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Pilibhit (UP), Prime Minister <keyword id="19895781" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="narendra-modi" source="keywords">Narendra Modi</keyword> on Tuesday accused the Congress of making several attempts to stall the construction of the <keyword id="19922118" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ram-temple" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Ram temple" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Ram temple">Ram temple</keyword> in Ayodhya and for insulting <keyword id="19897033" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Lord-Ram" source="keywords">Lord Ram</keyword> by rejecting the invitation for the '<keyword id="20167362" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pran-Pratishta" source="keywords">pran pratishta</keyword>' ceremony. Addressing an election rally here, Modi also said that the Congress is immersed in the swamp of appeasement and can never come out of it. "The Congress made several efforts so that the Ram temple in Ayodhya is not constructed. But when the people of the country made such a beautiful temple by contributing every penny, and when the temple people forgave all your sins, and invited you for the 'pran prathistaa', you insulted Lord Ram by rejecting the invitation and expelled leaders, who attended it, for six years," he said. "Every family of the country contributed according to their devotion. The people of Pilibhit also gifted a huge flute to Ayodhya. But, the people of <keyword id="20389973" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="INDI-alliance" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="INDI alliance" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="INDI alliance">INDI alliance</keyword> had hatred even before the construction of Ram temple and they have hatred even today," Modi said. Recalling the contributions made by former Uttar Pradesh chief minister Kalyan Singh for the construction of the temple, he said, "Our Kalyan Singh ji dedicated his life and government for the Ram temple". Singh, who was one of the prominent faces of the Ram mandir agitation, was chief minister of Uttar Pradesh when the <keyword id="20266496" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Babri-mosque" source="keywords">Babri mosque</keyword> was demolished in 1992. Sharpening his attack on the Congress, Modi said, "Congress is so immersed in the swamp ('daldal') of appeasement that it can never get out of it. The manifesto prepared by the Congress seems to be that of Muslim League rather than that of the Congress." The prime minister also asserted that his government is working towards the goal of making a developed India. Amid the various difficulties being faced by the world now, India is showing that there is nothing impossible for it to achieve, he said, adding this has been possible due to every single vote of the people. "No matter how difficult the goal is, if India is determined to achieve it, it will definitely achieve. Today, with this inspiration and energy, we are working towards the resolution of a developed India," he said. "Amidst the difficulties of the entire world, India is showing that there is nothing impossible for it," he said. Modi said that there was a time when the Congress government used to ask for help from the world, but during the Covid pandemic, medicines were made available to the whole world from India. "When India became the world's fastest growing economic power, were you (people) proud of it or not? When our Chandrayaan hoisted the tricolour on the moon, were you proud or not? The grand G20 summit held in India was praised all over the world," he added. "When the country becomes strong, the world listens to it," he added.

Cong insulted Lord Ram by refusing pran pratishta invite: PM Modi

More than a century-old religious dispute⁠— the first case was filed in 1885⁠— became a land title suit is awaiting the final word from India’s Supreme Court, which is expected to give its verdict in the Ram Temple-Babri Masjid (mosque) dispute in <keyword id="6354931" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</keyword> very soon. The Hindu sides contend there should be a temple for Lord Rama in the 2.7 acre land because one was destroyed for construction of the <keyword id="43572" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Babri-Masjid">Babri Masjid</keyword> in the 16th century. The dispute continued escalating until December 6, 1992 when the mosque was demolished by those who wanted a temple. As it stood at the Supreme Court, there are 50 parties in the case but the broad issue is whether there should be a temple or a mosque in the disputed site or should the land be divided among the sparring parties as ruled by the Allahabad High Court in 2010. 
 <div type="Youtube" id="-tpuk6l1GVE" title="What is the Ayodhya Dispute?" thumbUrl="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/-tpuk6l1GVE/mqdefault.jpg"></div>



 The Allahabad High Court divided the Ayodhya title into three equal parts between the Nirmohi Akhara, Lord Ram the deity represented by Triloki Nath Pandey (an RSS volunteer and Vishva Hindu Parishad functionary), and the Sunni Waqf Board. The appeals at the Supreme Court are against this verdict and the contentions of all 50 parties to the case can be subsumed in the claims of the three primary parties to the case who got parts of the land in the High Court case. Ram Lalla Virajman Interestingly, the reference to Ram Lalla Virajman is to the deity of Lord Rama, represented by a human, legally called ‘next friend’, Trilok Nath Pandey, a member of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. Both in India and the UK courts, there are legal precedents that have accepted deities as juristic entities in the past. The primary claims of Ram Lalla are as follows: <ul><li>Decree of declaration stating that the entire site (building and adjacent area) belongs to the deity.</li><li>Perpetual injunction against the defendants, prohibiting them from interfering in any manner in the construction of a new temple under the trusteeship of the Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas.</li><li>The representative of Ram Lalla is opposed to the division of the land title as it holds that the deity is indivisible.</li></ul>Nirmohi Akhara The Nirmohi Akhara is a math (a monastery) for ascetic devotees of Lord Rama. The Akhara claims to be existence since at least 1400 AD, according to some accounts, and that it has been managing the temple much before the construction of the mosque. With the current appeal at the Supreme Court, the Akhara wants the management and control of the temple back in its hands. For that, the Court has to first agree that a temple can be built there. The Akhara only came into the national spotlight in 1959 when it moved the court against the transfer of control of the disputed site to the state government. That 1959 lawsuit was borne out of incident on December 22, 1949 when a set of Hindu idols were placed under the dome of the Babri Masjid. But the Akhara has claimed that those idols were always there. <ul><li>stay the operation of the High Court's judgment that granted the three-domed structure to the Sunni Waqf Board and Shri Ram Virajman</li><li>Allow pooja (worships and rituals) of Lord Rama at the site and bar anyone from removing the deities as directed by the Supreme Court in the 1993 judgement.</li></ul>Gopal Singh Visharad Gopal Singh Visharad is an individual who moved the Faizabad court in 1950 demanding his right to worship at the disputed site saying his ancestors had been doing so before the mosque was established. Later that year, another appellant, Paramhans Ram Chandra Das, filed a suit seeking permission for "worship and darshan without any check, obstruction or interference". The Faizabad civil judge consolidated the suits filed by Visharad and Das and in the final verdict handed the disputed site over to the state government, which is when the Nirmohi Akhara jumped into the court battle demanding rights over the land. The Sunni Central Board of Waqfs A Waqf is a body recognized by Muslim Law, the Sharia, which owns and manages properties donated for a religious purpose. They are regulated earlier under the Waqf Act of 1954, and now under the Waqf Act of 1995, approved by the Indian Parliament. In the Ayodhya dispute, the Sunni Waqf Board has spearheaded the claims of the Muslim community from 1961, after the state government had seized control through the Faizabad court verdict. The Board wanted control over the mosque and the removal of the idols inside. The consolidation of the three cases⁠— Visharad, Das, and the Sunni Waqf Board⁠— became the main case in 1964. After the demolition of the Babri Masjid by kar sevaks, members of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, in 1992, the Waqf Board sought to get the mosque restored. After 2010, the Board appealed at the Supreme Court against the division of the disputed site into three parts by the Allahabad High Court. Shia WAQF Board Interestingly, despite being a Muslim organisation, the Shia Waqf Board (representing a sect) has supported the cause for a temple at the disputed site in Ayodhya and sought that the Muslim parties should give up their claim. The Shia Waqf Board has claimed ownership of the disputed land, not the Sunni Waqf Board. Babur, who is said to have built the mosque in the disputed site, was from the Shia sect among Muslims. The Shia Waqf Board has appealed that the Supreme Court must hand over the part of land that was given to the Sunni Waqf Board, by the Allahabad High Court verdict, to the Hindu parties. In return, the Shia Waqf Board has demanded that the Babri Masjid must be rebuilt in another site. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/a-curious-rift-emerges-in-sunni-waqf-board-a-party-to-ayodhya-case-ahead-of-a-verdict/articleshow/71681803.cms">A curious rift emerges in Sunni Waqf Board-a party to Ayodhya case-ahead of a verdict</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/ayodhya-issue-days-ahead-of-a-verdict-muslim-parties-refuse-mediation-and-settlement/articleshow/71646131.cms">Ayodhya issue: Days ahead of a verdict, Muslim parties refuse mediation and settlement</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/lawyer-tears-up-pictoral-map-as-courtroom-drama-peaks-on-the-last-day-of-ayodhya-arguments/articleshow/71613741.cms">Lawyer tears up pictoral map as courtroom drama peaks on the last day of Ayodhya arguments</a>

The Ayodhya case has 50 parties⁠— but you need to know only these 7 claims

<ul><li>India has seen numerous communal riots in its history with the Ayodhya dispute as the flashpointIndia has seen numerous communal riots in its history with the Ayodhya dispute as the flashpoint. </li><li>So ahead of the SC verdict, there were numerous appeals for calm no matter which side the verdict goes in favour of⁠— starting from the country’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi.</li></ul>It was announced on Friday that the Supreme Court verdict in the historic Ram Temple vs <keyword id="43572" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Babri-Masjid">Babri Masjid</keyword> standoff at Ayodhya will be announced on Saturday, November 11. Efforts to calm any tension post the verdict had begun much before but they peaked on Friday night and Saturday morning. The dispute between Hindus and Muslims over a holy site in Ayodhya is over a century old and has proved to be an explosive issue. So while both sides⁠— one that wants a temple and the other that wants a mosque⁠— seem desperate for a closure and have their hopes pinned on the country’s Supreme Court, the anticipation has turned out to be a headache for both the local authorities, the state and central governments, as well as for people who couldn’t care less. 
	
	
	






 <div type="Slideshow" msid="71979316" hostid="261" title="See how India tried to keep calm ahead of the historic Supreme Court verdict in the Ayodhya case" firstImageMsid="71979317" slideCount="10"></div>

See how India tried to keep calm ahead of the historic Supreme Court verdict in the Ayodhya case

The Supreme Court is expected to put to rest a title dispute in India that has festered communal strife, which occasionally exploded, in India for more than a century. The Hindu sides contend there should be a temple for Lord Rama in a 2.7 acre land in Ayodhya, where the Babri Masjid has stood since the 16th century. The Hindu sides contend that an existing temple was destroyed for construction of the mosque, which the Muslims deny. The first case in the matter was filed as early as 1885 and the dispute continued escalating until December 6, 1992 when the mosque was demolished by those who wanted a temple. Here’s the sequence of events that have played out since then leading up to the much-awaited verdict from the country’s top court: 
	<div type="Slideshow" msid="71913656" hostid="261" title="All the important milestones in the Ayodhya case since 1992 leading up to the Supreme Court verdict" firstImageMsid="71913712" slideCount="11"></div>




 <div type="image" title="Slide 3 Ayodhya" msid="71913716" hostid="261"></div>

All the important milestones in the Ayodhya case since 1992 leading up to the Supreme Court verdict

<ul><li>The Supreme Court pronounced the historic <keyword id="399476" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ayodhya-verdict">Ayodhya verdict</keyword> today. </li><li>The Hindus get to keep the land of dispute and build a temple, while the Muslims get a 5 acre land within <keyword id="6354931" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</keyword> to build a mosque. </li><li>The SC cited the findings of <keyword id="6355180" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="archaeological-survey-of-india">Archaeological Survey of India</keyword> in its verdict.</li></ul>The evidence from Archaeological Survey of India played a crucial part in the Supreme Court verdict in the Ayodhya dispute, where the judges allowed the construction of a temple for Lord Rama and ordered that the government must give the Muslims a separate 5-acre site for the construction of a mosque. While it cited ASI findings, the SC also said that the title for the disputed property cannot be based solely on the report. The archaeological findings in Ayodhya didn't prove the existence of Lord Rama, or even the existence of a Hindu temple beneath the Babri Masjid. They only exposed the holes in the arguments of the Muslim side, particularly, the Waqf Board. Babri Masjid was not built on vacant land According to the judgement the discovery of structures and articles showed evidence of continuous public use of the disputed land starting from the Gupta era to the early medieval Rajput era through the Delhi Sultanate era up until the construction of the mosque in the 16th century. This finding helped debunk the claim by Muslims, particularly the Sunni Waqf Board, that the Babri Masjid was built on a vacant piece of land. At that juncture, the counsel for the Muslim side went back on the earlier claim, and insisted that the underlying structure was an Idgah⁠— an open space used for Id prayers. The change in stance from the Waqf Board brought the argument to a point where the court had to decide whether the underlying structure was an Islamic or non-Islamic. The court eventually decided that it was non-Islamic, based on the ASI report. However, while the Supreme Court clearly dismissed the presence of an Islamic structure, it didn’t confirm a Hindu temple too. “The possible linkages of Buddhist or Jain traditions cannot be excluded. Indeed, in assessing archaeological or historical material one must eschew a unidimensional view. The excavation in the present case does in fact suggest a confluence of civilisations, cultures and traditions," said the order. Against the Allahabad HC verdict The Supreme Court’s order also quashed the 2010 Allahabad High Court verdict by Justice SU Khan. Justice Khan had discarded the ASI findings to say that, <ul><li>firstly, there was evidence of continuity in structural phases from the tenth Century onward upto the construction of the disputed structure is directly in conflict with the pleadings, gazetteers and history books </li></ul><ul><li>secondly, that in the case a temple had been demolished for constructing a mosque, the super structure of the temple would not have gone inside the ground</li></ul>But the SC called the first argument ‘specious’ and the second one ‘pure conjecture’. Historians’ report debunked The Supreme Court also dismissed a report “Babri Mosque or Rama‘s Birth Place? Historians‘ Report to the Indian Nation” released by four historians in 1991. The report said that there is no basis to prove that the site of Babri Masjid is the birthplace of Lord Rama, and that the pillar carvings in the mosque do not bear any relation to a Vaishnavite among other claims. The SC went on to say in its verdict that the historians didn’t have the ASI material assessed by them and thus the 1991 report doesn’t carry any weight. See Also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/ayodhya-ram-mandir-case-supreme-court-verdict-top-highlights/articleshow/71979856.cms">Hindus get the disputed site in Ayodhya for a Ram Temple-- that and other top highlights from the Supreme Court verdict</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/inside-details-of-supreme-court-verdict-on-ayodhya-dispute-on-land-rights/articleshow/71983309.cms">Supreme Court ensured that the Ayodhya verdict can’t be used to take over land by citing faith</a>

The archaeological survey findings played a crucial part in the Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute

<ul><li>In March, 2017, the Uttarakhand High Court declared that rivers, Ganga and Yamuna, would be legally treated as “living people,” and enjoy “all corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person”.</li><li>However, in September 2018, Justice Chandrachud of India’s Supreme Court said that while a deity or an idol can own property and have other legal rights, but it cannot granted fundamental rights.</li><li>So in the case between those who want a temple for Lord Rama in Ayodhya and those who want to restore a demolished mosque, one of the parties to the case is Lord Rama himself⁠.</li></ul>One of the important questions in front of the Supreme Court’s Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice <keyword id="245445" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ranjan-Gogoi">Ranjan Gogoi</keyword> is the following: Is the Ram Janmabhoomi (the birthplace of Lord Rama) a juristic entity, independent of the presence of idols? And if so, is it immune from possession claims as a juristic entity? A juristic person, as opposed to a “natural person” (that is, a human being), is an entity whom the law vests with a personality. The practice began under the British administration of India. The British administrators held that the legal owner of a temple’s land and wealth was the deity, with a shebait or manager acting as trustee. Much like a corporation and its directors. However, one cannot place a deity and bestow it with wealth and property. For a deity to be considered a legal entity only “when it is consecrated and installed at a public place for the public at large,” according to the judgement in the Yogendra Nath Naskar vs Commissioner Of Income-Tax (1969) case. This entails a Hindu ritual called the ‘prana pratishta’ after which the deity is believed to have come alive. However, a mosque, a church or a gurdwara cannot be considered as juristic entities because these are places where people gather to worship and are not objects of worship themselves, according to a Supreme Court verdict in 2000. 
	
	
	
	
	
	<div type="Slideshow" msid="71948744" hostid="261" title="In India, Gods, rivers, and animals can pay taxes, hold property, sue, and get sued⁠— and that’s an important factor in the Ayodhya case" firstImageMsid="71948747" slideCount="3"></div>

In India, Gods, rivers, and animals can pay taxes, hold property, sue, and get sued⁠— and that’s an important factor in the Ayodhya case

A Waqf is a body recognized by Muslim Law, the Sharia, which owns and manages properties donated for a religious purpose. They are regulated earlier under the Waqf Act of 1954, and now under the Waqf Act of 1995, approved by the Indian Parliament. <keyword id="1037861" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Waqf-Boards">Waqf Boards</keyword> have perpetual succession and they have power to acquire and hold property. In the <keyword id="6354931" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</keyword> title dispute⁠— Ram temple versus Babri Masjid⁠— there are two Waqf Boards involved. One of them represents the Sunni sect and the other represents the Shia sect. The Sunni Waqf Board has spearheaded the claims of the Muslim community’s appeal from 1960s. In 1961, the state government had seized control of the disputed site through the Faizabad court verdict. The Sunni Waqf Board wanted control over the mosque and the removal of the idols inside, which were reportedly placed under the mosque’s dome in on December 22, 1949. The <keyword id="48834" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Allahabad-High-Court">Allahabad High Court</keyword> ordered in 2010 that the disputed land should be divided into three parts and one part should go to the Sunni Waqf Board⁠— the other two parts must go to the Hindu sides represented by Nirmohi Akhara and Ram Lalla Virajman (the deity). But the Waqf Board wants the entire land and the mosque to be restored as it was before its demolition in 1992. Shia vs Sunni The Shia Waqf Board has claimed ownership of the disputed land, not the Sunni Waqf Board. Babur, who is said to have built a mosque in the disputed site, was from the Shia sect among Muslims. However, the Shia WAQF Board has supported the construction of Ram temple at the site where the mosque (<keyword id="43572" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Babri-Masjid">Babri Masjid</keyword>) stood earlier. In return, the Shia Waqf Board has demanded that the government must give an alternative site for the mosque construction.

The Waqf Boards and their stance on the Ayodhya dispute awaiting Supreme Court verdict

The Sunni Central <keyword id="6410560" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="waqf">Waqf</keyword> Board on Tuesday decided that it will not file a review petition against the Supreme Court's verdict on the <keyword id="186591" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ayodhya-dispute">Ayodhya dispute</keyword>, its chairman Zufar Farooqi said. The important meeting of the board, attended by seven of the eight members, decided not to file a review petition against the apex court's decision, he said. Six members present were of the view that review petition should not be filed, Farooqi said. He said the board was yet to decide whether to accept a five-acre land given by the apex court for building a mosque in <keyword id="6354931" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</keyword>. The members feel that they need more time to decide on the matter and also ensure that it is appropriate as per the Shariat, Farooqi said. The Supreme Court, in its verdict in the Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi title case on November 9, said the entire 2.77 acres of disputed land should be handed over to the deity Ram Lalla, who was one of the three litigants in the case.

Sunni Central Waqf Board to not file review petition against SC verdict on Ayodhya dispute

<ul><li>Give Muslims another site for a mosque, the Supreme Court ordered quashing the division of land by the Allahabad High Court.</li><li>This is a historic judgement from the Supreme Court in the Ram Mandir (temple) - Babri Masjid (mosque) title dispute being fought in courts at least since 1885.</li><li>The central government has been vested with the disputed land and to come up with a scheme for the construction of a temple in Ayodhya.</li><li>The Muslims should be given a separate 5-acre site for the construction of a mosque, the SC ordered while calling the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 as against the law.</li></ul>In a historic verdict, the Supreme Court of India has ordered that Muslims be given a separate 5-acre site to build a mosque, while holding the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 as against the law. At the same time, Justice Gogoi, while reading out a unanimous verdict, ordered that the Hindus will get to construct a Ram Mandir (temple) at the disputed site in Ayodhya, which the Hindus believe is the birthplace of Lord Rama. The Constitution bench of Supreme Court of India comprising of Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi, Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde, Justice DY Chandrachud, Justice Ashok Bhushan, and Justice Abdul Nazeer read out a unanimous verdict in the Ram Mandir (temple)- Babri Masjid (mosque) title dispute that has lasted for centuries, and being fought in the courts since 1885. The verdict is expected to settle the issue that has shaped India's politics for nearly 30 years now. <div type="Youtube" id="YB8rCj6W2ks" title="Here are the top highlights from the Ayodhya verdict." thumbUrl="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YB8rCj6W2ks/mqdefault.jpg"></div>

 These are the key highlights of the order being read out: 1. Hindus get the possession of the disputed site in Ayodhya for a Ram temple. Possession of disputed 2.77 acre land will remain with Central government receiver. SC asks centre to frame scheme within 3 months and set up a trust for construction of a temple. 2. Alternate land should be allotted to the Muslims for a mosque. The Allahabad High Court was wrong in dividing the disputed Ayodhya site into three parts. 3. The government has to set up a trust that will enforce the Court's judgement. 4. Ram Janmabhoomi (birthplace of Lord Rama) is not a juristic person and therefore filed by Nirmohi Akhara is barred by limitation. However, the Akhara that has sought the management rights to the temple may get adequate representation going forward, if the government deems fit. 5. The report from the Archeological Survey of India (ASI), which cited the presence of a tenth-century structure beneath the Babri Masjid, has been upheld. But the court highlighted the fact that ASI refrained from recording a finding on whether mosque was built after demolishing a Hindu temple. As it stood at the Supreme Court, there are 50 parties in the case but the broad issue is whether there should be a temple or a mosque in the disputed site or should the land be divided among the sparring parties as ruled by the Allahabad High Court in 2010. Today, the Supreme Court has quashed the Allahabad High Court verdict, which divided the Ayodhya title into three equal parts between the Nirmohi Akhara, Lord Ram-- the deity represented by Triloki Nath Pandey (an RSS volunteer and Vishva Hindu Parishad functionary)-- and the Sunni Waqf Board. All three parties moved the Supreme Court against the order. Reaction of the Muslim side The Muslim side has expressed its displeasure with the Supreme Court verdict. While they agree with the parts of the verdict, they disagree with the handing over of the disputed site to the Hindus. Zafaryab Jilani, a litigant from the Muslim side, representing the Sunni Waqf Board, said that the verdict is "neither justice nor equity". "We are not satisfied with the judgement and the court has reached some wrong conclusions. We will go through the judgement to decide the future course of action... but SC verdict has to be respected. Everyone must remain calm," Jilani said adding that they are yet to decide whether they will move a review petition. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/people-prepare-for-supreme-court-verdict-in-the-ayodhya-case-in-pictures/articleshow/71979301.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">See how India tried to keep calm ahead of the historic Supreme Court verdict in the Ayodhya case</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/why-the-supreme-court-verdict-on-the-ayodhya-dispute-is-being-delivered-on-a-saturday/articleshow/71979382.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Here's why the Supreme Court verdict on the Ayodhya dispute is being delivered on a Saturday</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/supreme-court-verdict-on-ayodhya-legal-rights-of-lord-rama-and-other-gods/articleshow/71948927.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">In India, Gods, rivers, and animals can pay taxes, hold property, sue, and get sued⁠— and that’s an important factor in the Ayodhya case</a>

Hindus get the disputed site in Ayodhya for a Ram Temple-- that and other top highlights from the Supreme Court verdict

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">Thomson ReutersU.S. Republican presidential candidate Trump speaks at a campaign stop in Spencer, Iowa</div></div></div>Republican presidential front-runner Donald Trump won't be visiting Jerusalem's Temple Mount anytime soon.Trump <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/674924540347195392">announced</a> Thursday that he was canceling a planned trip to Israel later this month. The day before, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu <a href="https://twitter.com/ofirgendelman/status/674654778778087424?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">released a terse statement</a> rejecting Trump's proposal to suspend Muslim travel and immigration to the US.The most fraught aspect of Trump's proposed visit was his <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-israel-visit-trip-2015-12">reported plan to visit the Temple Mount in Jerusalem</a>, the holiest place in Judaism and the third-holiest in Islam. The site of Jewish ritual sacrifices and two Jewish Temples nearly 2,000 years ago is also where Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj">Night Journey</a> described in the Quran. For more than 1,300 years, it's been home to the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque.The site is still a flash point, and Neri Zilber, a journalist and adjunct fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-israel-visit-trip-2015-12">warned</a> that a Trump visit could "stoke tensions" and "lead to sporadic unrest" in and around Jerusalem's Old City.Trump might not be visiting the Temple Mount, but there are plenty of other places that are even more disputed. These locations might not have the world-spanning emotional or spiritual of the Temple Mount, but the conflicts over them have proven to be far deadlier.If Trump still wants to project strength and prove his willingness to leap into the world's trouble spots, here are three places he could visit.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">ReutersEritrean soldiers stand ready to hold their positions against Ethiopia preventing them from making any forward progress on the Badme Front on Line February 8.</div></div></div>Badme, Eritrea/Ethiopia. The world's last large-scale major conventional war between two uniformed national militaries was fought between Eritrea and Ethiopia from 1998 to 2000, a conflict which <a href="http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/02/25/Ethiopia-Eritrea.pdf">killed between 70,000 and 120,000 people</a>. The war - which was technically the result of a number of unresolved political, economic, and territorial issues stemming from Eritrea's 1992 independence from Ethiopia, but was actually more of a fratricidal conflict over lingering questions of each state's legitimacy in relation to the other - ended in a stalemate that continues to this day.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_left"><div><div class="image">Google MapsLocation of Badme</div></div></div>Badme's the reason why. The proximate cause of the still technically ongoing war was an escalation triggered by an outbreak of violence outside of the town in May of 1998. Today, Ethiopia militarily occupies the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/16/world/badme-journal-torn-town-changes-countries-but-not-conviction.html">village of 1,500 people</a>, despite the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's <a href="http://africanarguments.org/2012/05/23/the-bad-news-over-badme-why-ethiopia-won%E2%80%99t-back-down-on-eritrean-border-by-michael-woldemariam/">finding that the village belongs to Eritrea</a>.Badme is of only vague strategic value for Ethiopia, and its continued occupation is difficult to explain on political terms alone.Whatever the reason for its persistence, the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict has been a festering wound for over a decade. Each country has been accused to attempting to destabilize the other over the course of a now 15-year cold war, and in 2009 Eritrea was <a href="http://www.un.org/press/en/2009/sc9833.doc.htm">placed under UN sanctions</a> over its alleged support of al Shabaab jihadists fighting the Ethiopian military in Somalia.A Trump visit to Badme probably wouldn't solve anything. But if he wanted to visit the world's most controversial piece of real estate, this might be it.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">YouTubeScenes from the destruction of the Babri Masjid</div></div></div>The Ram Jammabhoomi, Ayodhya, India. On December 6, 1992, a mob destroyed the over 300-year old Babri Masjid mosque in Ayodhya, in northeastern India. The mosque was believed to occupy the site of the birthplace of the Hindu god Rama as well as a previous Hindu temple, and had been the cause of occasional inter-communal tensions for the previous 150 years.The mosque's destruction is <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/10/ayodhya-the-battle-for-indias-soul-the-complete-story/">now considered one of the defining moments in modern Indian history</a>, and set off a chain reaction of violence in which over 2,000 people were killed. Today, the mosque has been replaced by a Hindu temple, even though the question of the site's status has been <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11436552">adjudicated in Indian courts</a> for the better part of the past two decades.Visiting the shrine might unsettle India's 138 million Muslims. But it would also deepen Trump's growing anti-Muslim reputation, something he might actually welcome at this point in his campaign.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">David Mdzinarishvili/ReutersA boy runs past a house which was destroyed during fighting between Karabakh and Azerbaijan forces in 1993, in the town of Shusha outside Nagorno Karabakh's main city of Stepanakert on October 29, 2009.</div></div></div>Stepanakert, capital of Ngarno-Karabakh, which is technically Azerbaijan. <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18270325">Over 30,000 people</a> were killed in the 1988-1994 Ngarano-Karabakh war, which began when ethnic Armenian secessionists attempted to break away from the Soviet republic and then independent state of Azerbaijan. The war ended with Azerbaijan losing control of the region, and Ngarno-Karabakh becoming an unrecognized independent republic. Although Armenia doesn't recognize Ngarno-Karabakh's independence, it is the only country that borders the territory, and control over the self-declared country is maintained with the help of the Armenian military.The conflict has ramifications throughout northeastern Europe, and is one of the reasons for the continued closure of the Turkish-Armenian border. The region, which accounts for some one-fifth of Azerbaijan's internationally recognized territory, remains on a hair-trigger: <a href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/armenia-pondering-the-limits-of-russia-s-security-commitments/540132.html">Dozens of people have been killed</a> in fighting along the territory's border with Azerbaijan in 2015, the most since the end of the war over 20 years earlier.A Trump visit to the republic's capital of Stepanakert is unlikely to hasten a peaceful resolution of the conflict, and might be read as an endorsement of a country whose existence <a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/12/nagorno-karabakh-and-kosovo">nearly the entire world opposes</a>. But Trump's appeal derives partly from his rejection of many of the accepted norms of American <keyword id="6358883" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Politics">politics</keyword>. A defiant visit to Stepanakert would bolster Trump's reputation for going his own way - regardless of what the prevailing standards of US politics or <keyword id="6356001" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="international">international</keyword> diplomacy would seem to dictate. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-spread-iraq-and-syria-islamic-state-2015-11">Animated map shows the spread of ISIS through Iraq and Syria</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="52OXUxeTr17d4Hpe3aGrCC6lb75LB0uA" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

3 places Donald Trump could visit that are even more volatile than Jerusalem's Temple Mount

The <keyword id="6354977" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Supreme-Court">Supreme Court</keyword> today sought responses from senior <keyword id="6356617" type="POSITION" weightage="80" keywordseo="bjp-leader">BJP leader</keyword> L K Advani and others on a plea against dropping of criminal conspiracy charge against them in the Babri mosque <keyword id="6367653" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Demolition">demolition</keyword> case. 
 A bench headed by <keyword id="42759" type="POSITION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Chief-Justice">Chief Justice</keyword> H L Dattu issued notices to the BJP leader and the CBI on a separate plea filed by Haji Mahboob Ahmad, one of the petitioners in the Babri mosque case. 
 
 
Ahmad, in his plea, has alleged that CBI may dilute its stand in the wake of the change in the government at the Centre. 
 Earlier, the CBI had moved the apex court against <keyword id="48834" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Allahabad-High-Court">Allahabad High Court</keyword>'s verdict on dropping conspiracy charge against Advani and 19 others in Babri mosque demolition case. 
 
 
During the brief hearing, CBI today sought time for filing a fresh affidavit on delay in filing the appeal and on the merits of the case. 
 
The court allowed the plea of the probe agency and granted four weeks time to file the response. 
 
The apex court had earlier pulled up CBI for the delay in filing an appeal against the Allahabad High Court verdict. 
 
 
CBI has challenged in the Supreme Court the May 21, 2010 order of the high court, which had upheld a special court's decision to drop the charge against the leaders. 
 In its verdict, the high court had upheld the special <keyword id="6362306" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="CBI-court">CBI court</keyword> order dropping conspiracy charge against Advani, <keyword id="6361634" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Kalyan-Singh">Kalyan Singh</keyword>, <keyword id="42642" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Uma-Bharti">Uma Bharti</keyword>, Vinay Katiyar and Murli Manohar Joshi. 
 
The others against whom the charge was dropped included Satish Pradhan, C R Bansal, Ashok Singhal, Giriraj Kishore, Sadhvi Ritambhara, V H Dalmia, Mahant Avaidhynath, R V Vedanti, Param Hans Ram Chandra Das, Jagdish Muni Maharaj, B L Sharma, Nritya Gopal Das, Dharam Das, Satish Nagar and Moreshwar Save. 
 
Bal Thackeray's name was removed from the list of accused persons after his death. 
 
While upholding the special court's order, the high court 
 
 While upholding the special court's order, the high court had allowed CBI to proceed with other charges against Advani and others in a <keyword id="2788382" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Rae-Bareily-court">Rae Bareily court</keyword>, under whose jurisdiction the case falls. 
 
The May 2010 order of the high court had said there was no merit in CBI's revision petition against the May 4, 2001 order of the special court which had directed dropping of criminal conspiracy charge against them. 
 
 
There are two sets of cases -- one against Advani and others who were on the dais at Ram Katha Kunj in Ayodhya on December 6, 1992 when the Babri mosque was demolished, while the other case was against lakhs of unknown 'karsevaks' who were in and around the disputed structure. 
 
CBI had charge sheeted Advani and 20 others under sections 153A (promoting enmity between classes), 153B (imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration) and 505 (false statements, rumours etc. circulated with the intent to cause mutiny or disturb public peace) of the IPC. 
 
It had subsequently invoked charges under section 120B (criminal conspiracy) of IPC which was quashed by the special court whose decision was upheld by the high court. 
While upholding the special court's order, the high court had said CBI at no point of time, either during the trial at Rae Bareily or in its revision petition, ever stated that there was offence of criminal conspiracy against the leaders.

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