagun <a href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-oil-20140521-story.html">reported</a> a piece of data dynamite the Energy Information Administration plans to detonate under California next month: There now appears to be just 600 million barrels of recoverable tight oil in the state's vast Monterey shale play - a downward revision of 96% from the agency's 2011 estimate. 
The revision seems to have been predicted <a href="http://montereyoil.org/the-report/">in a report</a> from geoscientist J. David Hughes, best known for his work on Canadian oil formations, and published by the Post Carbon Institute in December. Hughes warned that Monterey's geology, while superficially similar to marquee tight oil plays in Texas and North Dakota, actually contains an enormous number of irregularities that would make it difficult to ever successfully extract the resources.
"The target strata in the Bakken and the Eagle Ford plays are less than a few hundred feet inthickness and are flat-lying to gently dipping," the report said. "The shale deposits of the Monterey are much thicker and much more complex, with target strata up to 2,000 or more feet in thickness, and atdepths that can range from surface outcrops to more than 18,000 feet within a span of fortymiles or less." 
The EIA did not respond to requests for comment.
BI had previously talked with experts who said there were so many unknowns about the Monterey that it wasn't really on anyone's radars as a potential new chapter in the Great American Shale Boom. "It is not a focus right now," ITG's David Howard <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/california-shale-boom-still-far-away-2013-12#ixzz32MZTaKke">told us in December</a>. "The market has moved away from really paying attention California unconventional and I follow the market."
So, it's debatable whether it can reasonably be called "a blow to the nation's oil future," as the LAT's Sahagun put it, since no one was really factoring it into that future in the first place.
But it certainly makes things extremely awkward for California.
The state had pinned its hopes on a March 2013 USC study that argued tapping the Monterey could create up to 2.8 million jobs by 2020 and add up to $25 billion to state and local tax revenue. "Californians drive 332 billion, that's billion miles a year, fed almost entirely by oil products, so we have got to start hammering at the demand, as well as the sources of fossil fuel," California Governor Jerry Brown told CNN Sunday.
In September 2013, Brown - often labeled as having a thumb as green as Shrek's - signed into law a bill that allowed the small-scale fracking that already occurs in to continue, with a view toward one day tapping what was thought to be Monterey's vast and accessible deposits. 
Brown's office had no comment Wednesday. 
The good news is that outside California, the findings may not mean all that much. The most recent revisions to the country's marquee shale plays like the Bakken have actually gone upward. Reached by BI Wednesday, Hughes said his analysis of other mega American shale plays don't differ greatly with the EIA's. 
"So far I don't see any kind of radical downgrade that might occur," he said. 
But for the Golden State, the second coming of a black gold rush looks to have been a mirage all along.

California Is In An Extremely Awkward Position Now That The Government Says Most Of Its Shale Oil Is Unrecoverable

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A small city in North Dakota is expanding into the $2.5 trillion cryptocurrency world by installing a crypto ATM as its airport. </li><li>Travelers and non-passengers will have access to the machine to sell or buy more than 40 cryptocurrencies. </li></ul>Williston, a small city in North Dakota, is planting its flag in the massive $2.5 trillion <keyword id="11994583" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cryptocurrency-market" source="Orion">cryptocurrency market</keyword> by installing a crypto ATM in its airport. People passing through and working at the Williston Basin International Airport will be able to buy and sell <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/currencies/btc-usd">bitcoin</a>, dogecoin, Shiba Inu, and at least 37 other digital currencies at what city officials say is the first "government-hosted" crypto kiosk at a US airport. "This is an ambitious step in introducing and engaging the public towards cryptocurrency while proactively playing a role in building the digital ecosystem," Hercules Cummings, the finance director of the City of Williston, <a href="https://cityofwilliston.com/news_detail_T18_R1155.php">said in a statement</a>. Williston had a population of a little more than 29,000 in 2019, according to US Census data. The city is located in part of the Bakken formation which is well-known for deposits of oil and natural gas. "Although we are a smaller rural community, we are making an impact. Taking this small step may pave the way for other government and commercial entities to follow suit," he said. The move builds on the city's previous work in embracing cryptocurrency, whose market capitalization recently topped $3 trillion for the first time. Williston in May began accepting cryptocurrencies like bitcoin as payment for utility bills, according to <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/city-in-north-dakota-now-accepts-cryptocurrency-for-utility-payments">a Cointelegraph report</a>. Cummings told the news outlet that Williston was the first municipality in North Dakota and the third in the country to offer such a service. The move was made in partnership with BitPay, a crypto payment firm.Cummings said the airport's so-called digital currency machine can serve people who prefer not to use their bank or debit cards or who don't have access to traditional financial services. Ticketed passengers and non-travelers will have access to the machine as it will be placed before a secured area. People can also use the machine to withdraw cash from their digital wallets.The airport ATM project is in conjunction with crypto services provider Coin Cloud, according to the statement.

A small city in North Dakota is jumping further into crypto with the installation of the first government-backed ATM in a US airport

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/royluck/8377055784/in/photolist-eLqJX2-eLC91J-eLqJD8-eLC8J5-eLqJov-eLqK36-eLC9aL-eLqJiT-eLqJNz-ngm2ex-9bojCy-7mzi2r-9bojxf-6WgtfL-6WgtkA-fEy4Hh-6Wgtb5-99X1Hh-99X1gN-99X1R5-99X1M3-99TScB-dS8VMz-ftnNpe-4YaZ9c-gneU4b-aZUd42-o8hnt-83C9cJ-dUjzvo-514qBb-buXYbP-4FFRMR-4YaZuV-4YaZji-e5bRTQ-9dxAcZ-9BoHZs-faKKkp-mTgWG-mTgG1-6txdUd-6tt3Br-dgVwXE-aA1xVj-NF19-5yK26f-dLfAQh-79Jwwq-dLfBWu">Roy Luck/flickr</a>Empty cars head back to North Dakota for more Bakken crude.</div></div></div>Where have all the anti-frackers gone?
You may have noticed we haven't heard too much lately from groups opposed to the drilling practice, which involves sending millions of gallons of water and chemicals into the ground to free up oil and natural gas deposits trapped in rocks.
Their last big push seems to have come last year, with the film "Gas Lands II," about the possible ill effects that fracking Pennsylvania's Marcellus shale could pose to the Delaware River basin, at the vanguard.
But since that time, we have only seen more development. Oil production is now <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0CDAQqQIwAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-05-14%2Fshale-boom-sends-u-s-crude-output-to-28-year-high.html&amp;ei=7OF8U6bmPMiwsQST5IFg&amp;usg=AFQjCNGZDq6Zlm-FYBvtye-TrkRD_qLm_g&amp;sig2=9nheho8AWa2hFKoedLvB1A&amp;bvm=bv.67229260,d.cWc">at a 28-year high</a>, while gas production is at all-time highs. There are now even <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/spectra-natgas-pipeline-manhattan-west-village-2012-5">plans</a> to snake a new natural gas pipeline under the west side of Manhattan. 
There is a lot of evidence natural gas production harms the areas around where it occurs. Last month, a Texas jury <a href="http://bizbeatblog.dallasnews.com/2014/04/wise-county-gets-3-million-in-fracking-suit.html/">awarded</a> a suburban Dallas family $3 million for health effects suffered as a result of natural gas production activity near their home. Countless other families have privately settled with drillers over similar claims. Scientists say injecting fracking waste water into the ground <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2014/05/140502-scientists-warn-of-quake-risk-from-fracking-operations/">probably causes earthquakes</a>. And the oil and gas boom has also led to an increasing number of literal booms on trains transporting crude, as well as ruptured pipelines. 
Despite all this, it is now safe to say the debate is basically over: Fracking has won.
At the FT's Oil and Gas Strategies Summit Wednesday in Manhattan, Rhodium Group's Trevor Houser contended that the Great American Shale Boom has been America's best economic story, adding up to 50 basis points of growth since 2008, and with the potential to add a further 20 bps through 2020 through lower energy prices, capital investment and jobs. "It's worked like a government stimulus, " he said, but without anyone in Washington having to get involved. 
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image"><a title_source="EIA" title_caption="Annual U.S. natural gas production." class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/537ce2e669bedd8a3557d116-960/screen shot 2014-05-21 at 1.26.58 pm-2.png"></a><a href="http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n9050us2A.htm">EIA</a>Annual U.S. natural gas production.</div></div></div> 
The Obama administration has recognized as much. Though the president has proclaimed an "all of the above" energy development strategy, <a href="http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f7351b0e-dcf1-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz32MxEEmZa">the FT's Ed Luce argued this weekend</a> that it's really been about "one of the above": gas. With the exception of stalling approval of the Keystone Pipeline - the debate around which is largely symbolic debate, and the importance of which the market <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0CCkQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fthe-keystone-pipeline-is-quickly-becoming-obsolete-2014-5&amp;ei=lN58U8P4BMzfsASb3YLoCQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNFgZJbyf7Ye33GHS7FUTN26Dbl9nw&amp;sig2=Bvv-1fnbuMRpTaZJ3DM24w&amp;bvm=bv.67229260,d.cWc">is now finding ways to reduce</a> - the administration has done nothing to impose federal regulations on fracking. What's more, the EPA's new CO2 regulations take direct aim at U.S. coal production, natural gas's main rival for electricity output. Combined with overall declining energy consumption and intensity in the U.S., <a href="http://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/pdf/t1p01p1.pdf">coal production has declined 16% since 2008</a>. Though the administration has vowed to revive nuclear, there have been more plant retirements than new plants built. Renewables have surged, but that's mostly been <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-solar-surged-in-america-2013-10">thanks to factors having nothing to do with Washington.</a> 
Obama can reasonably argue that allowing the natural gas boom to unfurl is part of his plan to fight climate change. For all its apparent ill effects locally, most experts agree the rise of natural gas has lowered CO2 emissions by displacing coal. While there remains some debate about whether methane leaks from gas wells ultimately cancel out the coal displacement effect on the environment, many scientists now advocate the expansion of natural gas production technology, and natural gas exports, to places like China as a means of helping to end their coal.
The debate over fracking is still simmering in some states. In New York, the oil and gas industry <a href="http://nypost.com/2014/01/13/cuomo-ripped-for-stalling-on-fracking/">continues to urge</a> Gov. Andrew Cuomo to open up the state for drilling. In Colorado, <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/02/us-ceraweek-colorado-idUSBREA210M820140302">environmentalists are urging</a> Gov. John Hickenlooper to impose a moratorium. But the issues have been before both leaders for years, and neither has shown much interest in making a decision either way - meaning New York remains the lone victory anti-fracking groups can point to. 
The EIA projects natural gas production to continue well into the future, though there's more uncertainty about how long the shale oil boom can continue, given outstanding questions about prices, demand, and depletion rates. (And some groups do question the EIA's gas production estimates.) 
Either way, as long as the booms are able to last, the country seems to have decided that it is willing to tolerate their local impacts for their apparent greater benefit.

You Searched For "Bakken Oil Deposit" and got 8 results

Shell Signals Trouble In 'Saudi America'

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California Is In An Extremely Awkward Position Now That The Government Says Most Of Its Shale Oil Is Unrecoverable

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A small city in North Dakota is jumping further into crypto with the installation of the first government-backed ATM in a US airport

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