How semitrucks are crash tested

• Just like consumer cars have to undergo crash testing, so do commercial semitrucks.
• Some of these tests are the same, but others are designed specifically for trucks.
• Thanks to these crash test trials, safety standards for trucks are only improving.

Following is a transcript of the video.

Narrator: Every year, there are half a million semitruck accidents in the US alone. That's why, just like passenger cars, these massive vehicles need to be crash tested to ensure they're safe for public roads. Besides the typical crash-impact trials every car undergoes, there are a number of tests specifically made for semitrucks.

Although not required by international regulations, Volvo Trucks and Volkswagen's Scania are famous for performing what's called the Swedish cab-strength test. Designed to simulate the damage impacted by a rollover crash, this test is meant to see if the cab will remain intact under high pressure. First, the roof is evenly loaded with a 15-ton weight. Next, a 1.4-ton pendulum barrel is swung full-speed into the cab's front A-pillar, the weakest part of the cab. Finally, a second pendulum barrel is launched into the cab's rear wall. In order to pass the test, the resulting damage must not breach the driver's survival space. The cab has to retain its original structure without any big holes or protruding sharp edges. The test is frequently described as the industry's most difficult. But as much as companies like Volvo and Scania brag about passing it, their engineers don't stop there, and their cabs are still subjected to plenty of actual high-speed-rollover tests.

But trucks need more than their cabs tested. The tractor trailers they carry are equally important, but it's not about protecting the trailers. These tests are for protecting passenger vehicles. In 2019, over 850 US drivers died in crashes with the rear or side of a semitruck. 80% of them involved some kind of underride, where a car ends up under the semi or its trailer. Stats like these are why the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests the use of underride guards. These are metal bumpers that hang down off the back and sides of the trailer. Tests involve sending midsize cars at 35 miles per hour into these guards to test their durability and the damage they prevent to passenger dummies. Unfortunately, these tests aren't required for trailers to pass safety standards. While side underride guards on trucks have been required by the European Union since 2003, they aren't mandatory on US roads.

Still, the most extensive crash testing remains impact trials. Familiar to anyone who's ever seen a crash-test video, impact tests help trucking companies analyze just how safe their cabs will be for drivers in a crash. Crash-impact tests take on a number of forms. This includes offset barrier tests, meant to simulate crashing into the back of a truck, and head-on-collision tests. In each test, these 120-ton trucks are crashed at speeds of 30 to 50 miles per hour. Researchers and engineers evaluate damage to the test dummies, which are designed to resemble actual human bodies as accurately as possible. They take thorough notes on which parts of the dummies received the most damage. This information helps researchers develop improvements to prevent that type of injury in future crashes. They also evaluate damage to the cab itself. This includes structures like its frame and electronic systems.

Semitruck crash testing hasn't stopped evolving, though. Just like EVs are expected to become the standard for the car industry within the next few decades, the same is true for semitrucks. Scania already launched its first electric truck last year. However, while a regular road-car chassis can package battery packs inside the wheelbase, the cab of a semi can't sacrifice any passenger or powertrain space to keep the batteries inside the frame. Instead, the cells go into boxes on the side, which replace the fuel tanks. Because of this design, these external battery packs and protective plastic casing around them need to be crash tested for durability. Scania uses a head-on impact from Volkswagen's Golf compact car traveling at 35 miles per hour. The desired result is that the energy from the impact is distributed throughout the structure surrounding the battery. The company hasn't released full data about the tests, but says "it went as expected and the battery emerged unscathed."

There are reasons companies like Volvo and Scania and the IIHS take truck crash testing so seriously. Every year, about 5,000 people are killed in crashes involving semitrucks in the US alone. In 2019, 67% were passenger-car occupants. It's the research gained from crash tests that help make trucks safer for those behind the wheel and the everyday drivers on the roads beside them.