Take a look at American Airlines' full history from its inception to becoming the largest airline in the world

Taylor RainsMar 28, 2022, 18:47 IST

American Airlines historic tails.Reuters

American Airlines' CEO Doug Parker is retiring on March 31 after two decades of leadership.
Analysts say he is leaving the company well-positioned "to take advantage of the post-pandemic recovery in travel."

American Airlines announced in early December that its long-running CEO Doug Parker is stepping down after 20 years at the helm.

American Airlines outgoing CEO Doug Parker.AP Photo/Tony Gutierrez

During Parker's two-decade tenure, he consolidated a number of carriers into American through mergers to create the largest airline in the world.

An American Airlines Boeing-777Getty Images

However, his leadership is just one part of the carrier's 95-year long history.

American Airlines CEO Doug ParkerREUTERS/Mike Stone

American's journey started in 1921 with the founding of Robertson Aircraft, a general flying service and manufacturing company. In 1926, the company operated its first-ever flight between St. Louis, Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois.

A Robertson DH 4 at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum in St Louis.Tim Vickers

American's journey started in 1921 with the founding of Robertson Aircraft, a general flying service and manufacturing company. In 1926, the company operated its first-ever flight between St. Louis, Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois.

The famous Charles Lindbergh was the pilot flying the maiden mail route, ferrying US envelopes and packages between the cities. The flight is considered the first regularly scheduled service of what would become American Airlines.

1926, Charles Lindbergh flying in a DH-4 U.S. mail plane.Federal Aviation Administration

The famous Charles Lindbergh was the pilot flying the maiden mail route, ferrying US envelopes and packages between the cities. The flight is considered the first regularly scheduled service of what would become American Airlines.

The same year, charter company Colonial Air Transport, formerly known as Bee Line, started carrying mail between New York and Boston.

1926, Colonial Air Transport begins first airmail flight between Boston and New York.Federal Aviation Administration

The companies were independent, but, in 1929, the two merged to create the holding company, Aviation Corporation. This was the first union that would eventually establish American Airlines, which consists of some 85 merged companies today.

Chandan Khanna/AFP via Getty Images

The companies were independent, but, in 1929, the two merged to create the holding company, Aviation Corporation. This was the first union that would eventually establish American Airlines, which consists of some 85 merged companies today.

Aviation Corporation was reorganized as an operator and renamed American Airways in 1930 after new laws and reduction of mail routes forced companies to rethink their business models.

American Airlines A321neo.Nathan Klemstein/Shutterstock

Aviation Corporation was reorganized as an operator and renamed American Airways in 1930 after new laws and reduction of mail routes forced companies to rethink their business models.

Finally, in 1934, the company became American Airlines after reworking its routes into a connected system. Cyrus Rowlett Smith, better known as C.R. Smith, was named CEO of American that same year.

C.R. Smith (center).Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Finally, in 1934, the company became American Airlines after reworking its routes into a connected system. Cyrus Rowlett Smith, better known as C.R. Smith, was named CEO of American that same year.

After eight years of shuttling mail, American began to invest in passenger service. Smith worked with aircraft manufacturer Donald Douglas to develop the DC-3 passenger plane that would change the course of airline history.

DC-3 aircraft.Federal Aviation Administration

After eight years of shuttling mail, American began to invest in passenger service. Smith worked with aircraft manufacturer Donald Douglas to develop the DC-3 passenger plane that would change the course of airline history.

The DC-3 was built to carry passengers and make air travel profitable for carriers without relying on government subsidies. The first version was the Douglas Sleeper Transport, also known as Skysleepers, which was delivered to American in 1936.

American Airlines' fleet of Douglas Sleeper Transport.Museum of Flight/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images

The DC-3 was built to carry passengers and make air travel profitable for carriers without relying on government subsidies. The first version was the Douglas Sleeper Transport, also known as Skysleepers, which was delivered to American in 1936.

The luxurious plane had 14 comfortable seats and four compartments that could convert into seven berths, with seven additional beds that folded down from the cabin ceiling.

Inside the Skysleeper berth.Boeing

The luxurious plane had 14 comfortable seats and four compartments that could convert into seven berths, with seven additional beds that folded down from the cabin ceiling.

The aircraft could carry 28 daytime passengers or 14 overnight passengers.

American Airlines "Flagship Maryland" DC-3.Pix/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

American flew the first DC-3 flight on June 15, 1936, from New York to Chicago. The company was also the launch customer for the standard 21-seater DC-3, which came shortly after the Skysleeper.

American Airlines DC-3.Ivan Dmitri/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

American flew the first DC-3 flight on June 15, 1936, from New York to Chicago. The company was also the launch customer for the standard 21-seater DC-3, which came shortly after the Skysleeper.

In the mid-1940s, American took interest in overseas operations. The company acquired American Export Airlines (AEA) in 1945, which already had transatlantic rights to fly across the pond to northern Europe — a market dominated at the time by Pan Am.

American Export Airlines.San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive

In the mid-1940s, American took interest in overseas operations. The company acquired American Export Airlines (AEA) in 1945, which already had transatlantic rights to fly across the pond to northern Europe — a market dominated at the time by Pan Am.

The international service started with Vought-Sikorsky VS-44 flying boats on routes between New York and cities like Shannon, Copenhagen, Berlin, Oslo, and Helsinki.

American Export Airlines Vought-Sikorsky VS-44A.San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive

AEA was renamed American Overseas Airlines (AOA) in 1945 and launched its first flight from New York to London Heathrow via Boston; Gander, Newfoundland; and Shannon, Ireland, using a DC-4 named Flagship New England.

American Overseas Airlines Flagship New England.Swedish National Heritage Board

AEA was renamed American Overseas Airlines (AOA) in 1945 and launched its first flight from New York to London Heathrow via Boston; Gander, Newfoundland; and Shannon, Ireland, using a DC-4 named Flagship New England.

However, unsatisfied with its performance, American sold AOA to Pan Am in 1950 and abandoned its London route, not returning to the city until 1982.

Pan Am American Overseas Airlines postcard.Delta Flight Museum

In 1953, American pioneered transcontinental travel using the DC-7 between New York and Los Angeles. It was the first airliner to operate the route in both directions.

American Airlines DC-7.Jon Proctor

In addition to the DC-3, American also had a hand in developing the DC-10 trijet. The company wanted a widebody plane that was smaller than the mammoth Boeing 747 but could still operate long-haul routes to airports with shorter runways.

McDonnell Douglas DC-10Boeing

In addition to the DC-3, American also had a hand in developing the DC-10 trijet. The company wanted a widebody plane that was smaller than the mammoth Boeing 747 but could still operate long-haul routes to airports with shorter runways.

American called on McDonnell Douglas in 1966 to produce the plane and placed an order for 25 of the new jet in 1968.

AlainDurand/Airliners.net

The DC-10 took its maiden flight in 1970 and first entered commercial service with American in 1971 on a roundtrip flight between Los Angeles and Chicago.

DC-10 prototype landing.San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives

In the 1970s, American started expanding, growing from a smaller US carrier to a large international player. In January of that year, the airline acquired Trans Caribbean Airways, gaining routes to places like San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Port au Prince, Haiti.

Trans Caribbean Airways DC-8.Ralf Manteufel

In the 1970s, American started expanding, growing from a smaller US carrier to a large international player. In January of that year, the airline acquired Trans Caribbean Airways, gaining routes to places like San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Port au Prince, Haiti.

In 1981, American West Airlines, which would become part of American's history, commenced operations out of its base in Tempe, Arizona. The carrier was led by Doug Parker and eventually acquired US Airways in 2005 but kept the US Airways brand.

America West Airlines.Jeff Robbins/Associated Press

In 1981, American West Airlines, which would become part of American's history, commenced operations out of its base in Tempe, Arizona. The carrier was led by Doug Parker and eventually acquired US Airways in 2005 but kept the US Airways brand.

Also in 1981, American opened its first base at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport after moving its headquarters from New York City to Fort Worth, Texas in 1979.

American Airlines headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas, taken in 2001.Tom Fox/Getty Images

American's hub-and-spoke system grew from Dallas. In 1982, the carrier opened a base at Chicago O'Hare International Airport and returned to London with daily nonstop flights from Dallas/Fort Worth to Gatwick.

An American Airlines DC-10 at London Gatwick bound for Dallas/Fort Worth.Tim Rees/Airliners.net

American's hub-and-spoke system grew from Dallas. In 1982, the carrier opened a base at Chicago O'Hare International Airport and returned to London with daily nonstop flights from Dallas/Fort Worth to Gatwick.

American's regional system, American Eagle, was established in 1984. Today, the airline has three wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Envoy Air, Piedmont Airlines, and PSA Airlines.

American Eagle jet.Seth Perlman/Associated Press

American's regional system, American Eagle, was established in 1984. Today, the airline has three wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Envoy Air, Piedmont Airlines, and PSA Airlines.

The carrier also delegates its regional flying to other contracted carriers, including Republic Airways, Mesa Airlines, and SkyWest Airlines.

A SkyWest Airlines Bombardier CRJ200 aircraft.Heather Dunbar / Shutterstock.com

Towards the end of the 20th century, American continued to expand through route acquisitions and mergers.

American Airlines at JFKEQRoy/Shutterstock

In 1986, the carrier announced it would buy AirCal, a California-based carrier, for $225 million.

Air California.RuthAS

This gave American the West Coast routes needed to expand into a nationwide airline and made it a strong competitor in the lucrative Los Angeles-San Francisco flight corridor.

American's AirCal special livery.EQRoy/Shutterstock

This gave American the West Coast routes needed to expand into a nationwide airline and made it a strong competitor in the lucrative Los Angeles-San Francisco flight corridor.

Shortly after, in 1990, American bought routes to Central and South America from defunct US-based Eastern Air Lines. The deal made American a dominant competitor in the region and helped it open its huge hub at Miami International Airport.

American Airlines at Miami International Airport.Arne Beruldsen/Shutterstock

Shortly after, in 1990, American bought routes to Central and South America from defunct US-based Eastern Air Lines. The deal made American a dominant competitor in the region and helped it open its huge hub at Miami International Airport.

Continuing eastward, American bought three Trans World Airlines routes to London Heathrow in 1991 for $445 million. This was the first time the carrier flew to Heathrow since the 1940s.

TWA 767-200Jon Proctor/JetPhotos

Continuing eastward, American bought three Trans World Airlines routes to London Heathrow in 1991 for $445 million. This was the first time the carrier flew to Heathrow since the 1940s.

In another merger in 1999, American purchased Reno Air for $124 million and integrated its network into its operation. However, it sold most of Reno Air's planes and eventually abandoned most of its Reno airport routes.

American Airlines Reno Air heritage livery.Angel DiBilio/Shutterstock

In another merger in 1999, American purchased Reno Air for $124 million and integrated its network into its operation. However, it sold most of Reno Air's planes and eventually abandoned most of its Reno airport routes.

American hit a snag in 1997 when the company's pilots went on strike over low wages. However, the strike was squashed by then-President Bill Clinton when he invoked the Railway Labor Act, forcing the crews to settle for lower-than-demanded pay.

American Airlines pilot Gary Keene walks a picket line with other pilots at Los Angeles International Airport on February 14, 1997.Kevork Djansezian/Associated Press

American hit a snag in 1997 when the company's pilots went on strike over low wages. However, the strike was squashed by then-President Bill Clinton when he invoked the Railway Labor Act, forcing the crews to settle for lower-than-demanded pay.

Fortunately, the company ended the century on a good note. In 1999, American, along with British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, now defunct Canadian Airlines, and Qantas founded the global alliance, Oneworld.

American Airlines oneworld livery.Tupungato/Shutterstock

Fortunately, the company ended the century on a good note. In 1999, American, along with British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, now defunct Canadian Airlines, and Qantas founded the global alliance, Oneworld.

Today, Oneworld consists of 14 airlines, though American has recently severed ties with Russia-based alliance member S7 Airlines over the country's invasion of Ukraine.

S7 Airlines oneworld livery.Media_works/Shutterstock

By 2001, American was flying to most corners of the globe, including Europe, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and South America. It continued to expand that year with the purchase of TWA and its base in St. Louis, Missouri.

TWA base at St. Louis before ceasing operations.St. Louis Lambert International Airport

By 2001, American was flying to most corners of the globe, including Europe, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and South America. It continued to expand that year with the purchase of TWA and its base in St. Louis, Missouri.

Through the early 2000s, American struggled to recover from financial losses after the 9/11 attacks, which involved two of the carriers' planes.

A memorial flag is illuminated near the spot where American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon on September 11, 2001.Stocktrek Images via Getty Images

It downsized its St. Louis base, eliminated its "More Room Throughout Coach" program, and ended three-class service on international flights.

An American Airlines jet is pushed back from its gate as it prepares for take off at Lambert St. Louis International Airport.Jeff Roberson/Associated Press

Nevertheless, through its standardization, the company was able to also expand to new cities in Ireland, India, and China. Finally, in 2005, the company posted a quarterly profit for the first time in over four years.

American Airlines A321neo.Nathan Klemstein/Shutterstock

Nevertheless, through its standardization, the company was able to also expand to new cities in Ireland, India, and China. Finally, in 2005, the company posted a quarterly profit for the first time in over four years.

However, American hit another roadblock during the financial downturn of 2008. Nearly 1,000 flight attendants were furloughed, and 20 MD-80 aircraft were grounded.

Chandan Khanna/AFP via Getty Images

The company's MD-80 fleet faced scrutiny from the FAA in 2008 and 2009 over wire issues and reported maintenance lapses, like failure to repair cracks in the bulkhead, incorrectly drilled holes, and improper engine coatings.

American Airlines MD-80.Eliyahu Yosef Parypa/Shutterstock

The company's MD-80 fleet faced scrutiny from the FAA in 2008 and 2009 over wire issues and reported maintenance lapses, like failure to repair cracks in the bulkhead, incorrectly drilled holes, and improper engine coatings.

The carrier eventually retired its MD-80s in 2019, replacing them with the newer Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 families.

Final American Airlines MD-80 flight before retirement.Wspin/Shutterstock

Meanwhile, all of the company's A300 fleet was retired in 2009 and permanently stored in Roswell, New Mexico.

American Airlines A300-600 landing at JFK.NYC Russ/Shutterstock

The company continued to make cuts through 2010, effectively closing the St. Louis base and cutting nearly 700 jobs.

St. Louis Lambert International Airport.Joni Hanebutt/Shutterstock

In 2011, AMR Corporation, American's then-parent company, filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The following year, the company started cutting flights due to grounded aircraft and pilot retirements.

American Airlines planes.Wilfredo Lee/Associated Press

In 2011, AMR Corporation, American's then-parent company, filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The following year, the company started cutting flights due to grounded aircraft and pilot retirements.

While American was working through bankruptcy, union contract negotiations prompted pilots to strike in 2012 over cuts to pay and benefits.

American's 2012 pilot strike at DFW.LM Otero/Associated Press

As part of the company's restructuring plan, it wanted to merge with another airline and eventually chose US Airways to create the new holding company, American Airlines Group.

American Airlines and US Airways tail sections.Reuters

As part of the company's restructuring plan, it wanted to merge with another airline and eventually chose US Airways to create the new holding company, American Airlines Group.

In 2013, the two completed their union to become the world's largest airline, a title American still maintains today.

American Airlines and US Airways aircraft.Susan Walsh/Associated Press

The merge kept the American Airlines brand but placed US Airways' CEO Doug Parker at the helm of the combined carrier.

Then-CEO of US Airways Doug Parker and then-Chairman, president, and CEO of American, Tom Horton.Reuters

The union was met with lawsuits from the Department of Justice and several other airlines who believed the merger would decrease competition and increase airfare.

Pilots, flight attendants, baggage handlers and other union members working for American Airlines and US Airways demonstrate urging the U.S. Justice Department to allow the two companies to merge.Reuters

However, all parties settled in November 2013 and allowed the merger to be finalized. The last US Airways branded flight operated on October 16, 2015.

Final US Airways flight prepares to depart Philadelphia in 2015.Kathy Matheson/Associated Press

Under the leadership of Parker, American continued to expand. In 2015, it flew its first revenue flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner as part of the carrier's fleet renewal plan to improve the customer experience and its network.

First American Airlines' Boeing 787.American Airlines

Under the leadership of Parker, American continued to expand. In 2015, it flew its first revenue flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner as part of the carrier's fleet renewal plan to improve the customer experience and its network.

From 2018, the company's international network changed as it began experimenting with transatlantic service from its Philadelphia hub. This decreased operations out of New York's JFK airport where American operated Boeing 777 planes.

An American Airlines Boeing-777Getty Images

From 2018, the company's international network changed as it began experimenting with transatlantic service from its Philadelphia hub. This decreased operations out of New York's JFK airport where American operated Boeing 777 planes.

However, in April 2021, American ramped up its JFK operation with the announcement of the powerful Northeast Alliance with JetBlue Airways.

American Airlines and JetBlue AirwaysChris O'Meara/AP

American and JetBlue's controversial alliance has worried competitor airlines and the Department of Justice, who say the partnership violates anti-trust laws.

American Airlines and JetBlue AirwaysJetBlue Airways

Nevertheless, the duo has strengthened its presence in the Northeast, strategically scheduling flights and codesharing on international and domestic routes.

American Airlines and JetBlue AirwaysNYC Russ/Shutterstock

Like almost every other global carrier, American faced significant financial losses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

American Airlines counter in Beijing during the pandemic.AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein

The company posted an $8.9 billion loss in 2020, furloughed 19,000 employees, retired over 100 aircraft, and was forced to rely on a government bailout to stay afloat.

American Airlines counter during COVID-19.AP Photo/Lynne Sladky

While American had to retire dozens of planes, the decision made its fleet the youngest of any US legacy carrier — a silver lining.

American Airlines aircraft.AP Photo/Steven Senne

After trudging through nearly two years of COVID-19, the airline announced in December that Doug Parker was retiring. Robert Isom, American's current president, will replace Parker as the new CEO.

American Airlines' incoming CEO Robert Isom speaks at a news conference about the company's new partnership with Alaska Airlines in February 2020.Elaine Thompson/Associated Press

After trudging through nearly two years of COVID-19, the airline announced in December that Doug Parker was retiring. Robert Isom, American's current president, will replace Parker as the new CEO.

In an analysis shared with Forbes, Jefferies Financial Group summarized December's announcement as a "changing of the reigns but no change in strategy." The company suggested American is well-positioned "to take advantage of the post-pandemic recovery in travel."

An American Airlines pilot.COOPER NEILL/AFP/Getty

In an analysis shared with Forbes, Jefferies Financial Group summarized December's announcement as a "changing of the reigns but no change in strategy." The company suggested American is well-positioned "to take advantage of the post-pandemic recovery in travel."

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Take a look at American Airlines' full history from its inception to becoming the largest airline in the world

American Airlines announced in early December that its long-running CEO Doug Parker is stepping down after 20 years at the helm.

During Parker's two-decade tenure, he consolidated a number of carriers into American through mergers to create the largest airline in the world.

However, his leadership is just one part of the carrier's 95-year long history.

American's journey started in 1921 with the founding of Robertson Aircraft, a general flying service and manufacturing company. In 1926, the company operated its first-ever flight between St. Louis, Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois.

The famous Charles Lindbergh was the pilot flying the maiden mail route, ferrying US envelopes and packages between the cities. The flight is considered the first regularly scheduled service of what would become American Airlines.

The same year, charter company Colonial Air Transport, formerly known as Bee Line, started carrying mail between New York and Boston.

The companies were independent, but, in 1929, the two merged to create the holding company, Aviation Corporation. This was the first union that would eventually establish American Airlines, which consists of some 85 merged companies today.

Aviation Corporation was reorganized as an operator and renamed American Airways in 1930 after new laws and reduction of mail routes forced companies to rethink their business models.

Finally, in 1934, the company became American Airlines after reworking its routes into a connected system. Cyrus Rowlett Smith, better known as C.R. Smith, was named CEO of American that same year.

After eight years of shuttling mail, American began to invest in passenger service. Smith worked with aircraft manufacturer Donald Douglas to develop the DC-3 passenger plane that would change the course of airline history.

The DC-3 was built to carry passengers and make air travel profitable for carriers without relying on government subsidies. The first version was the Douglas Sleeper Transport, also known as Skysleepers, which was delivered to American in 1936.

The luxurious plane had 14 comfortable seats and four compartments that could convert into seven berths, with seven additional beds that folded down from the cabin ceiling.

The aircraft could carry 28 daytime passengers or 14 overnight passengers.

American flew the first DC-3 flight on June 15, 1936, from New York to Chicago. The company was also the launch customer for the standard 21-seater DC-3, which came shortly after the Skysleeper.

In the mid-1940s, American took interest in overseas operations. The company acquired American Export Airlines (AEA) in 1945, which already had transatlantic rights to fly across the pond to northern Europe — a market dominated at the time by Pan Am.

The international service started with Vought-Sikorsky VS-44 flying boats on routes between New York and cities like Shannon, Copenhagen, Berlin, Oslo, and Helsinki.

AEA was renamed American Overseas Airlines (AOA) in 1945 and launched its first flight from New York to London Heathrow via Boston; Gander, Newfoundland; and Shannon, Ireland, using a DC-4 named Flagship New England.

However, unsatisfied with its performance, American sold AOA to Pan Am in 1950 and abandoned its London route, not returning to the city until 1982.

In 1953, American pioneered transcontinental travel using the DC-7 between New York and Los Angeles. It was the first airliner to operate the route in both directions.

In addition to the DC-3, American also had a hand in developing the DC-10 trijet. The company wanted a widebody plane that was smaller than the mammoth Boeing 747 but could still operate long-haul routes to airports with shorter runways.

American called on McDonnell Douglas in 1966 to produce the plane and placed an order for 25 of the new jet in 1968.

The DC-10 took its maiden flight in 1970 and first entered commercial service with American in 1971 on a roundtrip flight between Los Angeles and Chicago.

In the 1970s, American started expanding, growing from a smaller US carrier to a large international player. In January of that year, the airline acquired Trans Caribbean Airways, gaining routes to places like San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Port au Prince, Haiti.

In 1981, American West Airlines, which would become part of American's history, commenced operations out of its base in Tempe, Arizona. The carrier was led by Doug Parker and eventually acquired US Airways in 2005 but kept the US Airways brand.

Also in 1981, American opened its first base at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport after moving its headquarters from New York City to Fort Worth, Texas in 1979.

American's hub-and-spoke system grew from Dallas. In 1982, the carrier opened a base at Chicago O'Hare International Airport and returned to London with daily nonstop flights from Dallas/Fort Worth to Gatwick.

American's regional system, American Eagle, was established in 1984. Today, the airline has three wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Envoy Air, Piedmont Airlines, and PSA Airlines.

The carrier also delegates its regional flying to other contracted carriers, including Republic Airways, Mesa Airlines, and SkyWest Airlines.

Towards the end of the 20th century, American continued to expand through route acquisitions and mergers.

In 1986, the carrier announced it would buy AirCal, a California-based carrier, for $225 million.

This gave American the West Coast routes needed to expand into a nationwide airline and made it a strong competitor in the lucrative Los Angeles-San Francisco flight corridor.

Shortly after, in 1990, American bought routes to Central and South America from defunct US-based Eastern Air Lines. The deal made American a dominant competitor in the region and helped it open its huge hub at Miami International Airport.

Continuing eastward, American bought three Trans World Airlines routes to London Heathrow in 1991 for $445 million. This was the first time the carrier flew to Heathrow since the 1940s.

In another merger in 1999, American purchased Reno Air for $124 million and integrated its network into its operation. However, it sold most of Reno Air's planes and eventually abandoned most of its Reno airport routes.

American hit a snag in 1997 when the company's pilots went on strike over low wages. However, the strike was squashed by then-President Bill Clinton when he invoked the Railway Labor Act, forcing the crews to settle for lower-than-demanded pay.

Fortunately, the company ended the century on a good note. In 1999, American, along with British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, now defunct Canadian Airlines, and Qantas founded the global alliance, Oneworld.

Today, Oneworld consists of 14 airlines, though American has recently severed ties with Russia-based alliance member S7 Airlines over the country's invasion of Ukraine.

By 2001, American was flying to most corners of the globe, including Europe, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and South America. It continued to expand that year with the purchase of TWA and its base in St. Louis, Missouri.

Through the early 2000s, American struggled to recover from financial losses after the 9/11 attacks, which involved two of the carriers' planes.

It downsized its St. Louis base, eliminated its "More Room Throughout Coach" program, and ended three-class service on international flights.

Nevertheless, through its standardization, the company was able to also expand to new cities in Ireland, India, and China. Finally, in 2005, the company posted a quarterly profit for the first time in over four years.

However, American hit another roadblock during the financial downturn of 2008. Nearly 1,000 flight attendants were furloughed, and 20 MD-80 aircraft were grounded.

The company's MD-80 fleet faced scrutiny from the FAA in 2008 and 2009 over wire issues and reported maintenance lapses, like failure to repair cracks in the bulkhead, incorrectly drilled holes, and improper engine coatings.

The carrier eventually retired its MD-80s in 2019, replacing them with the newer Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 families.

Meanwhile, all of the company's A300 fleet was retired in 2009 and permanently stored in Roswell, New Mexico.

The company continued to make cuts through 2010, effectively closing the St. Louis base and cutting nearly 700 jobs.

In 2011, AMR Corporation, American's then-parent company, filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The following year, the company started cutting flights due to grounded aircraft and pilot retirements.

While American was working through bankruptcy, union contract negotiations prompted pilots to strike in 2012 over cuts to pay and benefits.

As part of the company's restructuring plan, it wanted to merge with another airline and eventually chose US Airways to create the new holding company, American Airlines Group.

In 2013, the two completed their union to become the world's largest airline, a title American still maintains today.

The merge kept the American Airlines brand but placed US Airways' CEO Doug Parker at the helm of the combined carrier.

The union was met with lawsuits from the Department of Justice and several other airlines who believed the merger would decrease competition and increase airfare.

However, all parties settled in November 2013 and allowed the merger to be finalized. The last US Airways branded flight operated on October 16, 2015.

Under the leadership of Parker, American continued to expand. In 2015, it flew its first revenue flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner as part of the carrier's fleet renewal plan to improve the customer experience and its network.

From 2018, the company's international network changed as it began experimenting with transatlantic service from its Philadelphia hub. This decreased operations out of New York's JFK airport where American operated Boeing 777 planes.

However, in April 2021, American ramped up its JFK operation with the announcement of the powerful Northeast Alliance with JetBlue Airways.

American and JetBlue's controversial alliance has worried competitor airlines and the Department of Justice, who say the partnership violates anti-trust laws.

Nevertheless, the duo has strengthened its presence in the Northeast, strategically scheduling flights and codesharing on international and domestic routes.

Like almost every other global carrier, American faced significant financial losses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The company posted an $8.9 billion loss in 2020, furloughed 19,000 employees, retired over 100 aircraft, and was forced to rely on a government bailout to stay afloat.

While American had to retire dozens of planes, the decision made its fleet the youngest of any US legacy carrier — a silver lining.

After trudging through nearly two years of COVID-19, the airline announced in December that Doug Parker was retiring. Robert Isom, American's current president, will replace Parker as the new CEO.

In an analysis shared with Forbes, Jefferies Financial Group summarized December's announcement as a "changing of the reigns but no change in strategy." The company suggested American is well-positioned "to take advantage of the post-pandemic recovery in travel."