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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Tyson plants reported ammonia leaks and injuries at higher rates than other companies between 2012 and 2021, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/04/business/tyson-ammonia-leaks-invs/index.html">CNN reported.</a> </li><li>Nearly 150 workers were injured in at least 47 different ammonia leaks reported to the EPA.</li></ul>Meat processing facilities owned by Tyson Foods accounted for almost 60% of ammonia-related injuries reported to the Environmental Protection Agency between 2012 and 2021, a new report found. Nearly 150 workers were injured in at least 47 different ammonia leaks reported to the EPA over that time span, according to an investigation <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/04/business/tyson-ammonia-leaks-invs/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">from CNN</a>. Ammonia is an inexpensive chemical commonly used in refrigeration systems, but it can also be toxic and damage respiratory systems, skin, and eyes, CNN reported.Tyson, one of the largest meat companies in the country, owns five of the 20 facilities that reported the most chemical-related injuries, and five of its largest competitors reported just 37 injuries total, about a quarter of the number reported by Tyson, per CNN.A Tyson spokesperson said in a statement to Insider the company often goes "beyond the requirements" to report instances that aren't legally required to be, and therefore it is "not accurate" to compare companies."We prioritize the health and safety of our team members and take proactive measures to ensure a safe workplace and prevent workplace injury," the spokesperson said. "If a team member is injured, we have a systematic approach for the early reporting, intervention, evaluation, and treatment."CNN spoke to several current and former employees who experienced ammonia leaks and said they dealt with ongoing medical issues for several years after the incidents.Some said they felt unprepared for what to do in the event of a leak, but the Tyson spokesperson said all employees "involved in the operation of ammonia refrigeration systems" go through initial training and refresher training every three years.Tyson reported about 57% of ammonia-related injuries in the meat industry between 2012 and 2021, while only accounting for about 25% of the ammonia across the industry, according to CNN. The ammonia leak and injury data reported by CNN comes from the EPA's <a href="https://www.epa.gov/rmp">Risk Management Program</a>, and it was compiled by the <a href="https://www.data-liberation-project.org/">Data Liberation Project</a>, which works to make government data more accessible.The Tyson spokesperson told Insider the company has seen a decrease in ammonia leaks since 2016, and said less than 5% of its facilities saw a leak that meets the EPA's requirements for reporting this fiscal year.

Tyson processing plants accounted for nearly 60% of ammonia-related injuries reported to the EPA between 2012 and 2021, investigation finds

<div class="image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"></div>REUTERS/Mike Stone</div>There was a staggering amount of damage and multiple deaths caused by Wednesday's <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/west-texas-explosion-fertilizer-plant-waco-2013-4">explosion at the West Fertilizer Company</a> in West, Texas.
We don't know the exact cause of the original fire and resulting <keyword id="52285" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="explosion">explosion</keyword> at the fertilizer plant, but there are several reasons why fertilizer plants are so prone to explosions.
The likely culprit behind this explosion was their anhydrous <keyword id="783630" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Ammonia">ammonia</keyword> and ammonium nitrate.
West Fertilizer had <a href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20130417-west-fertilizer-plant-said-in-report-that-it-presented-no-risk.ece">54,000 pounds of anhydrous ammonia</a> and Waco Assistant Fire Chief Don Yeager told AFP was the <a href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130418/60-70-dead-hundreds-hurt-texas-plant-explosion-0">cause of the explosion</a>.
According to construction permits from 2006, the fertilizer company kept the anhydrous ammonia in <a href="http://www.wfaa.com/news/texas-news/Documents-show-West--203543061.html">two 12,000 gallon permanent storage tanks</a>. The fertilizer is used on farms directly, but can also be combined with nitric acid to make ammonium nitrate, another volatile chemical.
Dangerous chemicals
We don't know how much ammonium nitrate the plant had on hand when the explosion happened, but that could have added to the explosion as well. It has caused <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate_disasters">multiple fertilizer plant explosions in the past</a>.
If there was a lot of ammonium nitrate in the area, it could have played a large role in the explosion, especially if the firefighters put water on it.
"A lot of people don't like putting water together with ammonium nitrate, and I believe this was one of the chemicals that was there," Nim Kidd, chief of the Texas division of emergency management at the Department of Public Safety, <a href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20130417-explosion-injuries-reported-at-fertilizer-plant-near-waco-in-west-texas.ece">told Dallas News</a>. "When you mix those two, you usually have to have something to confine it in order to make it a [less] dangerous product. It's too soon to really speculate if it was the right place at the right time."
A nasty gas
What we do know is that the facility held a lot of Anhydrous ammonia. This compound is dangerous in a few ways. As a gas at room temperature it can burn the skin and lungs. As a liquid it is stored under high pressures and poses an explosion hazard. 
It becomes a liquid when held at higher pressure, which is how it was stored at this fertilizer plant.
Heat causes the liquid to expand as it tries to become a gas and pushes against the tank. So, the warmer things are around the storage tank, the more pressure the chemical needs to be under to keep it a liquid.
(Anhydrous ammonia doesn't pose the same explosion problem as a gas because the molecules are too far apart so the heat doesn't build up as quickly).
An explosive reaction 
The tanks should be able to handle pressures up to 250 pounds per square inch. If the temperature of the tank reaches about 120 degrees Fahrenheit, though, the pressure inside the tank will be 271 psi.
<div class="image-container float_left" style="width:400px"><div class="image"></div><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/thirteenofclubs/4617259619/in/photostream/">Flickr/Thirteen Of Clubs</a>Anhydrous ammonia tanks on a farm. The tanks are painted white so they don't get hot in the sun. </div>
The heat from the fire, the cause of which is unknown right now, could have heated the tanks until they <a href="http://www.tannerind.com/anhydrous-msds.html">couldn't handle the pressure and burst.</a>
Then, the anhydrous ammonia would have combined explosively with the fire fighter's water as they were battling the blaze. 
The problem? The reaction creates heat. When a lot of anhydrous ammonia and water combine, it can create a lot of heat, and even an explosion.
"No" risk?
The tanks are supposed to be inspected every day to look for leaks, and have other safety precautions in place. Because of these precautions, the company claimed that there was "no" risk of fire or explosion in a emergency planning report submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In the report, the company said that the worst case scenario would be a 10-minute leak of ammonia gas which would pose no risk. According to reporter Lee Fang of The Nation, the plant hasn't <a href="https://twitter.com/lhfang/status/324772541233262592">been inspected in the last five years</a>. 
They've been wrong before: The plant was fined in 2006 for their inappropriate risk management planning. Their emergency planning reports had failed to meet federal standards, <a href="http://www.wfaa.com/news/texas-news/Documents-show-West--203543061.html">WFFA.com reports.</a>
The report doesn't seem to mention ammonium nitrate from what I could find. 
Emergency responders
These emergency plans are created by companies that deal with toxic or reactive chemicals so when an incident happens they are prepared to deal with it appropriately.
It is widely known that emergency responders shouldn't spray liquid anhydrous ammonia or ammonium nitrate with water. We can't say for sure if this was in the emergency response plan, though.
Anhydrous ammonia's <a href="http://www.tannerind.com/anhydrous-msds.html">material safety data sheet</a>, which should be on hand where ever the compound is held, states that firefighting procedures in the vicinity of anhydrous ammonia should include:
Must wear protective clothing and a positive pressure SCBA. Stop source if possible. If a portable container (such as a cylinder or trailer) can be moved from the fire area without risk to the individual, do so to prevent the pressure relief valve of the trailer from discharging or the cylinder from rupturing. Fight fires using dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Cool fire-exposed containers with water spray. Stay upwind when containers are threatened. Use water spray to knock down vapor and dilute.

Why Fertilizer Plants, Like The One In Texas, Are Prone To Explosions

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A gallon of ammonia was spilled in the basement of a Gordon Ramsay restaurant in Illinois, local emergency services said.</li><li>One person was taken to hospital in a "stable" condition, Naperville's deputy fire chief said.</li></ul>A person was taken to hospital in a "stable" condition after about a gallon of ammonia spilled in the basement of a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-gordon-ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a> restaurant in a city in the suburbs of Chicago, local emergency services said.On Monday night, staff from Naperville's fire department arrived at Ramsay's Kitchen in response to a call to find "approximately one gallon of ammonia spilled and off-gassing in the basement of the restaurant," Phil Giannattasio, the fire department's deputy chief, said in a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.positivelynaperville.com/2024/04/16/naperville-fire-department-hazmat-technicians-respond-to-restaurant-at-39-w-jefferson-avenue/142271">release</a>.The restaurant's staff had already alerted other staff and diners and evacuated the restaurant before the fire department arrived, he said.One civilian was transported to a nearby hospital and was "in stable condition," Giannattasio said, without giving further details.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cdc.gov/chemicalemergencies/factsheets/ammonia.html">notes</a> that ammonia can cause "corrosive injury" when it comes into contact with moist tissues such as the eyes, throat, and lungs. Ammonia is used in fertilizers as well as in some industrial refrigerators.Hazmat technicians from the fire department removed the ammonia from the location within 30 minutes of arrival using specialized absorbent materials, Giannattasio said."The spill was contained to the basement of the restaurant, and no further hazardous conditions were found," Giannattasio said. Fire department crew waited on the scene until later that night when all the fumes were ventilated, the site was cleaned up, and it was safe for staff to return, he said.Business Insider did not immediately receive a response to a request for comment from Gordon Ramsay Restaurants North America, sent outside regular US working hours.The Ramsay's Kitchen location had been <a target="_blank" href="https://eco.dupagehealth.org/#/pa1/detail/FA0008842/PR0010206?FacilityName=Ramsay's%20Kitchen">inspected</a> by the DuPage County Health Department in August. Inspectors reported 13 violations, including the presence of fruit flies, insufficient lighting in the basement, and some items like raw eggs and glasses being stored incorrectly. The report doesn't refer to any violations involving ammonia.Ramsay has a sprawling restaurant empire, operating venues bearing his name across Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Asia. Like many celebrity chefs, he is not directly involved in the cooking in the vast majority of his restaurants.Ramsay opened his first wholly-owned restaurant in Chelsea, London, in 1998. The Scottish TV chef <a target="_blank" href="https://www.gordonramsayrestaurants.com/en/us/about">originally</a> opened most of his North American restaurants in partnerships with Caesar's Entertainment, but began opening some through Gordon Ramsay North America in 2019.Ramsay now has 18 restaurants in the US, including four under the Ramsay's Kitchen brand. At the Naperville location, soup costs $12 and sandwiches start at $20. A portion of beef Wellington, a British classic, costs $69.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/squatters-gordon-ramsay-restaurant-london-2024-4">Squatters</a> have recently taken over one of Ramsay's restaurants in London and turned it into what they described as a community art café.

A person was taken to hospital after a gallon of ammonia was spilled in a Gordon Ramsay restaurant

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<div class="image-container" style="width:630px"><div class="image"></div>AP Photo/LM OteroFirefighters use flashlights to search a destroyed apartment complex near a fertilizer plant that exploded earlier in West, <keyword id="15710" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="texas">Texas</keyword>, in this photo made early Thursday morning, April 18, 2013.</div>
A fertilizer plant in the small town of West, Texas, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/west-texas-explosion-fertilizer-plant-waco-2013-4">blew up Wednesday night</a> after a fire broke out. At least five people are dead, several firefighters are missing, and more than 160 victims are being treated at area hospitals. 
Beyond the blast that rocked the small town, some of the victims were <a href="http://www.wistv.com/story/22007911/fatalities-expected-to-rise-in-texas-plant-explosion">dealing with</a> exposure to a <a href="http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2007/PAB0702.pdf">highly volatile</a> gas called anhydrous ammonia.
The West Fertilizer Co. <a href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20130417-west-fertilizer-plant-said-in-report-that-it-presented-no-risk.ece?action=reregister">had </a><a href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20130417-west-fertilizer-plant-said-in-report-that-it-presented-no-risk.ece?action=reregister">as much</a> as 54,000 pounds of anhydrous ammonia on hand, Randy Lee Loftis of the Dallas News reports. 
Fears surrounding the nitrogen-based fertilizer forced firefighters to back away from the fire they were fighting before <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/texas-fertilizer-plant-explosion-video-2013-4">the massive explosion</a> occurred.
Here's are some basic facts about anhydrous ammonia:
• When anhydrous (which means without water) ammonia contacts water, the two combine quickly. 
“It was a small fire and then water got sprayed the ammonia nitrate [the <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57580193/west-texas-explosion-explaining-the-physics-behind-blast/">liquid form</a> of anhydrous ammonia], and it exploded just like the Oklahoma City bomb,” Jason Shelton, a clerk at a hotel in West, <a href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130418/60-70-dead-hundreds-hurt-texas-plant-explosion-0">told</a> The Dallas Morning News.
• Anhydrous ammonia can rapidly cause dehydration and severe burns if it combines with water in the body.
“You can’t stand to breathe it,” David E. Baker of University of Missouri-Columbia <a href="http://nasdonline.org/document/1089/d000875/using-agricultural-anhydrous-ammonia-safely.html">writes</a>. “When people receive burns or eye damage from the product, it is because of a sudden release of it where the victim is unprotected and cannot escape.” 
• It <a href="http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2013/03/26/safe-handling-of-anhydrous-ammonia/">is</a> a low-cost, highly effective nitrogen-based fertilizer that <a href="http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/dc2326.html">must</a> be stored at high pressure. When released, the vapors initially move close to the ground, causing greater risk for exposure.
• Symptoms can include breathing difficulty; irritation of the eyes, nose or throat; burns or blisters. Exposure to high concentrations can lead to death.
“Body tissues that contain a high percentage of water, such as the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, are very easily burned. Victims exposed to even small amounts of ammonia require immediate treatment with large quantities of water to minimize the damage,” <a href="http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/dc2326.html">according</a> to John M. Shutske of the University of Minnesota.
Loftis notes that the chemical is not considered an explosion risk when in the air as a gas, but it can explode in certain concentrations inside a container.
The cause of the boom has not been announced, but this volatile substance is by far the most dangerous chemical stored at the plant. And there was tons of it.
Waco police <a href="https://twitter.com/sggutierrez/status/324822560615329792">said</a> that air quality in West is not an issue and the hospitals say that complaints of eye irritation <a href="http://www.wistv.com/story/22007911/fatalities-expected-to-rise-in-texas-plant-explosion">have</a> all but stopped, but the Texas Department of Public Safety spokesman D.L. Wilson <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/04/18/numerous-injuries-reported-in-large-explosion-at-texas-fertilizer-plant/#ixzz2Qom3dIkd">told</a> residents to remain indoors because of the threat of new explosions or leaks of ammonia from the plant's ruins.

West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Held 54,000 Pounds Of A Highly Volatile Chemical

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Ukraine's intelligence department is accusing Russia of rigging a Crimean chemical plant with mines.</li><li>The explosion could send 200 tons of ammonia into neighboring regions, Ukraine claimed.</li></ul>Ukraine's intelligence wing on Sunday accused Russia of rigging a chemical plant in Crimea to explode, saying it's observed Moscow's forces mining and evacuating the facility.Should an explosion occur at the Crimean Titan plant, it would send 200 tons of ammonia into the atmosphere, which could spread to nearby districts in less than an hour, <a href="https://t.me/DIUkraine/2427" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ukraine's Department of Intelligence said in a briefing.</a>The Crimean Titan plant is located in Armyansk, a region on the northernmost tip of Crimea. Armyansk is one of the two land-based entryways into the Crimean peninsula from Ukraine.<div type="image" title="Armyansk is located on the northernmost tip of Ukraine." height="927" width="1123" msid="100961812" hostid="261"></div>Ukraine's intelligence department said the plant keeps vast amounts of ammonia for its refrigerating equipment, which if released, would threaten the southern districts of the Kherson region."The terrorist attack on the Crimean Titan enterprise, for which the Russian invaders are preparing, will mean an artificial man-made catastrophe, terrible in its consequences," the intelligence department wrote.High levels of ammonia can irritate a person's skin, throat, lungs, and eyes, and can even damage the lungs or cause death in some cases, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ammonia/default.html#:~:text=High%20levels%20of%20ammonia%20can,duration%2C%20and%20work%20being%20done." target="_blank" rel="noopener">according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</a>Ukraine's claim comes as it launches its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-counteroffensive-western-weapons-dangerous-time-tough-russian-defenses-2023-6">high-stakes counteroffensive</a> along the front line, bringing to bear its arsenal of Western armor, artillery, and other weaponry. Kherson is one of the regions currently contested by both sides.A <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/engineer-model-ukraine-kakhovka-dam-breach-underestimated-scale-of-disaster-2023-6">massive dam in Kherson collapsed on June 6</a>, unleashing floods upon neighboring settlements and threatening to disrupt the main water supply of Crimea, which Russia annexed in 2014. Both Kyiv and Moscow have blamed each other for the breach.It's precisely because of the dam's destruction that Russian forces started mining the Crimean Titan plant, Ukraine's intelligence department said.Because of a lack of water in Armyansk, the plant can no longer operate at even a minimum capacity, the department said. It added that Russian-installed authorities in the region had been evacuated.Russia's Ministry of Defense did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Insider sent outside regular business hours.

Ukraine accused Russia of preparing to blow up a chemical plant in Crimea in a 'man-made catastrophe' that would spread 200 tons of ammonia to nearby districts

<div class="image-container" style="width:620px"><div class="image"></div>AP Photo/WFAA-TVThis video image provided by WFAA-TV shows injured people being treated on the flood-lit the high school football field turned into a staging area after the blast in West <keyword id="15710" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="texas">Texas</keyword> Wednesday April 17, 2013.</div>
 
<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/west-texas-explosion-fertilizer-plant-waco-2013-4">The West Fertilizer Co. plant that exploded</a> on Wednesday night was in the middle of a a small Texas town.
West, Texas is a town with a population of 2,674 people. Of this small population, more than 100 were injured and 5 to 15 killed in the massive explosion.
As you can see from the map below, the fertilizer plant was right across the street from West High School. Thankfully, the explosion happened at 7:53 PM, when the school would not normally be in session.
An ammonia smell coming from the plant, which is owned by Adair Grain Inc., was <a href="http://thescoopblog.dallasnews.com/2013/04/texas-officials-knew-in-2006-that-west-fertilizers-tanks-of-anhydrous-ammonia-were-near-school-homes.html/">investigated in 2006/2007</a>. The plant agreed to limit tank levels "to ensure maintainable pressure levels" and reduce possible emissions. Texas officials concluded that emissions from the plant would not pose a danger, according to Dallas News. The plant still <a href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20130417-west-fertilizer-plant-said-in-report-that-it-presented-no-risk.ece?action=reregister">had </a><a href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20130417-west-fertilizer-plant-said-in-report-that-it-presented-no-risk.ece?action=reregister">as much</a> as 54,000 pounds of anhydrous ammonia on hand, Dallas News reports.
<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/anhydrous-ammonia-in-texas-explosion-2013-4">Exposure to this toxic ammonia</a> could be a dangerous factor in the explosion.
<div class="image-container" style="width:620px"><div class="image"></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_West,_Texas_Fertilizer_Plant_explosion.svg">en.wikipedia.org</a></div> 
<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/west-texas-explosion-fertilizer-plant-waco-2013-4">Read the latest news here &gt;</a>
<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/photos-west-texas-explosion-2013-4">See photos of the damage here &gt;</a>

Exploded Texas Fertilizer Plant Was Across The Street From The Local High School

The <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-crew-evacuates-us-section-of-space-station-after-leak-agencies-2015-1">American crew on the International Space Station (ISS) has been evacuated to the Russian section</a> due to an issue with the cooling system that was leaking a toxic substance, Reuters reports, citing Russian news agencies.
NASA has confirmed that it was not an ammonia leak.
All six crew members, including three Russians, two Americans, and one Italian, are safe.
<div><div>
 <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
 
 <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash">#NASA</a> TV <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISS?src=hash">#ISS</a> update in about 20 minutes. Crew is safe. No ammonia leak confirmed. Crew responded to coolant loop pressure increases. - NASA (@NASA) <a href="https://twitter.com/mims/statuses/555340075157159937">January 14, 2015</a>
 </blockquote>
 
</div></div>

This is a developing story.

Americans Evacuated To Russian Section Of Space Station After Toxic Leak

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<div class="image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"></div><keyword id="6360409" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="NASA">NASA</keyword>Sunlight glints off the <keyword id="6382020" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="International-Space-Station">International Space Station</keyword> with the blue limb of Earth providing a dramatic backdrop in this photo taken by an <keyword id="34120" type="POSITION" weightage="60" keywordseo="astronaut">astronaut</keyword> on the shuttle Endeavour just before it docked after midnight on Feb. 10, 2010 during the STS-130 mission.</div>White flakes floating across your window would be a welcome sight for a kid on Christmas, but on Thursday it was a dangerous warning sign for astronauts aboard the International <keyword id="41531" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="space">Space</keyword> Station.
The white flakes were <a href="https://twitter.com/Cmdr_Hadfield/status/332615789104492544">caused by an ammonia leak</a>. The ammonia serves as a coolant for the station's solar arrays. The astronauts aren't in any immediate danger.
The leak is coming from the array's P6 truss structure, and seems to be in the same vicinity of a leak that the crew tried to repair back in November, though it's hard to tell without going out and taking a look at the problem.
The amount of ammonia leaking seems to be getting worse based on the video feed, though that could also be a factor of the station's orientation with the sun. Here's an image of some of the flakes — the white fluffy looking dots in on the black emptiness of space — which do surprisingly look a lot like snow:
<div class="image-container float_right" style="width:620px"><div class="image"></div>NASA TV</div>
The leak doesn't put the crew in danger, but a portion of the solar arrays are turned off and not supplying power that is essential to running the station. NASA is rerouting electricity from the other arrays to keep the station fully functional, <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition35/e35_051013.html">according to a press release</a>.
To repair the leak, astronauts Chris Cassidy and Tom Marshburn are prepping to go on an <a href="https://twitter.com/AstroMarshburn/status/332849658202300416">emergency space walk on Saturday</a>. NASA won't decide to go ahead with the extravehicular activity until late Friday.
See the leak in action, and hear Commander Chris Hadfield talking to mission control about the leak in this NASA TV video:

The International Space Station Is Leaking Coolant

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Skye Gould/Business Insider</div></div></div>Pluto is hiding a very big secret some 3 billion miles away from Earth: a vast ocean of liquid water.If you could suck all of the liquid from below the dwarf planet's icy shell, it might amount to a sphere up to 780 miles wide, or about 75% of all of Earth's liquid water reservoir, according to data shared with Business Insider. (And Pluto is one of the solar system's smaller <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/earth-water-ice-volume-versus-planets-moons-2016-11">ocean worlds</a>.)Researchers announced their <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/pluto-subsurface-ocean-2016-11">discovery of Pluto's presumable ocean</a> in two Nov. 16 studies in the journal Nature, both of which used data from the July 2015 flyby of NASA's <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/pluto-north-pole-nasa-picture-2016-2">New Horizons</a> spacecraft. Now <a href="http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature20586">a Dec. 1 Nature study</a> further backs up that idea.Two questions on many researchers' minds, however, are what's in the water - and could it support alien life?<a href="https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vance/">Steven Vance</a>, an astrobiologist and geophysicist at NASA JPL, previously told us Pluto's ocean might contain "alcohols (methanol, ethanol), hydrocarbons (methane, ethane), and more complex molecules made from [carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen] that are so abundant on Pluto."Such chemicals could act like an antifreeze, making Pluto's frigid, sub-freezing waters more slushy than liquid. The compounds might also form the chemical basis for life and consumable energy.But Bill McKinnon, one of the authors of the latest study in Nature, thinks it's also laced with a noxious chemical found in bottles of window cleaner."New Horizons has detected ammonia as a compound on Pluto's big moon, Charon, and on one of Pluto's small moons. So it's almost certainly inside Pluto," McKinnon said in <a href="https://source.wustl.edu/2016/12/life-plutos-ocean/">a Washington University in St. Louis press release</a>. "What I think is down there in the ocean is rather noxious, very cold, salty and very ammonia-rich - almost a syrup."<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="https://news.ucsc.edu/2016/11/pluto-ocean.html">Pam Engebretson/UCSC</a>A cutaway illustration of Pluto. A global, liquid water ocean (dark blue) likely exists beneath the dwarf planet's icy shell (light blue).</div></div></div>Earth is proof that life is crafty and can eek out an existence in rough environments. Bacteria might even exist <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26907-subglacial-lake-vostok-cracked-for-a-second-time/">miles below Antarctic ice</a> in permanently dark lakes of glacial water.So could <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/silicon-carbide-bacteria-chemistry-2016-12">strange forms of life</a> also exist in Pluto's global ocean?"It's no place for germs, much less fish or squid, or any life as we know it," he said in the release. "But as with the methane seas on Titan - Saturn's main moon - it raises the question of whether some truly novel life forms could exist in these exotic, cold liquids."McKinnon continued:"Life can tolerate a lot of stuff: It can tolerate a lot of salt, extreme cold, extreme heat, etc. But I don't think it can tolerate the amount of ammonia Pluto needs to prevent its ocean from freezing - ammonia is a superb antifreeze. Not that ammonia is all bad. On Earth, microorganisms in the soil fix nitrogen to ammonia, which is important for making DNA and proteins and such."If you're going to talk about life in an ocean that's completely covered with an ice shell, it seems most likely that the best you could hope for is some extremely primitive kind of organism. It might even be pre-cellular, like we think the earliest life on Earth was."Still, <a href="https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Hand/">Kevin Hand</a>, a planetary scientist at NASA JPL who wasn't involved in the research, said nitrogen-containing ammonia and other chemicals make Pluto "interesting in the context of habitability.""Nitrogen is a critical element for life as we know it and Pluto's putative ocean could be a source of both liquid water and nitrogen," Hand said. "When searching for life beyond Earth we have long 'followed the water', but we also need to 'follow the carbon' and 'follow the nitrogen' - Pluto may combine all three."Hand wouldn't go so far as to say the dwarf planet could support life, but it might raise the chances of finding it elsewhere in the solar system or the Milky Way.<h2>Why scientists are pretty sure Pluto has a big ocean</h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="http://www.jamestuttlekeane.com/">James Tuttle Keane; Shutterstock; Dave Mosher/Business Insider</a></div></div></div>The first-ever close-up images of Pluto from New Horizons revealed a 325,000-square-mile, heart-shaped basin of nitrogen ice, called Sputnik Planitia, that was littered with cracks and fissures.Computer analysis of the feature and Pluto's orbit suggested something was off: Given the way Pluto interacted with its moon Charon, there should be a lot more material located at Sputnik Planitia."It's a big, elliptical hole in the ground, so the extra weight must be hiding somewhere beneath the surface. And an ocean is a natural way to get that," said <a href="http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~fnimmo/">Francis Nimmo</a>, a planetary scientist at University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), in a <a href="https://news.ucsc.edu/2016/11/pluto-ocean.html">UCSC press release</a>.Back in November 2015, scientists announced their belief that Sputnik Planitia was created by a <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015DPS....4720006S">giant impact of some kind</a>, which blasted away huge chunks of Pluto's water-ice crust."[W]e are almost certainly talking a [comet] strike out there, rather than a (rocky) asteroid," Bob Pappalardo, a planetary scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory who wasn't involved in the new research, previously told Business Insider in an email.The new studies add to this idea, noting the catastrophe must have happened within the past 4 billion years and that the impact site was originally more than 4 miles deep.The giant scar has since sprung back and partly filled in with dense and heavy nitrogen ice, they found. Researchers also figured out with computer models that Pluto's internal tides with Charon can't be explained if the world was solid all the way through."We tried to think of other ways to get a positive gravity anomaly, and none of them look as likely as a subsurface ocean," Nimmo said in the release.Vance, who's working on NASA's mission to Europa - <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/europa-water-jet-hubble-telescope-photos-2016-9">another ocean world</a>, this one orbiting Jupiter - expressed no doubt Pluto indeed has an ocean."A subsurface liquid ocean makes sense, given nitrogen's insulating properties," he previously told Business Insider in an email.While scientists continue to ponder the chemistry of Pluto's new watery realm, New Horizons will <a href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Where-is-New-Horizons/index.php">keep on flying</a> toward its next exotic and icy destination - <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/new-horizons-probe-mission-extended-by-nasa-2016-7">the Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69</a> - at a blistering pace of 32,000 mph. It should reach the 30-mile-wide object in January 2019. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-video-land-pluto-new-horizons-2016-7">NASA just released a video of what it would be like to land on Pluto, and it's breathtaking </a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="I4aWJyNDE6Ql6dUpISmqZYj7SdBK68k0" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

Pluto is hiding a gigantic liquid ocean you would never, ever want to swim in

Here's your disturbing <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="China">China</keyword> story of the day.
Hundreds of thousands of dead fish have washed up on a Chinese river starting Monday.
<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-scoops-100000-kg-poisoned-dead-fish-20150586">According to reports</a>, the fish were poisoned by Ammonia coming from a Hubai province chemical plant.
From Reuters:
<div class="image-container"><div class="image">Reuters/China Daily</div></div>
<div class="image-container"><div class="image">Reuters/China Daily</div></div>

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