How women in American politics have sent messages with their clothes through the years

According to Vox, Chisholm wore an all-white outfit to mark her historic election to Congress.

In 1972, Chisholm became the first Black political figure to launch a presidential primary campaign for a major party, and she also wore suffragette white as part of her campaign, Vox reported.

Wearing white as a tribute to suffragists is a practice that dates back to the early 20th century.

White was one of the colors of the American suffrage organization known as the National Women's Party, according to a 1913 newsletter from the group published by the National Park Service.

Suffragists wore feminine-styled white dresses to combat stereotypes perpetuated in the media and political cartoons, which portrayed them as masculine characters.

Many female political figures have carried on the tradition of wearing white to honor the women who fought for the right to vote.

New York Democratic Rep. Ferraro was a prominent feminist leader in the House of Representatives in the '80s and was nominated as the Democratic candidate for vice president in 1984 alongside presidential candidate Walter Mondale.

To accept her nomination, Ferraro, the first female vice-presidential candidate, wore an all-white suit. Vogue pointed out a full-circle moment: Ferraro's outfit was similar to one worn by the first female vice president Kamala Harris, who donned suffragette white for her victory speech following Election Day in 2020.

Ginsburg, who died in September 2020, made history as the second female appointed to the US Supreme Court. She is remembered as a champion for women's rights and gender equality through her many court decisions and dissents.

During her 27 years on the nation's highest court, Ginsburg often matched her jabots or necklaces to her approval or dissent for court opinions.

For example, her "majority opinion" jabot was a gold neckpiece with detailed pendants, and it was a gift from her law clerks, she told Katie Couric in a 2014 tour of her collar collection.

In her 2014 interview with Couric, Ginsburg also held up a studded necklace from Banana Republic and described it as her "dissenting collar," saying "it looks fitting for dissents."

Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright told NPR's Susan Stamberg that she used brooches to reflect the state of diplomatic relations throughout her term in the Clinton administration from 1997 until 2001.

Her penchant for symbolic jewelry started when she was a UN ambassador. Albright said that she was called a "serpent" by then-Iraqi president Saddam Hussein — and that moment later inspired her brooch choices as Secretary of State.

"I had this wonderful antique snake pin. So when we were dealing with Iraq, I wore the snake pin," Albright said.

Albright also wore a wasp brooch when she wanted to do "a little stinging and deliver a tough message," and chose crab- and turtle-shaped pins when diplomatic relations were moving slowly, according to NPR.

Albright wrote about her symbolic use of jewelry in her 2009 book, "Read My Pins."

Obama attended a gathering following Election Day in 2008 in a black-and-red dress by Narciso Rodriguez, an LGBTQ designer and the son of Cuban immigrants.

Her bold dress garnered mixed reactions — it was likened to a "lava lamp" by The New York Times — but people also applauded her choice to wear a design from a first-generation American designer.

Throughout her time as first lady, Obama continuously chose to wear dresses by Rodriguez, as well as Black-owned fashion labels, American immigrant designers, and young female entrepreneurs.

"I did know that my clothes were making a statement," Obama said in 2018 during an interview on her book tour. "So we decided, why don't we use this platform to uplift some young new designers who normally wouldn't get this kind of attention? Because you can change their lives."

For her last state dinner as first lady, Obama wore a metallic couture Versace gown made of tiny pieces of metal rings known as chain mail, which creates a mesh material that was often worn by knights.

Obama's gown was thought to conjure images of strength and female empowerment, according to The New York Times — particularly because designer Donatella Versace, described her collection at the time of being "all about a woman's freedom: freedom of movement, freedom of activity, freedom to fight for their ideas, freedom to be whomever you want to be."

It wasn't lost on people that the former first lady's female warrior-inspired dress came less than two weeks after The Washington Post released then-presidential candidate Donald Trump's "Access Hollywood" recording, in which he made lewd and derogatory remarks about women.

Obama wore a red dress by Narciso Rodriguez just weeks before the inauguration of President Donald Trump in January 2017.

The choice of the color red may have been her way of recognizing the transition to a Republication administration, Vanity Fair reported.

Red is traditional of the Republican party and became widely worn by supporters of Trump's presidential campaign, thanks to his "Make America Great Again" hats.

As Vanity Fair noted, Obama only wore red a handful of times during her time as FLOTUS — and one of the earliest moments was in 2008, when she celebrated her husband's election victory wearing the black-and-red dress by Rodriguez.

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Trump's monochromatic Ralph Lauren shawl, dress, and gloves, paired with Manolo Blahnik heels, conjured comparisons to classic styles worn by Jackie Kennedy in the '60s.

Following the inauguration ceremony, The Ralph Lauren Corporation released a statement about the first lady's outfit that emphasized its traditional American roots.

"The Presidential Inauguration is a time for the United States to look our best to the world. It was important to us to uphold and celebrate the tradition of creating iconic American style for this moment," the company said, according to Women's Wear Daily.

Trump's Ralph Lauren outfit was thought to echo a message her husband preached throughout his campaign and early in his presidency: "Follow two simple rules: Buy American and hire American."

Unlike Ralph Lauren, a number of other American fashion designers expressed refusal to dress the first lady. After her all-American look for Inauguration Day in 2017, Melania was often pictured in clothes from European labels.

Trump's former Democratic presidential opponent paid tribute to suffragists at Inauguration Day in January 2017 with a white Ralph Lauren pantsuit and coat.

Clinton's choice to wear all-white to Trump's swearing-in ceremony was thought to have sent a strong feminist statement and was likely a nod to the suffragists, according to Vanity Fair.

Clinton's apparent penchant for monochromatic pantsuits was present throughout her presidential campaign. During her final debate against Trump in 2016, Clinton also donned an all-white suit as another nod to the suffragists.

According to The New York Times, the pantsuit Clinton wore on Inauguration Day was designed as part of her 2016 presidential campaign's collaboration with Ralph Lauren. However, she didn't end up wearing it during her campaign.

On a visit to Saudi Arabia in 2017, the first lady wore a Saint Laurent python belt that later sold out on Net-a-Porter after she was photographed in it.

CNN reporter and author of "Free, Melania: The Unauthorized Biography" Kate Bennett previously told Insider's Ellen Cranley that the former first lady's statement belt and other metallic accessories seemed to be sending a message about gold as a commodity.

The accessories were "as if to say, 'Hey, Saudi Arabia, friend. We like gold, you like gold, we get you. Everything is cool,'" Bennett said.

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The former first lady, who also wore a pantsuit in her official White House portrait, may have worn the corporate-inspired silhouette to show that she means business, stylist Melissa Garcia previously told "Today."

The Ralph Lauren pantsuit she wore to welcome Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Sophie Gregoire Trudeau to Washington, DC, in 2017 got people's attention for its nostalgic skinny tie and masculine look.

Insider's Ellen Cranley also pointed out that according to Kate Bennett's book, "Free, Melania: The Unauthorized Biography," the former first lady's menswear outfits may have had something to do with Bennett's "theory that when the Trumps are unhappy with each other, Melania wears menswear — because Trump notoriously likes to see women in tight, short, ubersexy and feminine dresses."

This wasn't the first year that congresspeople made a statement in all-white outfits. In 2017, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi tweeted a picture of Democratic congresswomen wearing white to Trump's first State of the Union Address, saying: "Tonight, our Democratic #WomenWearWhite in support of women's rights -- in spite of a @POTUS who doesn't!"

In 2019, the monochromatic wave of suffragette white that filled the US Capitol during Trump's State of the Union remarks was even more symbolic, as a record number of women were sworn into Congress that January.

That year, many lawmakers spoke about why they chose to dress in the symbolic color.

For example, Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez tweeted at the time: "I wore all-white today to honor the women who paved the path before me, and for all the women yet to come. From suffragettes to Shirley Chisholm, I wouldn't be here if it wasn't for the mothers of the movement."

Insider's Eliza Relman reported that at least one Republican lawmaker joined in on wearing white to the 2019 address.

When she was sworn into the House of Representatives in January 2019, Ocasio-Cortez celebrated her heritage and paid homage to female political figures who came before her.

She wore an all-white suit — thought to be a nod to the suffragists — as well as hoop earrings and red lipstick, which she later said were inspired by Supreme Court Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor.

Ocasio-Cortez wrote in a tweet the day after being sworn in that when Sotomayor was in the process of being confirmed to the Supreme Court in 2009, she was advised to wear neutral nail polish "to avoid scrutiny," but she wore red polish instead.

"Next time someone tells Bronx girls to take off their hoops, they can just say they're dressing like a Congresswoman," Ocasio-Cortez wrote.

The "I really don't care, do u?" jacket, which was reportedly from Zara, caused backlash when the first lady was pictured wearing it to a visit with immigrant children in Texas in 2018.

The first lady's visit took place amid controversy over President Trump's "zero-tolerance" immigration policy.

People called the message on Melania's jacket insensitive, and others suggested it could have been an intentional political move to show that she would continue to defy what's expected of her as first lady.

Melania later said in an ABC News interview that the jacket was "kind of a message."

"It was for the people and for the left-wing media who are criticizing me," the former first lady told ABC News. "I want to show them I don't care. You could criticize whatever you want to say. But it will not stop me to do what I feel is right."

In July 2020, Ocasio-Cortez addressed Republican Rep. Ted Yoho of Florida for verbally accosting her outside the steps of Capitol Hill and calling her a "f---ing b----," an exchange that was first reported by The Hill.

Ocasio-Cortez wore a scarlet-red blazer and matching lipstick when she took the floor to respond to Yoho's speech. She later told Vanity Fair that she "had a little war paint on that day."

Kate Haulman, an associate professor at American University who teaches early North American and US history as well as women's and gender history, previously told Insider that she thought Ocasio-Cortez seemed to reclaim the color red.

"Red becomes so associated with the Republican party, and also because of the 'MAGA' hats," Haulman said. "I thought it was her way of saying, 'I'm reclaiming this color.' It was such a vibrant shade, too. I thought it was a real statement."

In September 2020, the now-first lady shared a message about the civic duty of voting. She not only set an example by casting her own ballot — but she also wore a pair of over-the-knee Stuart Weitzman boots with the word "Vote" etched down the calf.

She was pictured wearing the shoes while leaving the Delaware State Building in Wilmington, Delaware.

Biden's Stuart Weitzman boots were made in partnership with the nonprofit I am a voter, and profits from the sales of the limited-edition boots were donated to the organization.

Harris gave her first speech as the nation's first female, Black, and South Asian vice president-elect wearing an all-white suit from the female-founded brand Carolina Herrera.

Her outfit also included a blouse with a necktie style known as a lavallière that's more popularly called a "pussy bow."

The blouse style has become a symbol of female empowerment of sorts. The "pussy bow" style rose to popularity in the '80s when more American women began taking on executive positions in corporate environments and led to the creation of new, feminine versions of clothes that were adapted from menswear, according to Quartz.

Harris' outfit was also an example of monochromatic dressing, which often signifies "celebration in the Black community," according to a tweet from costume historian Shelby Ivey Christie.

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Pelosi made a statement by recycling a dark-colored outfit in January to mark Trump's second impeachment.

When the House of Representatives impeached President Donald Trump in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress in 2019, Pelosi wore a dark-colored dress with a gold necklace. She also wore a brooch shaped like the mace of the House of Representatives.

Her office confirmed to MSNBC that she wore the same ensemble with a face mask — minus the brooch — in January while impeaching Trump a second time for "incitement of insurrection."

Harris' outfit for Inauguration Day on January 20 was a monochromatic purple outfit by two Black designers Christopher John Rogers and Sergio Hudson.

Harris' outfit was not only her way of shining a light on American designers of color, but the vibrant purple hue was thought to be symbolic, too.

Her choice to wear purple may have been a nod to the suffragists, as it's also one of the colors of the National Woman's Party, an American suffrage organization.

The color of Harris' outfit could have also been a nod to bipartisanship, as purple is the combination of red (representing the Republican party) and blue (symbolic of the Democratic party). Hillary Clinton and Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren also wore purple on Inauguration Day.

Additionally, purple was one of the colors, along with red and yellow, that Harris used in her presidential campaign. Harris' campaign previously confirmed that the color scheme was inspired by those of Shirley Chisholm's presidential campaign.

The vice president also wore a pearl necklace, a symbol of her sorority, Alpha Kappa Alpha.

First lady Jill Biden stood by President Joe Biden's side on January 20 wearing an ocean-blue coat and dress from a New York City-based luxury brand, Markarian.

Markarian's designer, Alexandra O'Neill, told Insider that Biden's outfit was meant to communicate a message of "trust, confidence, and stability."

O'Neill also said that Biden's choice to wear an outfit from an emerging designer at the inauguration ceremony shows that the first lady "recognizes the power and impact" her style statements can have on up-and-coming brands.

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