FAA employees in a tiny room in Virginia are in charge of clearing airspace so rockets like Artemis I can launch

In just a few weeks, the US will be one step closer to returning to the Moon.

The Moon's horizon from the Apollo 11 capsule. NASA

NASA is offering people the chance to fly their name around the moon on its upcoming Artemis 1 mission

The last time man stepped foot on Earth's Moon was December 11, 1972, when Apollo 17 touched down on the lunar surface. Eugene Cernan was the last person to leave the Moon.

Apollo 17 Astronauts Harrison Schmitt, Ronald Evans, and Eugene Cernan (L-R). Bettman/Contributor via Getty Images

Source: World Population Review, Apollo 17 astronauts returned to earth 47 years ago today. These photos tell the story of the last manned lunar landing.

NASA conducted the missions and landed a total of 12 astronauts — the first being Neil Armstrong of Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969.

One of the few photographs of Neil Armstrong on the moon. NASA/Getty Images

Source: World Population Review

To this day, the US is the only country in the world to successfully land a human on the Moon, though others, including China and Russia, have tried.

China's unmanned Yutu-2 rover, part of its Chang'e 4 lunar mission, rolls across the far side of the moon in January 2019. China National Space Administration

Source: World Population Review, China's groundbreaking lunar rover found nearly 40 feet of dust on the far side of the moon

Now, after decades of waiting and anticipation, NASA is finally nearing its return — a feat it hopes to accomplish by 2026.

NASA's Artemis I. NASA/Frank Michaux

Source: Space.com

The goal of the mission, known as Artemis, is to establish a "gateway" to the Moon and build a base camp on its surface, according to NASA.

Artemis Base Camp. NASA

Source: NASA

The agency will start with the highly-anticipated Artemis I on August 29, which will be a 42-day unmanned flight test. Though, the date is subject to change.

Artemis I's Space Launch System (SLS) core stage. NASA

Source: NASA

Artemis II will be a flight test mission carrying astronauts…

Artemis II core stage assembly. NASA

Source: NASA

…while Artemis III "and beyond" will operate as regular crewed missions on and around the Moon.

Artemis III's core stage liquid oxygen tank dome. NASA

Source: NASA

Artemis I will be the first test of the Orion spacecraft, Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and the ground systems at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Artemis I at NASA's facility in Florida. NASA

The space vehicles will allow scientists to more thoroughly explore the lunar body, with the eventual goal of sending a human to Mars.

NASA's Pathfinder rover on Mars. NASA

Source: NASA

A mission as complex as launching a rocket into space requires the collaboration of government agencies, private companies, and multiple countries, like the Federal Aviation Administration, Lockheed Martin, Japan, the UK, and France-based Airbus.

Artemis' astronaut capsule. NASA

Source: US Department of State

The planemaker has produced the European Service Module for Artemis I, which will "provide propulsion, power, air and water for the astronauts, as well as thermal control of the entire spacecraft."

The European-built Service Module (ESM) for NASA’s Artemis II mission. NASA

Source: Airbus

The FAA has a particularly vital role during launches and reentries because it regulates the national airspace system (NAS), so its oversight is necessary to "efficiently managing air traffic during space operations."

FAA

Source: FAA

The FAA Space Operations Office, known as Space Ops, is the unit that specializes in integrating space operations into the NAS.

Challenger Room at FAA's Air Travel Control System Command Center in Virginia. Taylor Rains/Insider

Its Challenger room, where the agency oversees the Florida operations, is located at the agency's Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) in Warrenton, Virginia.

The FAA's Air Traffic Control System Command Center. Taylor Rains/Insider

Air traffic organization (ATO) space operations manager Duane Freer took Insider on a tour of the room to learn more about what goes on behind the scenes during space launches.

The FAA's Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

According to Freer, the Challenger room was dedicated on November 8, 2018, to the FAA's former deputy director of system operation services Virginia Boyle…

The FAA's Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

…and named after the Space Shuttle Challenger crew who tragically died in an accident in 1986.

The Challenger Crew (L-R): Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, Judith Resnik, Dick Scobee, Ronald McNair, Michael J. Smith, and Ellison Onizuka. NASA

The agency's oversight of the missions started in 2014 when it began collaborating with the federal ranges that previously oversaw the operations, including Wallops Flight Facility, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, and Vandenburg Space Force Base, Freer told Insider.

Inside the Wallops range control center NASA

The decision came as space operations rapidly started increasing, mainly due to the use of constellation satellite systems versus monolithic ones, like SpaceX's Starlink.

Illustration of SpaceX's Starlink network of satellites. Getty Images

Elon Musk's SpaceX Starlink has inked its first deal with a major airline to offer passengers in-flight Wi-Fi

Freer said there are an estimated 100,000 satellites to be put into orbit in the future, so the FAA realized the need for improved airspace management.

Syncom IV satellite orbiting Earth, pictured in 1984. NASA

Initially, the ranges ran the missions with airspace given to them by the FAA, which then got a phone call saying the mission was done. But, there was a time lag in communication, resulting in airspace closing much longer than needed.

A map of restricted airspace for a 2013 SpaceX Falcon 9 launch. US Air Force

Because commercial operators compete for the same airspace, Freer said "efficiency is the upmost importance," and the agency started innovating its systems to reduce the time airspace was closed during each launch.

The FAA's Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

In 2018, which is when the FAA started real-time operations from the Challenger room, the airspace around Cape Canaveral was closed for up to four hours per launch.

The FAA's Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

This means airlines and general aviation aircraft had to avoid the area for extended periods of time. Many had to take delays due to the issue or circumvent the East Coast of Florida, burning more fuel and spending more time in the air.

Laura Waring eventually secured a seat 13 hours after her original flight was cancelled. Justin Sullivan / Staff / Getty

For example, a SpaceX launch in 2018 impacted a total of 563 flights, collected 4,645 minutes of delays, and caused aircraft to fly an additional 34,841 miles to circumvent the restricted airspace, according to the FAA.

The 2018 launch carried Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster. SpaceX

Source: Vox, Elon Musk is launching his Tesla Roadster into space to prove a point — but it's also a brilliant marketing move

However, the FAA wanted only to reroute affected planes, meaning those that were to enter the aircraft hazard area, which is a a three dimensional space spanning from the ground to 60,000 feet in the air, per the agency.

Sample hazard area. FAA

Source: FAA

Instead of waiting on the launch operator, like NASA or SpaceX, to give the go-ahead to reopen the airspace, the FAA can now better estimate when the space vehicle will launch and when any potential debris will be gone from the area.

The FAA's Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

The information helps air traffic controllers know when to start detouring planes around the closed airspace, how long they will need to keep them clear, and when they can move them back in.

Air traffic controller. Burben/Shutterstock

"We took a time-based approach using our existing tools to strategically manage the aircraft so they get out of the airspace right before the launch and back in post-launch," he said. "We want to reopen the airspace as soon as we can."

Ulrich Zillmann/Getty Images

The agency also has a hotline open during missions, which has the range, operators, the Department of Defense, and all air traffic facilities involved, so they have real-team awareness of when the airspace should be closed and reopened.

The FAA's Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

For example, SpaceX supercools its liquid oxygen on its Falcon 9, so once it starts loading the fuel, it can only keep it cool long enough to launch for 35 minutes. SpaceX notifies the FAA of when that process starts.

SpaceX Falcon 9. Getty Images

The FAA then knows that SpaceX has to launch in 35 minutes or scrub. If the company has a three-hour window, the agency can do the math and release hours of airspace back to the system.

$The FAA then knows that SpaceX has to launch in 35 minutes or scrub. If the company has a three-hour window, the agency can do the math and release hours of airspace back to the system.$

The FAA's Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

They also build in time for SpaceX's booster to land back on Earth, which can be about eight minutes.

SpaceX booster returning to Earth. Patrick T. Fallon/AFP via Getty Images

Moreover, the agency works with airlines and general aviation operators to ensure they know the plan, like posting Notice to Air Missions (NOTAMS) and sending the Airspace Management Plan (AMP) three to five days in advance.

Map of airspace restrictions for a launch. FAA

Source: FAA, Skybrary

"The aviation community knows there is an operation planned on a specific day, but it doesn't have specifics," Freer explained. "It gives them awareness, but then we give them specifics later, so it is an iterative approach informing them."

Southwest's Network Operations Center where dispatchers work. BOKA Powell

Based on the information, carriers can make their own business decisions based on the parameters outlined by the FAA, like moving aircraft or taking delays.

Jonathan Weiss/Shutterstock

He further explained to Insider that the agency shoots for closing the airspace for as little time as possible, but it could be closed for up to two hours due to the complexities of some missions.

The moon rises past NASA's Space Launch System, which it's building to return astronauts to the moon, on June 14, 2022, at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. NASA/Ben Smegelsky

Supporting the process is the FAA's innovative Space Data Integrator (SDI) prototype that sends position and performance information from the vehicle to the ATCSSC. It is only deployed on a handful of rockets right now, like the SpaceX Dragon.

Example of the SDI dashboard in the Challenger Room. Taylor Rains/Insider

The technology, which was first used for the SpaceX Transporter 2 launch on June 30, allows the agency to track a space vehicle in near-real time, which the agency says "vastly improves the FAA's situational awareness of where the vehicle is."

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket at the Kennedy Space Center on April 26, 2022, in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Paul Hennessy/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images

Source: FAA

Freer emphasized that the airspace closures are for public safety, and the FAA guards against planned or unplanned events, like anomalies with the vehicle.

Example of airspace restriction during a rocket launch. FAA

"Even in the event of an anomaly, we know how long the debris will be present and the danger to aircraft," Freer explained. "So, if something were to go wrong, we could evacuate that airspace, which is an extra layer of safety."

SpaceX debris found in Australia. Brad Tucker via Reuters

An apparent meteor shower over the Pacific Northwest was actually burning space debris from a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket — take a look

Freer showed Insider the June 30 SpaceX launch that had the SDI prototype. A lot of the information was color-coded and there were time stamps that indicated when the next important stage of the launch was to occur.

Space Data Integrator system demonstration. Taylor Rains/Insider

There was also a video of the rocket during launch, which helps the FAA visualize what is happening in real-time. As the SDI evolves, it will become a key component in the agency's ability to open airspace more quickly.

The rocket's onboard camera relays a visual of the spacecraft before and during the launch, as well as on reentry. Taylor Rains/Insider

In the future, the time-based launch procedures will be used in the Gulf of Mexico at Boca Chica, SpaceX's Texas-based spaceport. The FAA also anticipates two other space operators to have SDI installed on their vehicles by the end of the year.

A drone photo of SpaceX's emerging Starship rocket complex taken in January 2019. RGV Aerial Photography

Aerial photos of SpaceX's Starship site reveal the stunning evolution of its Mars-rocket facility amid a South Texas beach community

According to Freer, the FAA safely managed a record-breaking 72 launches and reentries in the 2021 fiscal year and is estimated to manage in excess of 100 in 2022.

An Atlas V rocket carrying the Boeing Starliner spacecraft lifts off from Cape Canaveral on Thursday, May 19. Paul Hennessy/Getty Images

FAA employees in a tiny room in Virginia are in charge of clearing airspace so rockets like Artemis I can launch see inside

Taylor Rains

In just a few weeks, the US will be one step closer to returning to the Moon.

The last time man stepped foot on Earth's Moon was December 11, 1972, when Apollo 17 touched down on the lunar surface. Eugene Cernan was the last person to leave the Moon.

NASA conducted the missions and landed a total of 12 astronauts — the first being Neil Armstrong of Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969.

To this day, the US is the only country in the world to successfully land a human on the Moon, though others, including China and Russia, have tried.

Now, after decades of waiting and anticipation, NASA is finally nearing its return — a feat it hopes to accomplish by 2026.

The goal of the mission, known as Artemis, is to establish a "gateway" to the Moon and build a base camp on its surface, according to NASA.

The agency will start with the highly-anticipated Artemis I on August 29, which will be a 42-day unmanned flight test. Though, the date is subject to change.

Artemis II will be a flight test mission carrying astronauts…

…while Artemis III "and beyond" will operate as regular crewed missions on and around the Moon.

Artemis I will be the first test of the Orion spacecraft, Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and the ground systems at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The space vehicles will allow scientists to more thoroughly explore the lunar body, with the eventual goal of sending a human to Mars.

A mission as complex as launching a rocket into space requires the collaboration of government agencies, private companies, and multiple countries, like the Federal Aviation Administration, Lockheed Martin, Japan, the UK, and France-based Airbus.

The planemaker has produced the European Service Module for Artemis I, which will "provide propulsion, power, air and water for the astronauts, as well as thermal control of the entire spacecraft."

The FAA has a particularly vital role during launches and reentries because it regulates the national airspace system (NAS), so its oversight is necessary to "efficiently managing air traffic during space operations."

The FAA Space Operations Office, known as Space Ops, is the unit that specializes in integrating space operations into the NAS.

Its Challenger room, where the agency oversees the Florida operations, is located at the agency's Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) in Warrenton, Virginia.

Air traffic organization (ATO) space operations manager Duane Freer took Insider on a tour of the room to learn more about what goes on behind the scenes during space launches.

According to Freer, the Challenger room was dedicated on November 8, 2018, to the FAA's former deputy director of system operation services Virginia Boyle…

…and named after the Space Shuttle Challenger crew who tragically died in an accident in 1986.

The agency's oversight of the missions started in 2014 when it began collaborating with the federal ranges that previously oversaw the operations, including Wallops Flight Facility, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, and Vandenburg Space Force Base, Freer told Insider.

The decision came as space operations rapidly started increasing, mainly due to the use of constellation satellite systems versus monolithic ones, like SpaceX's Starlink.

Freer said there are an estimated 100,000 satellites to be put into orbit in the future, so the FAA realized the need for improved airspace management.

Initially, the ranges ran the missions with airspace given to them by the FAA, which then got a phone call saying the mission was done. But, there was a time lag in communication, resulting in airspace closing much longer than needed.

Because commercial operators compete for the same airspace, Freer said "efficiency is the upmost importance," and the agency started innovating its systems to reduce the time airspace was closed during each launch.

In 2018, which is when the FAA started real-time operations from the Challenger room, the airspace around Cape Canaveral was closed for up to four hours per launch.

This means airlines and general aviation aircraft had to avoid the area for extended periods of time. Many had to take delays due to the issue or circumvent the East Coast of Florida, burning more fuel and spending more time in the air.

For example, a SpaceX launch in 2018 impacted a total of 563 flights, collected 4,645 minutes of delays, and caused aircraft to fly an additional 34,841 miles to circumvent the restricted airspace, according to the FAA.

However, the FAA wanted only to reroute affected planes, meaning those that were to enter the aircraft hazard area, which is a a three dimensional space spanning from the ground to 60,000 feet in the air, per the agency.

Instead of waiting on the launch operator, like NASA or SpaceX, to give the go-ahead to reopen the airspace, the FAA can now better estimate when the space vehicle will launch and when any potential debris will be gone from the area.

The information helps air traffic controllers know when to start detouring planes around the closed airspace, how long they will need to keep them clear, and when they can move them back in.

"We took a time-based approach using our existing tools to strategically manage the aircraft so they get out of the airspace right before the launch and back in post-launch," he said. "We want to reopen the airspace as soon as we can."

The agency also has a hotline open during missions, which has the range, operators, the Department of Defense, and all air traffic facilities involved, so they have real-team awareness of when the airspace should be closed and reopened.

For example, SpaceX supercools its liquid oxygen on its Falcon 9, so once it starts loading the fuel, it can only keep it cool long enough to launch for 35 minutes. SpaceX notifies the FAA of when that process starts.

The FAA then knows that SpaceX has to launch in 35 minutes or scrub. If the company has a three-hour window, the agency can do the math and release hours of airspace back to the system.

They also build in time for SpaceX's booster to land back on Earth, which can be about eight minutes.

Moreover, the agency works with airlines and general aviation operators to ensure they know the plan, like posting Notice to Air Missions (NOTAMS) and sending the Airspace Management Plan (AMP) three to five days in advance.

"The aviation community knows there is an operation planned on a specific day, but it doesn't have specifics," Freer explained. "It gives them awareness, but then we give them specifics later, so it is an iterative approach informing them."

Based on the information, carriers can make their own business decisions based on the parameters outlined by the FAA, like moving aircraft or taking delays.

He further explained to Insider that the agency shoots for closing the airspace for as little time as possible, but it could be closed for up to two hours due to the complexities of some missions.

Supporting the process is the FAA's innovative Space Data Integrator (SDI) prototype that sends position and performance information from the vehicle to the ATCSSC. It is only deployed on a handful of rockets right now, like the SpaceX Dragon.

The technology, which was first used for the SpaceX Transporter 2 launch on June 30, allows the agency to track a space vehicle in near-real time, which the agency says "vastly improves the FAA's situational awareness of where the vehicle is."

Freer emphasized that the airspace closures are for public safety, and the FAA guards against planned or unplanned events, like anomalies with the vehicle.

"Even in the event of an anomaly, we know how long the debris will be present and the danger to aircraft," Freer explained. "So, if something were to go wrong, we could evacuate that airspace, which is an extra layer of safety."

Freer showed Insider the June 30 SpaceX launch that had the SDI prototype. A lot of the information was color-coded and there were time stamps that indicated when the next important stage of the launch was to occur.

There was also a video of the rocket during launch, which helps the FAA visualize what is happening in real-time. As the SDI evolves, it will become a key component in the agency's ability to open airspace more quickly.

In the future, the time-based launch procedures will be used in the Gulf of Mexico at Boca Chica, SpaceX's Texas-based spaceport. The FAA also anticipates two other space operators to have SDI installed on their vehicles by the end of the year.

According to Freer, the FAA safely managed a record-breaking 72 launches and reentries in the 2021 fiscal year and is estimated to manage in excess of 100 in 2022.

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