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Doctors in India are grappling to diagnose and treat unexplained and persistent symptoms of <keyword id="9814327" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="long-covid" source="Orion">long Covid</keyword> patients due to limited guidelines, whereas researchers have flagged inadequate studies on the condition. With the <keyword id="19896311" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="world-health-organization" source="keywords">World Health Organization</keyword> declaring an end to <keyword id="19896627" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="covid" source="keywords">Covid</keyword> as a global <keyword id="416511" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="health-emergency" source="Orion">health emergency</keyword> in May last year, focused efforts are underway around the world to estimate the burden of long Covid among the population. The condition refers to the set of lingering symptoms affecting varied body parts and persisting well beyond the acute Covid infection period, including cough, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, brain fog and difficulty in focusing. The viral disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. While studies have suggested that about a third of those moderately or severely infected are likely to suffer from long Covid, region-wise though, incidence could vary. A study by researchers, including those from <keyword id="19988007" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="harvard-medical-school" source="keywords">Harvard Medical School</keyword>, US, estimated that 31 % of the once-infected people in North America, 44% in Europe, and 51% in Asia, have long Covid, which is "challenging the healthcare system, but there are limited guidelines for its treatment". It was published in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases in September. In India, however, studies on long Covid are few and far between. One such study by Maulana Azad Medical College in New Delhi, conducted from May 2022 to March 2023 on 553 patients who had recovered from Covid, found that about 45% had lingering symptoms, persistent fatigue and dry cough being the most common. "There is limited exploratory research on the long Covid syndrome with scarce data on long-term outcomes," the authors wrote in the study published in the journal Cureus in May this year. Understanding the long-term effects of the virus is important for developing management strategies, optimising healthcare delivery, and providing support to recovered Covid patients in the community, they said. Dr Rajesh Sagar, Professor of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, said, "Looking at the current state of long Covid studies in India, it is too premature to say that we understand the condition well enough to know how to diagnose or treat it." Animesh Samanta, assistant professor at School of Natural Sciences in <keyword id="19897094" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="shiv-nadar-university" source="keywords">Shiv Nadar University</keyword>, Greater Noida, said, "While studies in India highlight the growing recognition of neurological complications in long Covid patients, more focused research on neuroinflammation is needed." Doctors, too, have reported a rise in patients complaining of symptoms that they did not have pre-Covid. "People who never had <keyword id="6465125" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="asthma" source="Orion">asthma</keyword> in the past, post-Covid, with every viral infection, they get a long cough, shortness of breath and wheezing, which require the use of <keyword id="31257" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="inhalers" source="Orion">inhalers</keyword> or nebuliser," senior consultant Dr Neetu Jain, who runs a post-Covid care clinic at Pushpawati Singhania Hospital and Research Institute, New Delhi, said. Dr Arun Garg, chairman, Neurology and Neurosciences, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurugram, said he was noticing a spike in stroke cases among young patients not suffering from known risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity. "Similarly, we are seeing more cases of encephalopathy (swelling of the brain) without reason and having a confused state of mind following one or two days of fever. Their MRI scans show no changes. These patients have increased significantly after Covid," he said. In the absence of medical guidelines to diagnose long Covid, doctors are having to resort to broad, non-specific tests and questionnaires to gauge a patient's 'quality of life'. Studies have shown that the fatigue experienced in long Covid is similar to that in cancer patients, with a quality of life similar to patients of Parkinson's disease. "We really do not have any test to diagnose long Covid, even though it is definitely a clinical diagnosis. We diagnose long Covid for people who had at least moderate to severe infection, following which they could never regain the quality of life pre-Covid. Checking for inflammatory markers like C-reactive proteins (CRP) can support the diagnosis," Dr Jain said. "Other than routine blood tests that measure inflammation, we do antibody tests to look for direct markers. In many of these patients, we are finding rare antibodies which are very new to us and were not there pre-Covid," Dr Garg said. Inflammation persisting despite recovery from acute Covid infection is thought to lie at the heart of long Covid. However, tests to measure this specific immune response are lacking, even as researchers have been working in this direction worldwide. One such effort comes from Shiv Nadar University, where a team led by Samanta has developed a fluorescent probe capable of detecting inflammation in brain cells that can arise due to Covid infection. The probe measures nitric oxide levels in brain cells, especially in human microglia cells, where increased NO levels are linked to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microglia are immune cells in the brain that fight disease and help maintain brain health. Lysosomes within microglia, which help clear foreign disease-causing agents like the SARS-CoV-2 virus, produce nitric oxide as part of an immune response to infection. The probe detects nitric oxide produced in lysosomes in response to infection and thereby allows for a measurement of inflammation levels. This examination method can provide "qualitative information on infection status", said Samanta, corresponding author on the study published in the journal Analytical Chemistry in American Chemical Society. He explained that patients with pre-existing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis (an autoimmune disorder) could exhibit prolonged neuroinflammation and loss of brain cells following Covid infection. While the probe has shown efficacy in cell cultures, animal studies would need to be done, before testing it in humans, Samanta said. Looking at the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the study by Harvard Medical School had found that 587 clinical studies were conducted on long Covid, of which about 53% (312) were testing potential treatments. Most of these were found to be conducted in the US (58), followed by India (55) and Spain (20). The trials looked at interventions including physical exercise, psychotherapy, and pharmacological ones such as paxlovid and fluvoxamine. However, "to date, only 11 of these 312 studies have published their results that were not confirmative," the researchers wrote. The team called for studies to look into sleep disorders which were rarely included in the registered clinical studies. Further, interventions targeting the biological processes responsible for long Covid are needed but currently lacking, they said.

Doctors struggle to treat long Covid patients in India; researchers point to inadequate studies

New Delhi [India], March 6 (ANI): The Delhi All <keyword id="20858468" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="india-institute-of-medical-sciences" source="keywords">India Institute Of Medical Sciences</keyword> (<keyword id="19914075" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="aiims" source="keywords">AIIMS</keyword>) has said that the problem of poor eyesight in children has increased in the last 10 years. While earlier this problem was present in 13 to 15 per cent of children, it has increased to 20 to 25 per cent in the last 10 years. That means if there are 50 children in a classroom, then out of them there will be 15 to 20 children who require glasses. Dr <keyword id="20858465" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="rohit-saxena" source="keywords">Rohit Saxena</keyword>, professor of ophthalmology and pediatrics, <keyword id="20858467" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="rp-center" source="keywords">RP Center</keyword> at AIIMS, said that in earlier times, only 3 to 4 per cent of children required spectacles but now this number has increased. "Earlier, the problem of vision defects was seen in children 10 to 12 years of age. But now, at the age of 6 to 7 years, the eyesight of children has started deteriorating and they need to wear glasses," said the doctor. Not only this, but the doctor also said that even children under 4 years of age are facing the problem of myopia, or vision defect and the reason for its increase is the continuous use of gadgets like mobile phones, tablets, etc. in children. Children keep using mobile phones and other gadgets for many hours and parents do not interrupt them, Dr Rohit said, adding that before Corona, when parents used to come to us, they used to complain about television hours and ways to solve them. "But now parents say that he uses the phone only for 2 hours, which means that there has been a change in the mentality of the parents, which is affecting the eyesight of children," he added. Dr Rohit Saxena said that if children are studying online, then parents should ask them to study on a computer or laptop only and use smart screens for entertainment. "The distance should be equal to one hand and if the distance is greater than that, then it will also be fine," he added. Professor <keyword id="20858466" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="dr-saxena" source="keywords">Dr Saxena</keyword> of the RP Center said that in the last 30 years, the problem of poor eyesight in children has increased rapidly. In this regard, the countries of East Asia are at the forefront. This includes countries like China, Singapore, and Hong Kong. "In the countries of East Asia, 80 to 90 per cent of children suffer from visual impairment. Not only this, if we talk about <keyword id="19895063" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="india" source="keywords">India</keyword>, this problem is continuously increasing among children in India," said the doctor. "Especially earlier, we used to think that the problem of visual impairment was less common in children in rural areas, but now the figures coming out show that even in rural areas, the problem of visual impairment is seen in small children. This means that even in those areas, the use of mobile phones and other gadgets has increased among children," he said. Dr Rohit said that in the data collected from rural areas in the last 10 years, earlier, 3 to 4 per cent of children had the problem of visual impairment, which has now increased to 7 to 8 per cent. The doctor said that it is very important to increase digitalization, which is a good thing. People are becoming aware of this, even in rural areas. Along with this, excessive use of mobile phones, tablets and other gadgets is harmful to children. "Parents need to be made aware of this and will have to explain this to their children since young minds are not aware of the potential damage," he stated. In such a situation, there are some symptoms. If the symptoms are visible in your child, then pay attention to them. For example, if the child is not able to copy the homework from the board in the class, if the child is copying homework from the other child's notebook, or if the child is watching the board with eyes slightly closed. Additionally, if the child is watching TV very closely, reading books very closely or has watery eyes and is used to constant rubbing of their eyes, these are all symptoms of a vision defect or myopia. Regarding this, parents should immediately take their children to the doctor and get their eyes checked. Along with this, if children use the phone continuously or have to do homework online, then parents should keep in mind that they must take a 5-minute break every half hour and always keep their computer or laptop near the window so that their children keep looking outside while studying. Along with this, if possible, study in the open on the balcony or terrace. Children need to go out 2 hours during the day in the morning or anytime before evening. (ANI)

Poor eyesight in children increased in past 10 years: AIIMS

New Delhi [India], August 12 (ANI): <keyword id="19953789" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="IIT-Madras" source="keywords">IIT Madras</keyword> has been ranked the <keyword id="19925221" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="best" source="keywords">best</keyword> <keyword id="22759867" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="higher-educational-institution" source="keywords">higher educational institution</keyword> in <keyword id="19895063" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="India" source="keywords">India</keyword> followed by IISc Bengaluru and IIT Bombay in an overall category in the ranking conducted by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) and National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). The announcement was made on Monday by the Ministry of Education at an event at the Bharat Mandapam in the national capital that was presided by Union Minister Dharmendra Pradhan. Indian Institute of Technology Madras was ranked first in the <keyword id="22759868" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="NIRF-rankings" source="keywords">NIRF rankings</keyword> 2024 and it is the 6th time that it has bagged the top spot in NIRF ranking. IIT-Madras has also been ranked as the best engineering college for the past nine years. In the management category, IIM-Ahmedabad and Bangalore and Calcutta are among the top five. Indian Institute of Science (Bengaluru) ranked as the best university in the country followed by Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi and Jamia Millia Islamia. Delhi University's Hindu College ranked as the best college in the country followed by Miranda House College and St. Stephen's College. The Chennai-based institute retained the No 1 position in categories "overall and engineering" The NIRF rankings lists was released for 13 different categories, including universities, colleges, research institutions, engineering, management, pharmacy, medical, dental, law, architecture and planning, agriculture and allied sectors, and innovation. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) has been accepted by the MoE and launched by Honourable Minister for Education on 29th September 2015. This framework outlines a methodology to rank institutions across the country/ The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) has been accepted by the MoE and launched by Honourable Minister for Education on September 29, 2015. This framework outlines a methodology to rank institutions across the country. This year, as many as higher 10885 education institutions participated in the NIRF.(ANI)

IIT Madras ranked best higher educational institution in India

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Deborah Szekely is 102 years old and works three days a week.</li><li>She attributes her fitness and plump skin to her lifestyle.</li></ul>From looking at her, you wouldn't guess <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/healthy-102-year-old-centenarian-research-backed-longevity-tips-2024-7">Deborah Szekely</a> is 102 years old. Three days a week, the centenarian works at the health resort in Baja California, Mexico, which she founded with her husband in 1940 — and she doesn't plan to stop until nature tells her to, she <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/28/102-year-old-on-living-a-long-happy-life-i-dont-do-exceptions.html">told</a> CNBC Make It earlier this year.She also seems to have avoided the loss of skin plumpness and sun spots that often come with age.With <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cultural-differences-longevity-supercentenarian-secrets-habits-countries-2024-1">people living longer</a> than ever before, the market for antiaging products is growing rapidly: it's estimated to be worth $41.2 billion in 2023, and projected to reach $60 billion by 2030, according to market research company Research and Markets.But Szekely's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lazy-girl-easy-skincare-routine-2023-8">secret to good skin</a> isn't spending hundreds of dollars on creams that promise to turn back time. Instead, she credits her lifestyle choices and a few simple skincare products. This chimes with research: One 2023 review of evidence published in the journal Cosmetics found that a good diet, physical exercise, and getting enough sleep appeared to help skin health as people age. Research also suggests that how skin ages is affected by genes, which are out of our control.Business Insider spoke to Szekely to find out how she's kept her <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/octogenarian-grandma-face-no-wrinkles-skincare-routine-diet-2024-3">skin in such good condition</a>.<h2 id="b0588609-62dc-44f5-bdee-9a52ea68530b">Eating "fresh, healthy foods."</h2>"I give all the credit to a good diet and regular exercise. It's very important to keep moving. Even now, at 102, I walk a mile every day," Szekely said.One review of studies published earlier this year in the journal JMIR Dermatology suggested that regular exercise can reduce <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/anti-aging-skincare-routine-90-year-old-no-wrinkles-2024-5">age-related skin changes</a> such as wrinkles and dry skin.Diet can also plays a role.Szekely said she eats mostly "fresh, healthy foods," which she thinks has contributed to her great skin. She doesn't eat highly processed foods that contain more than three ingredients.<div type="image" title="Deborah Szekely leaning against a tree in a funky scarf." height="1280" width="890" msid="114881695" hostid="261" sizebytes="71560"></div>A 2020 review of studies published in The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology suggested that a whole-food, plant-based diet could help prevent skin aging. The authors argued this could be because it reduces the number of carcinogens people ingest and lengthens telomeres, which are the DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that shorten over time and cause markers of aging on a cellular level.<h2 id="86ff24ca-c709-48d4-8d2d-00bd9d1b722e">Sunscreen is the best way to prevent skin aging </h2>Szekely has a simple daily skincare routine, too."Here's my secret: you must thoroughly clean all the makeup off your face before sleeping," she said.Her biggest skincare recommendation for younger people wanting good skin is to wear sunscreen. She wears a moisturizer containing sunscreen every day.Dr. Derek V. Chan, a board-certified medical and cosmetic dermatologist based in Manhattan, previously told BI that sunscreen is "by far the most important part" of an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/anti-aging-skincare-routine-90-year-old-no-wrinkles-2024-5">antiaging skincare routine</a>. Using a sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or more every day can help protect against the aging effects of ultraviolet light, he said.Many of Szekely's tips are in line with those her fellow centenarians have previously shared with BI when it comes to maintaining health, fitness, and skin quality later in life.A 101-year-old man named William, who didn't share his last name, said his <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/longevity-secrets-doctor-worked-2024-10">secrets to staying healthy past 100</a> are eating healthily, staying active, and having a long, varied career.And Toshiko Eto has practically <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/octogenarian-grandma-face-no-wrinkles-skincare-routine-diet-2024-3">no wrinkles at 80</a>, which she attributes to eating fermented foods as well as her skincare routine. Dr. Tina Alster, a dermatologist and director at the Washington Institute of Dermatologic Laser Surgery, told BI at the time that genetics and <a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-sunscreen-is-not-enough-to-protect-you-from-sun-2023-9">protection from the sun</a> are "likely the two most important factors" for Eto's skin looking so young.

A 102-year-old shares her simple, science-backed skincare secrets — and they don't include antiaging creams

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A doctor shortage is projected to hit 86,000 by 2036. Rural communities already feel the impact.</li><li>Educational initiatives and congressional bills aim to combat issues like limited appointment slots.</li></ul>Every three to four months, Mellisa Case drives three and a half hours from her small town of Prineville, Oregon, to Portland to see her orthopedist for help with arthritis, a condition she believes she could have avoided at this stage in her life.In 2021, Case had surgery for a meniscus tear at an orthopedic center in Bend, an hour away from her home. However, she couldn't schedule appointments for follow-up care, which doctors consider necessary for proper recovery. For several months after her meniscus surgery, Case kept calling the center for an appointment with no success while her knee deteriorated.Now Case takes time off from work and spends up to $125 round trip on gas while traveling to Portland for arthritis care. Case said that symptoms like stiffness, swelling, and discomfort — which resulted from a lack of postsurgical medical support — could interfere with her sleep, gait, and ability to enjoy her hobbies like hiking and gardening."Until you've experienced not being able to see a doctor, you don't really realize how frustrating it is," Case, who is 53, told Business Insider. Eventually, she will need surgery for a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nc-woman-plans-finally-getting-knee-surgery-after-winning-lottery-2023-1">full knee replacement</a>.Case said that she remains concerned that the overall lack of medical care in her community, as she's observed doctors retiring or leaving her area.Some of her family members and friends also struggle to find physicians close to home, Case said, so they have to drive long distances or wait for appointments.A March report from the Association of American Medical Colleges projected that the US would face a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-hospital-wait-times-are-bad-physician-shortage-low-pay-2024-4">physician shortage</a> of up to 86,000 specialists and primary-care doctors by 2036.Michael Dill, the organization's director of workforce studies, said this estimate was conservative."The country needs hundreds of thousands of doctors to provide an equal amount of care to everyone, including minorities, those without medical insurance, and people living in rural areas," he told BI.An aging population, physician retirement, and the administrative challenges of running a practice contribute to the shortage and disproportionally affect vulnerable populations such as older people, those lacking transportation options, and people with disabilities, public-health advocates told BI.Two solutions could be increasing medical-training programs in rural communities and passing legislation to retain and <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-high-paying-jobs-hiring-doctors-construction-accounting-2024-4">bolster the physician workforce</a>.<h2 id="0a289233-786f-4ff1-969a-24da2c3ab5eb">An aging population and provider burnout are contributing to a worsening doctor shortage</h2>The effects of a doctor shortage are already here, Dr. Bruce Scott, the president of the American Medical Association, said.Scott practices in Louisville, Kentucky, and said that in addition to patients in rural areas driving hours to appointments, they're waiting months to see a doctor.Various factors, including an aging population, play a part in the situation, Dill said.In 2020, 55.8 million Americans, or 16.8% of the population, were 65 or older, and by 2030, all baby boomers will have reached age 65, according to a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/05/2020-census-united-states-older-population-grew.html ">US Census report.</a> As people age, they require more physician services, such as cardiologic or neurological care, and at the same time, doctors are aging and retiring, adding to the shortage, Dill said.<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/labor-shortage-hospital-beds-empty-nurses-doctors-staff-covid-vaccine-2021-10">Physician burnout</a> further exacerbates the problem, Scott said. In one survey that was part of AMA Organizational Biopsy report, of over 12,400 doctors, 48% of respondents said they were burned out. In another survey from the same report, one in three respondents said they planned to retire or reduce hours within two years.One AMA survey found some doctors were leaving their practices because they were being paid less to handle more <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/electric-health-records-causing-doctor-burnout-2018-12">administrative burdens</a>, such as spending 12 hours a week filling out prior-authorization requests. "Medicare is paying us nearly 30% less in 2024 than it did in 2001, when adjusted for inflation," Scott said, citing further data compiled by the AMA.<h2 id="1d068686-c4d6-4ee0-81d9-f17918ad516a">Strategies to alleviate the shortage</h2>To help alleviate the physician shortage in rural areas, medical students need to receive training there, said Molly Fox, the vice president of institutional advancement at Kansas Health Science University."We engage students with the rural community because we know that people tend to practice where they feel connected," Fox said.At KHSU's Kansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, for example, third- and fourth-year students can complete clinical rotations at St. Catherine Hospital in Garden City, four hours from Wichita, where the university is.Chase Hearn, a third-year student, said he'd seen doctors at the hospital who have worked 26-hour shifts to meet patient needs."I've also heard patients say they can't take a day off work to travel 200 miles to see their OB-GYN," Hearn said. He added that his training had strengthened his resolve to practice in a rural community but that he anticipated challenges, like burnout and working with patients who lack consistent access to care.<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-el-paso-trying-solve-us-physician-shortage-2023-7">Rural residency programs</a> are also needed to address the shortage, Dill said. Only 2% of residency training occurs in rural areas, the US Government Accountability Office says.A residency program through Oregon Health &amp; Sciences University aims to alleviate the doctor shortage in three central-Oregon counties, including Crook County, where Case lives. The program is training physicians in primary care, family birthing, emergency medicine, behavioral health, and hospital medicine.According to the Rural Medical Training Collaborative, 133 rural residencies in family medicine and 69 rural-track programs are recruiting for 2025 enrollment, along with 30 internal-medicine residencies and 16 psychiatry residencies.Several pieces of legislation have also been introduced to Congress to address the doctor shortage. Scott said bills to adjust Medicare payments for doctors — no matter where they practice — to the annual rate of inflation and rules to reduce the need for prior authorization could help ease administrative burdens.Some legislation, if passed, would specifically influence rural areas.For example, HR 7855, the Association of American Medical Colleges-endorsed Rural Residency Planning and Development Act of 2024, would codify the Rural Residency Planning and Development Program, which funds the startup costs of residency training in rural areas, Dill said. From 2019 to 2024, the program has enabled the launch of 46 accredited rural residency programs across 38 states and Puerto Rico.Hollie Davis Frick, an immigration lawyer for Wintersteen Patel Law Group, said congressional action could easily incentivize doctors born abroad and who receive advanced medical training in the US to remain here and practice in rural areas."Many doctors who come here for residencies and fellowships return abroad because of our ineffective immigration policies," Davis Frick said.If passed, S 665, the Conrad State 30 and Physician Access Reauthorization Act, would allow state health departments to sponsor additional visa waivers for foreign-born doctors who agree to practice in underserved areas within those states.While Case remains skeptical that doctor-training initiatives and legislation will directly affect her community anytime soon, she considers herself fortunate, she said."I have the ability to drive, afford travel expenses, and pay for out-of-network doctors," Case said. "Not everybody does."

Medical schools and legislation aim to address a worsening doctor shortage that's already hitting rural communities 

In an astonishing breakthrough, scientists in India have <keyword id="23249685" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="genetically-engineered-bacteria" source="keywords">genetically engineered bacteria</keyword> capable of performing <keyword id="23249686" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="mathematical-operations" source="keywords">mathematical operations</keyword>. Researchers from the <keyword id="23249687" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Saha-Institute-of-Nuclear-Physics" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</keyword> (SINP) in Kolkata have demonstrated that clusters of bacterial cells can add, subtract, and even identify prime numbers between 0 and 9. This accomplishment marks a crucial step toward the development of biocomputers—computational devices made from <keyword id="23206086" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="living-cells" source="keywords">living cells</keyword> that could revolutionise how we think about computing in the future. <h2>A history of <keyword id="23249688" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="biological-computing" source="keywords">biological computing</keyword> </h2>The concept of using living cells for computation is not entirely new. Over the past two decades, researchers worldwide have explored the potential of biological systems to perform computational tasks. The first major breakthroughs came in the early 2000s when scientists developed synthetic biology techniques to engineer cells with logic gates—the fundamental components of digital computers. These biological logic gates allowed simple operations such as "AND," "OR," and "NOT," mimicking the operations seen in silicon-based processors. Following this, scientists advanced by using various microbes, such as <keyword id="22608696" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="E-coli" source="keywords">E. coli</keyword> and yeast, to perform basic mathematical operations like addition and subtraction. Researchers were able to construct networks of genes and proteins within the cells, programming them to respond to specific chemical inputs. While these early studies were promising, the computational tasks performed by cells were relatively simple and far from rivalling the capabilities of modern microprocessors. However, SINP's latest research takes a significant step forward by using a more sophisticated approach. The integration of artificial neural network concepts with genetic engineering enabled these bacterial cells to solve more complex and abstract problems, such as identifying prime numbers — tasks traditionally considered the domain of human brains or advanced computers. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="103532224" title="Scientist engineered bacteria to generate electricity from wastewater" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> <h2>Turning <keyword id="6376020" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="bacteria" source="Orion">bacteria</keyword> into living machines </h2>The research team modified the E. coli genomes, incorporating 14 distinct genetic circuits, to create different bacterial types. These bacteria can be combined and arranged in liquid environments to execute various computational functions. In one set of experiments, the scientists were able to get them to add, subtract, and solve ten different computational problems, including determining prime numbers between 0 and 9. The bacteria's ability to answer yes-or-no questions, like "Is 4 a prime number?" or "Is 7 a prime number?" was particularly astonishing. When the bacteria were questioned chemically, they responded by secreting proteins that indicated their answers — green for "yes" and red for "no." This development underscores their capacity to function as living computers. The implications of this research are immense, not only for computational science but also for fundamental biology. “Mammalian cells make decisions all the time, and we currently have very little understanding of this decision-making process,” said Mohit Kumar Jolly, assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. This study offers fresh insights into biological decision-making and could open new avenues for understanding how living organisms process information. As scientists continue to explore the computational power of living cells, the possibilities are endless. Bacteria, once considered simple organisms, may well hold the key to the future of computing. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="110909568" title="A living computer? This AI made from interconnected &amp;quot;mini-brains&amp;quot; requires a million times less power than ChatGPT!" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>

Did you know that genetically engineered bacteria can do math?

Following a modified Atkins diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates and taking medication may reduce seizures by over half in people with tough-to-treat epilepsy, according to a study by researchers at the <keyword id="6365231" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="all-india-institute-of-medical-sciences" source="Orion">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</keyword>. The modified Atkins diet is a combination of the Atkins diet and a ketogenic diet that includes food items such as soy products, heavy cream, butter and oils, leafy green vegetables, and animal protein including eggs, chicken, fish, and bacon. While the ketogenic diet has been shown to be effective in reducing seizures, its stringent requirements and restrictions can make it difficult to follow, the researchers said. "For people with drug-resistant epilepsy, or those who have been unable to find an effective treatment to reduce seizures, it's encouraging to see that there are lifestyle changes that can be combined with standard drug therapy to reduce the number of seizures," said <keyword id="2194193" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="manjari-tripathi" source="Orion">Manjari Tripathi</keyword>, from AIIMS <keyword id="6358777" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="new-delhi" source="Orion">New Delhi</keyword>. "Our study found that this combination may reduce the chance of seizures by more than half," said Tripathi, author of the study published in the journal <keyword id="72938" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="neurology" source="Orion">Neurology</keyword>. The study involved 160 adults and adolescents who had epilepsy for more than 10 years on average and had at least 27 seizures per month despite trying an average of four antiseizure medications at the maximum tolerated dose. They were randomly assigned to receive either standard drug therapy alone or drugs plus the modified Atkins diet over six months. Participants logged their seizures and meals. They were given food lists, sample menus and recipes. Carbohydrate intake was restricted to 20 grams per day. <keyword id="914284" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="us-federal" source="Orion">US Federal</keyword> dietary guidelines recommend between 225 and 325 grams of carbs per day. After six months, researchers found that 26 per cent of people who had both drug therapy and followed the modified Atkins diet had more than a 50 per cent reduction in seizures compared to only three per cent of the people who had drug therapy alone. Four people in the diet group were free of seizures by the end of the study, while no one in the medication-only group was seizure-free, the researchers found. The study also looked at the quality of life, behaviour and side effects at six months. The group that had drug therapy and followed the modified Atkins diet showed an improvement in all areas compared to the group that had drug therapy alone, the researchers said. They noted that 33 per cent of the participants did not complete the study due to poor tolerance of the diet, lack of benefits or the inability to follow up in part due to COVID-19. However, the researchers said tolerance of the modified Atkins diet was better than what is seen with the ketogenic diet. "While the modified Atkins diet may be an effective treatment in controlling seizures, further research is needed to identify genetic biomarkers and other factors associated with the response to this diet," Tripathi added. "This may improve patient care by encouraging targeted precision based earlier use of this diet," she added. The researchers acknowledged a limitation in the study that seizures were self-reported or reported by caregivers, so some of them may not have been reported at all. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/how-covid-can-disturb-your-sleep-and-dreams-and-what-could-help/articleshow/96783538.cms">How Covid can disturb your sleep and dreams and what could help</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/indias-decennial-census-to-be-delayed-further-say-officials/articleshow/96784633.cms">India's decennial census to be delayed further say officials</a>

High fat, low carb diet along with medicines can cut seizures by half: AIIMS study

<ul><li>2.3 million newborns die of severe bacterial infections each year, the experts said in a report published in the December 2022 Bulletin of the <keyword id="43588" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="world-health-organization" source="Orion">World Health Organization</keyword>.</li><li>Over the last decade, <keyword id="149212" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="amr" source="Orion">AMR</keyword> has worsened to the point where around 50-70 per cent of common pathogens show a high degree of resistance to available first and second-line antibiotics, they said.</li><li>According to the report, ethical concerns, logistical issues and regulatory requirements have made it difficult to conduct clinical research in newborns.</li></ul>There is an urgent need to develop antibiotics for newborn babies, a population that is particularly vulnerable to antibiotic resistance, according to leading global public health experts including those from India. Recent estimates show about 2.3 million newborns die of severe bacterial infections each year while an increasing number are becoming resistant to currently used antibiotics, the experts said in a report published in the December 2022 Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Over the last decade, AMR has worsened to the point where around 50-70 per cent of common pathogens show a high degree of resistance to available first and second-line antibiotics, they said. The paper is co-authored by international experts in the field of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including those from the Global Antibiotic Research &amp; Development Partnership (GARDP) and <keyword id="6365231" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="all-india-institute-of-medical-sciences" source="Orion">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</keyword> (<keyword id="40458" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="aiims" source="Orion">AIIMS</keyword>). The authors noted that despite substantial progress in medical research and a steep decline in the number of children under the age of five who die of preventable diseases, many problems related to child health remain to be tackled. Severe bacterial infections are one of them. "There is an urgent need to identify high priority antibiotics to understand which ones work best and safely in children, and then make them available where they are needed," said <keyword id="15914044" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="mike-sharland" source="Orion">Mike Sharland</keyword> from St George's, <keyword id="125994" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="university-of-london" source="Orion">University of London</keyword> (SGUL), and member of the <keyword id="15914043" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="antimicrobial-resistance-programme" source="Orion">Antimicrobial Resistance Programme</keyword> at Penta - Child Health Research. "By achieving global consensus, we can streamline the process of antibiotic development, allow for faster access to antibiotics, and reduce the burden of AMR on the vulnerable neonatal population," added <keyword id="1651099" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="manica-balasegaram" source="Orion">Manica Balasegaram</keyword>, Executive Director of GARDP. The report also highlights how collaborative antibiotic development and access network specifically targeting newborns could also prove valuable compared to single independent studies. A successful example, the authors noted, has been the collaboration between GARDP, Penta - Child Health Research, SGUL, and other partners on a recent global observational study of 3,200 babies with neonatal sepsis across 19 hospitals in 11 countries. They are also partnering on an upcoming clinical trial, which will start in South Africa within the next few months before being expanded to other countries. Despite a rising number of newborn deaths caused by AMR, very few effective antibiotics have been adequately studied to treat serious bacterial infections such as neonatal sepsis, the authors said. As many as 40 antibiotics approved for use in adults since 2000, only four have included dosing information for newborns in their labels, they said. According to the report, ethical concerns, logistical issues and regulatory requirements have made it difficult to conduct clinical research in newborns. There is a long delay in completing paediatric regulatory studies and they are also not harmonised globally to demonstrate clinical utility in newborns, it said. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/ces-2023-dates-news-products-and-what-to-expect/articleshow/96591686.cms">All-new Apple CarPlay features to AI for automobiles — here are some car technologies expected to arrive in 2023</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/ces-2023-dates-news-products-and-what-to-expect/articleshow/96591686.cms">CES 2023: Dates, news, products, and what to expect</a>

Urgent need to develop antibiotics for newborns say global experts

There is an urgent need to develop antibiotics for newborn babies, a population that is particularly vulnerable to antibiotic resistance, according to leading global public health experts including those from India. Recent estimates show about 2.3 million newborns die of severe bacterial infections each year while an increasing number are becoming resistant to currently used antibiotics, the experts said in a report published in the December 2022 Bulletin of the <keyword id="43588" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="world-health-organization" source="Orion">World Health Organization</keyword>. Over the last decade, <keyword id="149212" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="amr" source="Orion">AMR</keyword> has worsened to the point where around 50-70 per cent of common pathogens show a high degree of resistance to available first and second-line antibiotics, they said. The paper is co-authored by international experts in the field of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including those from the Global Antibiotic Research &amp; Development Partnership (GARDP) and the <keyword id="6365231" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="all-india-institute-of-medical-sciences" source="Orion">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</keyword> (<keyword id="40458" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="aiims" source="Orion">AIIMS</keyword>). The authors noted that despite substantial progress in medical research and a steep decline in the number of children under the age of five who die of preventable diseases, many problems related to child health remain to be tackled. Severe bacterial infections are one of them. "There is an urgent need to identify high-priority antibiotics to understand which ones work best and safely in children, and then make them available where they are needed," said <keyword id="15914044" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="mike-sharland" source="Orion">Mike Sharland</keyword> from St George's, <keyword id="125994" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="university-of-london" source="Orion">University of London</keyword> (SGUL), and member of the <keyword id="15914043" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="antimicrobial-resistance-programme" source="Orion">Antimicrobial Resistance Programme</keyword> at Penta - Child Health Research. "By achieving global consensus, we can streamline the process of antibiotic development, allow for faster access to antibiotics, and reduce the burden of AMR on the vulnerable neonatal population," added <keyword id="1651099" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="manica-balasegaram" source="Orion">Manica Balasegaram</keyword>, Executive Director of GARDP. The report also highlights how collaborative antibiotic development and access networks specifically targeting newborns could also prove valuable compared to single independent studies. A successful example, the authors noted, has been the collaboration between GARDP, Penta - Child Health Research, SGUL, and other partners on a recent global observational study of 3,200 babies with neonatal sepsis across 19 hospitals in 11 countries. They are also partnering on an upcoming clinical trial, which will start in South Africa within the next few months before being expanded to other countries. The authors said that despite a rising number of newborn deaths caused by AMR, very few effective antibiotics have been adequately studied to treat serious bacterial infections such as neonatal sepsis. As many as 40 antibiotics have been approved for use in adults since 2000, but only four have included dosing information for newborns in their labels, they said. According to the report, ethical concerns, logistical issues and regulatory requirements have made it difficult to conduct clinical research on newborns. There is a long delay in completing paediatric regulatory studies and they are also not harmonised globally to demonstrate clinical utility in newborns, it said. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/indias-agrochemicals-industry-to-see-double-digit-growth-in-fy23-and-fy24-on-strong-exports-boost-says-crisil/articleshow/96572842.cms">India’s agrochemicals industry to see double-digit growth in FY23 and FY24 on strong exports boost, says Crisil</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/from-egypt-to-belarus-countries-that-are-covid-free-amid-a-global-rise-in-cases/slidelist/96591191.cms">From Egypt to Belarus: Countries that are Covid free amid a global rise in cases</a>

An affordable <keyword id="9107118" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tuberculosis-testing" source="Orion">tuberculosis testing</keyword> technology that can detect the disease using a patient's sputum for just Rs 35 has been developed by apex medical research body <keyword id="19918794" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ICMR" source="keywords">ICMR</keyword>'s regional centre in Assam's Dibrugarh. The 'A <keyword id="19986036" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="CRISPR" source="keywords">CRISPR</keyword> case-based TB detection system' is light, portable and involves three steps of testing. Over 1,500 samples can be tested in one single run in around two-and-half hours, ICMR sources said. Conventional diagnostic techniques for TB commonly rely on culture, which requires 42 days to confirm as TB negative, microscopy, and nucleic acid-based methods. These are also time-consuming and may require sophisticated equipment. An official said, "<keyword id="19992404" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Tuberculosis" source="keywords">Tuberculosis</keyword> (TB) remains a global health challenge, necessitating the development of accurate and rapid diagnostic tools for effective disease management. Current <keyword id="22921102" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="diagnostic-methods" source="keywords">diagnostic methods</keyword> often exhibit limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, speed and cost, emphasising the need for innovative approaches". Additionally, some molecular diagnostic methods, while offering improved sensitivity, may lack the desired specificity or face challenges associated with cost and ease of handling. "Considering these problems, the CRISPR-Cas12a-based molecular diagnostic system 'GlowTBPCRKit' coupled with an amplification step (using thermal cycler) and the '<keyword id="22921103" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="RapidGlow-device" source="keywords">RapidGlow device</keyword>' provides a promising solution," the official said. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has now invited Expression of Interest (EoI) from eligible organisations, companies, manufacturers for undertaking 'Transfer of Technology' for commercialisation of the 'A CRISPR case-based TB detection system' for the detection of <keyword id="20115212" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mycobacterium-tuberculosis" source="keywords">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</keyword>. The ICMR-RMRCNE institute will provide expert guidance and technical support for the production of 'A CRISPR Cas based TB detection system' in all phases. Such technical oversight by the institute would accelerate the development of the product and its commercialisation. The ICMR would also provide technical support through its team of experienced scientists in study, planning, product development, development of study protocol, results or data analysis, outcome assessment, safety and efficacy assessment, product improvement, etc., if deemed fit upon the mutual understanding between ICMR and collaborative company. The apex health research body through its institutes would provide support and facilitation to conduct the research and development or clinical study of new technology or product in India through its affiliates or institutes, in collaboration with the company and institutions in a professional and mutually agreed upon manner and timelines.

ICMR's regional centre develops technology that can test for tuberculosis in just Rupees 35!

India could see a shift in foreign direct investment (FDI) trends in the second term of Donald Trump (Trump 2.0) as President of the United States, says a research report by the State Bank of India. The report highlighted that under his first term, Trump 1.0, the Trump administration made sweeping regulatory changes aimed at attracting investments back to the U.S., which impacted FDI inflows globally, including India. It added that if similar policies are reintroduced in Trump 2.0 also, it could create challenges for emerging markets like India, which rely on FDI as a significant driver of economic growth. Notably, a recent Kotak report highlighted that a complete Republican control over all arms of the US government would mean increased US earnings via corporate tax cuts, higher tariffs on imports into the US and greater US fiscal deficits. The first two could spell doom for emerging markets like India and China, since foreign investors will make a beeline for investing more money in the US markets, which will come at the cost of intense selloff in emerging markets. However, higher fiscal deficits will eventually lead to the dollar weakening after the initial euphoria dies down. "India may see shifts in foreign direct investments (FDIs) during Trump 2.0. The Trump 1.0 administration saw significant regulatory changes aimed at attracting investments back to the US," the SBI report stated. However, given that India has been gradually diversifying its sources of FDI (foreign direct investments), this trend could serve as a buffer against any potential decline. Moreover, domestic institutional investors have been stepping up big time, maintaining some balance to the massive exodus of FIIs over the past month. So far in November 2024, FIIs have withdrawn Rs 19,849 crores from the cash segment in Indian markets, while DIIs have poured in Rs 14,014.18 crores as of November 10th, 2024. "India is no longer dependent on the traditional sources of FDI inflows... unlike the recent past, FDI is now coming in many new sectors," noted the SBI report. Unlike a decade ago, when most FDI inflows came from a limited number of traditional sectors, India is now attracting investment in a wide array of industries, including renewable energy, sea transport, medical devices, and surgical appliances. Data suggests over the last 24 years, i.e., between April 2000 and June 2024, FDIs have poured in $1,013.4 billion in the Indian economy. Out of this, 67%, i.e., $689.88 billion, has come in just the last 10 years. The report added there are up to 12 emerging sectors showing strong FDI interest, which could help offset any loss of inflows in conventional sectors if there is a shift in global investment patterns under another Trump administration. In the last financial year, the top 5 sectors that have received the highest quantum of FDI inflow include the services sector (finance, banking, insurance, and business) which makes up about 16% of the inflows. This is followed computer software &amp; hardware, which constitute around 15% of total FDI flows. Trading and telecommunications follows with a share of 6% each, and Automobile Industry comes next with a 5% share. In the short term, the potential for increased U.S. tariffs, more restrictive H-1B visa policies, and a stronger dollar could bring some volatility to India's trade and investment landscape. However, in the long term, these challenges might also encourage India to expand its manufacturing capabilities, diversify export markets, and focus on becoming economically more self-reliant. Notably, India has maintained a merchandise trade surplus with the U.S. despite tariffs imposed during Trump's first term. This indicates that Indian exports have remained resilient, and there is potential to strengthen this trade relationship further by capitalizing on emerging sectors and reducing dependency on traditional industries. Suman Chowdhury, Executive Director &amp; Chief Economist, Acuité Ratings &amp; Research Limited cautions that in the medium to long term, the trade relationship with the US may see a structural improvement. "Higher tariff and trade restrictions in the US with China should translate into better opportunities for exports of manufactured goods from India", he adds.

FDIs may shift to US under Trump 2.0 but it is unlikely to severely impact FDIs inflow to India, says SBI Report

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/satya-nadella-microsoft-management-leadership-advice-how-to-run-business-2024-6">Satya Nadella</a> became the third CEO of Microsoft almost a decade ago.</li><li>The former engineer reformed its corporate culture and has driven growth with innovation and partnerships.</li></ul>When Satya Nadella took over as <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/leaked-microsoft-employees-engineers-salary-ai-pay-gap-2024-8">Microsoft</a> CEO on February 4, 2014, the company was struggling.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsofts-got-a-big-problem-with-windows-8-its-not-easy-for-windows-users-to-figure-out-2012-5">Windows 8 had been a disaster</a>. Microsoft employees were constantly battling behind the scenes for supremacy. And all the while, consumers and developers alike were losing faith in the company cofounded by Bill Gates.How times have changed.In January, as Nadella neared a decade in charge, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-becomes-world-most-valuable-company-market-cap-apple-ai-2024-1">Microsoft overtook Apple to become the world's most valuable public company</a> worth more than $3 trillion, although Apple later regained its crown.The resurgence has been credited to Nadella's savvy embrace of partnerships, dedication to innovation, and <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/satya-nadella-microsoft-powerhouse-ai-investment-openai-2024-7">shakeup of the company culture</a>.Here's how Nadella, 57, worked his way up the ranks of Microsoft and executed this startling turnaround.This article has been updated since its original publication in 2016.<div type="image" title="Satya Nadella Microsoft Build" height="1534" width="2738" msid="112873303" hostid="261" sizebytes="33824"></div><h2 id="397627e9-2f10-4655-8513-fc8083a9bd27">Upbringing and education</h2>Satya Narayana Nadella was born in Hyderabad, India in 1967.His father was a civil servant and his mother was a professor of the ancient language Sanskrit.From a young age, Nadella wanted to be a professional cricket player, and played in school. However, he realized that his athletic talent was outmatched by his passion for science and technology.Nadella received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Manipal Institute of Technology in 1988. "I always knew I wanted to build things," he once said.The institution didn't have a comprehensive computer science program, so he traveled to the US to attend the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and graduated in 1990.He later received an MBA from the University of Chicago.<div type="image" title="Microsoft store sign" height="2121" width="3182" msid="112873306" hostid="261" sizebytes="109380"></div><h2 id="07ae4982-da47-42cf-a398-d2075fca3555">Joining Microsoft</h2>Nadella stayed in the US and got a job on the technology team at Sun Microsystems, then one of the most innovative tech companies.But in 1992 he joined Microsoft, where cofounder Bill Gates was still CEO and Windows had just begun its march to world domination."I remember distinctly walking into building 22 at Microsoft in 1992 thinking that's the greatest job on earth I have and I don't need anything more," he said in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/dont-wait-your-next-job-do-best-work-microsoft-ceo-satya-roslansky/?trackingId=JKPtxUqmQPCHI0iSk3v0zA%3D%3D">an interview</a> with LinkedIn CEO Ryan Roslansky.Nadella's first projects included Microsoft's ill-fated interactive TV product and the Windows NT operating system.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-young-windows-nt-in-devcast-telethon-video-2017-9">A baby-faced Nadella also helped pitch Microsoft's Visual Basic in a telethon-style broadcast</a> designed for developers, circa 1993.<h2 id="a1e05fb0-fccc-4d0e-93b4-9c7e7f375618">Early career</h2>In his early years at Microsoft, Nadella impressed his coworkers and managers alike by commuting every weekend from Microsoft's Redmond, Washington, campus to Chicago to finish his MBA.By 1999, Nadella landed his first executive role as vice president of the newly created Microsoft Central, a set of web services for small businesses that included website hosting and email.In 2000, Microsoft got its second CEO: <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-former-microsoft-ceo-steve-ballmer-spends-fortune-2024-7">Steve Ballmer</a>.A year later, Nadella was promoted to corporate VP of Microsoft Business Solutions.By 2007, Nadella had taken another step up the ladder. He was made senior VP of Microsoft Online Services, putting him in command of the Bing search engine, as well as early online versions of Microsoft Office and the Xbox Live gaming service.In February 2011, Nadella was promoted to president of the Server and Tools division. It encompassed cash-cow products for data centers such as Windows Server and the SQL Server databases.But it was also home to one of CEO Steve Ballmer's boldest gambles, the Microsoft Azure cloud platform.<div type="image" title="Steve Ballmer Microsoft" height="1000" width="1315" msid="112873310" hostid="261" sizebytes="34472"></div><h2 id="5dd84cbd-aad5-4c2d-be3c-d983120d0ca7">Trouble at Microsoft</h2>In the early 2010s, Microsoft was running into trouble.On the PC side, Windows 8 was a disaster, the iPhone and Android were outrunning Windows phones by leaps and bounds, and Bing just couldn't make a dent in Google's search dominance.The company was facing an antitrust suit from the European Union and its stock price kept dropping.In August 2013, an embattled Ballmer announced his departure, sparking a search for a new CEO. The search committee included Ballmer and Gates.<div type="image" title="nadella gates ballmer" height="714" width="1000" msid="112873312" hostid="261" sizebytes="81518"></div><h2 id="8f12e3e2-d7b2-4666-a412-bca2d001b945">Nadella takes over</h2>In February 2014, after much rumor and speculation, Nadella was announced as CEO, with the support of Ballmer and Gates.He was awarded an $84 million first-year compensation package.Nadella quickly won over employees by making big changes, quickly, in an effort to right the ship and win back customers.He <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.thestreet.com/technology/satya-nadella-is-quoting-oscar-wilde-in-his-first-email-as-microsoft-ceo-12305159">sent a company-wide email</a> when he took over, calling for Microsoft to "prioritize innovation that is centered on our core value of empowering users and organizations."<h2 id="16ae683c-879a-4a80-aab0-0fdc3eb1415f">Partnerships with rivals</h2>Nadella proved he wasn't afraid to shake things up and invigorate the company by embracing partnerships with rivals including Apple, Google, and Amazon.He started by adopting the rival Linux operating system for the Azure cloud — a once-unthinkable move.But soon, Nadella had overseen the release of Microsoft Office for the Apple iPad; spent $2.5 billion buying Mojang, the studio behind the hit game Minecraft; and released first-class iPhone and Android apps, including Outlook.Innovation also led to the development of HoloLens, Microsoft's super-futuristic holographic goggles, and its first laptop, the Surface Book.When something didn't work he was unafraid to ditch projects, such as skipping Windows 9 to go straight to the superior Windows 10.Nadella's philosophy is about partnering and ensuring Microsoft software and services are available wherever customers are — even if that's not Windows.In fact, in 2015, Nadella used an iPhone on stage at an event to show off his favorite Microsoft apps. His predecessor Steve Ballmer, famously <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ballmer-snatches-microsoft-employees-iphone-at-company-meeting-pretends-to-stomp-on-it-2009-9">pretended to stomp on one</a> at a company meeting.<div type="image" title="Satya Nadella" height="1667" width="2500" msid="112873304" hostid="261" sizebytes="99996"></div><h2 id="3e881d2a-050d-4f99-8562-6c6b42694d52">Leadership style</h2>Nadella's approach to leadership was credited with reforming the company's culture.Many workers are fond of his leadership style, which emphasizes learning and making mistakes as a hedge against overconfidence and arrogance."It doesn't matter if you're a top executive or a first-line seller — he has exactly the same quality of listening," Microsoft executive vice president Jean-Philippe Courtois <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-leader-as-coach">has said</a>.<h2 id="7e87fbb0-79da-4d05-9363-861e2796c15a">Personal life</h2>Nadella, 57, and his wife, Anu, have had three children and live in Bellevue, Lake Washington.Their oldest son, Zain, was born with severe cerebral palsy and required specialized care. He died in 2022, aged 26."Becoming a father of a son with special needs was the turning point in my life that has shaped who I am today," Nadella wrote in<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blogs.microsoft.com/accessibility/satya-nadella-the-moment-that-forever-changed-our-lives/"> a 2017 essay</a> on LinkedIn.He called Zain "the joy of our family, whose strength and warmth both inspire and motivate me to keep pushing the boundaries of what technology can do."Nadella has said the experience has encouraged him to lead with empathy, telling <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/inspirational-stories/a46221/satya-anu-nadella-microsoft/">Good Housekeeping</a> "it has had a profound impact on how I think, lead and relate to people."<h2 id="18b1412a-52c4-4c02-9c90-bbfc66c963c4">Nadella's acquisitions spree</h2>Under Nadella, Microsoft has made some of its biggest acquisitions, including the $26 billion purchase of LinkedIn in 2016, the $7.5 billion acquisition of code-sharing site GitHub in 2018, and the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-set-to-buy-activision-blizzard-billion-2023-10">$69 billion deal</a> with video games publisher Activision Blizzard in 2023.Nadella has said <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-satya-nadella-shares-what-makes-good-acquisition-2023-10">he has two main criteria</a> when eyeing acquisitions: what value Microsoft can add and how much financial sense it makes.<div type="image" title="Satya Nadella standing between the OpenAI and Microsoft logos." height="1304" width="2000" msid="112873309" hostid="261" sizebytes="38986"></div><h2 id="ce34d74d-b43a-4173-ba30-0561e95e2080">What's next</h2>Nadella's been busy. And investors love it: From 2014 to 2015, his first year, Microsoft stock jumped 14%.But over the past decade, it's soared to new heights, and Microsoft started this year by knocking Apple off the top spot to become the<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-becomes-world-most-valuable-company-market-cap-apple-ai-2024-1"> world's most valuable public company</a> and becoming only the second to exceed a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-stock-price-market-cap-trillion-apple-ai-magnificent-seven-2024-1">$3 trillion valuation</a>. Apple has since regained the number one spot, but both milestones were highly notable.Nadella's biggest move in recent years has been <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-microsoft-openai-agreements-differences-iphone-chatgpt-sam-altman-2024-7">investing billions in OpenAI</a>.During the week of leadership chaos at OpenAI, Nadella stuck firm to ousted CEO Sam Altman, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-has-hired-former-openai-ceo-sam-altman-2023-11">offering him a job</a> at Microsoft. This provided crucial leverage for Altman to reclaim his CEO position while cementing Microsoft as an essential partner for the pioneering AI company.Microsoft is also making its own mark with a generative "AI companion" called <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-copilot-everyday-ai-companion-paid-subscription-2024-1">Copilot</a> to be integrated into its suite of apps. It's a bet on a future in which every person and organization has their own <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-personal-virtual-assistant-work-home-chatgpt-deepmind-2023-9">personal AI assistant to handle mundane tasks</a>.Vodafone and Microsoft also have a partnership to bring generative AI, digital and cloud services to European and African markets.January 31, 2024: This story was updated to clarify that the specific figures associated with Microsoft's investment in OpenAI haven't been officially confirmed.

Satya Nadella's career rise, from computer science student to turning Microsoft into a $3 trillion titan as CEO

<ul class="summary-list"><li>You can make thousands of dollars by donating some time or body parts to science.</li><li>But these procedures are not all painless, and not everyone can participate.</li></ul>Get dysentery. Play cards with someone who <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/clinical-trial-participant-pay-erase-credit-card-debt-2024-2">has the flu</a>. Or, spend 45 days trapped in a tiny apartment with three total strangers.These are just a few of the many ways you can get paid for helping out with scientific research. If you want to aid the science community and potentially save some lives while making a little extra cash, there are some unconventional options to consider.Below is a short list, though be warned: these strategies aren't all exactly easy money.<h2 id="3c59b846-ed49-45b2-96d6-5bed88659c4a">Sell your blood plasma</h2><div type="image" title="A woman wearing a white lab coat and hair net works in a laboratory examining bags of plasma from blood." height="1361" width="1815" msid="110573073" hostid="261" sizebytes="147044"></div>Payout (per donation): around $50Plasma is the largest component in human blood. It's a protein-rich liquid that contains mostly water but is also filled with enzymes, antibodies, and salts. This gooey, sticky yellow-ish stuff can be used to create therapies that treat people with blood clotting disorders, autoimmune diseases, and even burn victims. Donating plasma is often called "the gift of life" since treatments for some conditions can't be made synthetically and require this kind of human contribution.During plasma donation, blood is drawn and an automated machine separates the plasma from other blood components, which are returned to the donor. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/is-donating-plasma-good-side-hustle">Plasma donation pay</a> varies from site to site, but the average payout is typically around $50 per donation. You can donate safely roughly once a month, according to the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/types-donations/plasma-donation">American Red Cross</a>, and a typical session takes less than two hours. Find a <a target="_blank" href="http://www.donatingplasma.org/donation/find-a-donor-center">licensed and certified plasma center</a> near you.<h2 id="c299f302-a1f6-4b10-85f3-00c047a47a65">Donate your sex cells</h2><div type="image" title="A woman wearing a blue medical gown crosses her legs and covers her crotch with her hands." height="720" width="960" msid="110573074" hostid="261" sizebytes="28336"></div>Payout for eggs (per donation): usually $10,000 to $12,000;Payout for sperm (per donation): typically $35-$150Egg and sperm donation can allow couples who have trouble conceiving naturally to become parents by using a donor's sex cells. But the time commitment and risk involved in a woman's egg donation is far steeper than what a man goes through donating his sperm.In the United States, egg donors generally net around $10,000-$12,000. Weill Cornell outlines the standard <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://eggdonor.weillcornell.org/whats_involved/">steps for egg donation</a>, which requires about a four-week time commitment.During the egg donation cycle, patients are injected with fertility drugs so that the ovaries make more mature eggs than normal. (Eligible women are generally between the ages of 21 and 30). The egg retrieval procedure takes about 20 minutes but may require several days of recovery. Donors should be aware of the risks involved (largely related to the hormones used) before signing up.Men are generally paid anywhere from $35 to $150 per sperm donation, according to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://donors.thespermbankofca.org/">The Sperm Bank of California</a>, but sperm donation can really start to add up if you regularly donate samples (many programs require a six-month or one-year donation commitment).Donors should bear in mind that even if they choose to donate anonymously, sperm and egg donation is never really 100% incognito. Your DNA always knows who you are.<h2 id="c30eb745-1d1a-4ae6-a518-d5c1bfffb975">Spend 45 days on a fake spaceship</h2><div type="image" title="A man and woman work inside NASA's Human Exploration Research Analog, a capsule designed to simulate a spacecraft" height="586" width="1041" msid="110573075" hostid="261" sizebytes="75320"></div>Payout: $160/dayNASA will pay you to spend 45 days traveling in space. Well, sort of.You'll actually be on the ground the whole time in Houston, Texas, but you'll be locked inside a model space capsule (650 square feet) along with three strangers. This simulation is designed to study what being cooped up for a very long time inside a spaceship might do to a person, both physically and mentally. NASA wants to check this out thoroughly before they start sending astronauts on missions to Mars, or to explore faraway asteroids.Participants in NASA's human research program share a capsule with each other that includes some workspace for doing lab experiments, a little kitchen table for eating meals that are just like what's served aboard the International Space Station, plus an exercise bike and some free weights. There's no internet, but you do get your own little cozy sleeping pod on the top floor.The fake astronauts "on board" the capsule in May and June of 2024 include an aerospace engineering professor, a US Air Force Reserve member, a commercial pilot, and a biomedical engineer.And that mission is nothing compared to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-simulation-job-pay-qualifications-application-chapea-mission-2024-2">NASA's CHAPEA Mars simulation</a>, which keeps recruits in a simulated habitat of the red planet for 378 days. (NASA declined to comment on how much CHAPEA pays).<h2 id="7f0066f1-ade8-4f6a-a3cd-7c5383d36e88">Take part in a clinical trial</h2><div type="image" title="A woman in a purple shirt smiles as another woman draws blood from her arm." height="657" width="500" msid="110573076" hostid="261" sizebytes="27978"></div>Payout: Varies by programThe National Institutes of Health run a searchable database, <a target="_blank" href="http://ClincalTrials.gov">ClincalTrials.gov</a>, that rounds up human clinical studies ongoing around the world. Participants may be guinea pigs for new medical products, like drugs to treat high blood pressure, or they take part in observational research, like a study that records the effects of different lifestyles on heart health.Subjects are generally paid to participate in such clinical trials, and most of the time, the bigger the risk, the bigger the reward. For example, a participant in one study in which participants were exposed to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/man-drank-smoothie-that-gave-him-dysentery-for-vaccine-trial-2022-4">dysentery-causing bacteria</a> was paid over $7,000, while a single blood draw or lab visit for a more straightforward study may only be worth $100 or so.If you do decide to enroll in a study, choose wisely and carefully because <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/disclaimer">not all of the studies on the site are regulated</a> or evaluated for safety by the US Food and Drug Administration.<h2 id="9e5d70cb-4b97-4a29-920d-493bf19a1739">Enroll in a psychological study</h2><div type="image" title="Two friends sit on an orange couch playing video games." height="1321" width="1761" msid="110573077" hostid="261" sizebytes="278668"></div>Payout: Varies by programPaid psychological studies, such as those that examine human behavior and brain function, may not generate as high of a return as clinical trials, but they are generally lower risk and require a shorter time commitment.Most research universities keep an online database of studies so people can easily sign up. For example, here's a list of the most recent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://as.nyu.edu/psychology/research/participate-in-research/paid-studies.html">paid research studies offered by New York University</a>. At NYU, you can make $12 an hour playing video games, and receive a $50 bonus if you're good at it.<h2 id="fdff9d09-8115-44a3-a5c5-4e0c10b1bfd1">Give your dead body to science</h2><div type="image" title="A man in a white lab coat, safety goggles, and purple medical gloves dissects a tissue sample from a cadaver." height="2498" width="2966" msid="110573078" hostid="261" sizebytes="219708"></div>Payout: free cremationThis last idea is sort of morbid, but if you're worried about being a bother when you're dead, you can <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-working-at-a-body-donation-center-is-like-2019-12">donate your body to science</a>. This helps with various types of research and education.Places like <a target="_blank" href="http://biogift.org/">BioGift</a> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencecare.com/whole-body-donation-faq/">Science Care</a> will cover the costs of cremation, which can run upwards of $2,000.

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