JetBlue founder and low-cost airline veteran explains how struggling airlines need to adapt to survive right now

• Budget airlines like Spirit, Frontier, and Southwest are struggling to turn a profit.
• Low-cost veteran David Neeleman told BI that Spirit and Frontier should merge to survive.

Budget airlines are starting to look very different from their traditional no-frills roots. High costs, razor-thin margins, and an evolving travel market have forced them to switch gears.

Low-cost airline veteran David Neeleman — founder of five budget carriers since 1984, including JetBlue — told Business Insider that some of these struggling airlines have failed to adapt to a changing industry, especially in the uneven post-pandemic recovery.

He suggested Spirit and Frontier, which haven't turned profits since 2019, should merge their businesses like Alaska Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines did earlier this year. That is, if they can get it past federal regulators. In January 2024, a judge blocked JetBlue's $3.8 billion deal to buy Spirit.

"I think there is a place for [ultra low-cost carriers] in the market, but Spirit and Frontier had overlapped routes, so they were competing with everyone else and each other," Neeleman said in an interview. "I think if they stop competing with each other, they could carve out a niche, though it won't grow at the same rate as before."

The Wall Street Journal reported in October that Frontier was considering another offer to buy Spirit in a deal that's been on-and-off for years. Frontier CEO Barry Biffle declined to comment on the story during the company's earnings call on Tuesday.

Neeleman also said that Southwest, Spirit, and Frontier could benefit from adopting new money-making strategies, like bundling fares, offering more premium seats, and flying fewer traffic-heavy routes. That's something Southwest plans to begin in 2025 as part of a turnaround plan spurred by an activist investor.

"They're already starting to do some of this," he said. "Instead of just nickel and diming, airlines like Spirit and Frontier are doing more bundling, which is in line with what we at Breeze do, and we've found success."

The still-in-service airlines Neeleman founded, like JetBlue Airways, Azul Brazilian Airlines, Canada's WestJet, and Breeze Airways, largely follow this idea. Neeleman is no longer a part of JetBlue or WestJet but is chief of Breeze and is Azul's board chair.

JetBlue Airways, for example, now offers lie-flat business class and free WiFi. Breeze has domestic first-class and reclining coach seats.

Historically, these strategies have been absent from the likes of Spirit, Frontier, and Southwest, which have stuck to all-economy aircraft with little choice.

Mainline carriers, hoping to keep up with their growth, flooded the market with heavily discounted basic economy fares in hopes of poaching customers willing to pay more for an assigned seat or more room.

"Basic economy outran the supply, but there are people that will pay up for an upgraded experience, and that's what ULCCs are trying to modify," Neeleman said.

United CEO Scott Kirby also commented on the upsell trend in June, saying low-cost airlines are "going out of business" because flyers favor experience over ticket price.

Southwest should lean into change

Southwest has the opposite problem, Neeleman said. The airline has a good cabin product, but instead of charging for individual add-ons, he said, it included everything.

"Someone flying with just a backpack going to see their girlfriend doesn't need two checked bags but had to take the full checked bag fare — Southwest didn't give them a choice," he said. "I think people just want choice."

Neeleman sold his first carrier, Morris Air, to Southwest in 1993, in what he says was a "different era" in which the airline differentiated itself with an unconventional culture and product.

Now, Southwest is on the right path as it responds to pressure from the activist firm to adapt to modern times, he said. Starting in 2026, Southwest plans to assign seats, something it said 80% of its customers prefer.

Analysts say the move could bring in more business travelers who don't want to fight for a seat.

Low-cost airlines should continue to ditch barebones planes

Southwest shouldn't be the only one to move away from historical norms.

Neeleman said Frontier and Spirit must continue adjusting their business models to earn revenue and offset high operating costs.

In July, Spirit announced new bundling options and said it would eliminate some fees to target more premium customers. More recently, it announced plans in October to sell about $500 million worth of Airbus jets to cut costs and bring in cash. Shares rose about 12% after the announcement but are still down roughly 84% year-to-date.

"The problem Spirit has is they kept getting bigger airplanes, thinking if they just add more seats, there will be unlimited demand," Neeleman said. "That forced them to overlap with other carriers on already high-traveled routes. They have almost 90% overlap."

He said what makes Breeze more successful is that it is the sole operator on about 85% of its routes, which focus on niche, underserved markets — meaning no competition. Breeze also flies smaller aircraft, with its biggest jet hosting about 100 fewer seats than Spirit's largest, Neeleman said, making them easier to fill and profitable on routes competitors would struggle with.

Frontier, for its part, has unveiled similar bundling and premium seating options, including a "business class" that blocks the middle seat. It is also restructuring its route map to simplify its network and improve fleet utilization.

Those updates can't kick in fast enough for Frontier, which revealed lower-than-expected earnings on Tuesday, sending its stock price down about 15%.