THE FRAGILE FIVE: Here's What's Happening In The Five Emerging Markets Causing Chaos In World Markets
These were the troubled emerging market currencies under the most pressure against the U.S. dollar and each of these has a significant current account deficit problem.
Speaking to Business Insider's Joe Weisenthal at Davos, economist Nouriel Roubini said "there is a layer of political uncertainty, with the "Fragile Five" having parliamentary or presidential elections: India, Indonesia, Turkey, Brazil, South Africa."
Here's a quick reminder of the Fragile Five and what to watch for there.
Brazil real
The real is down over 15% against the USD in the past year. Brazil has a current account deficit of 3.59% of GDP.
Speaking in London, Brazil's central bank president Alexandre Tombini said policymakers would fight inflation in a statement that was more hawkish than some had expected. The central bank has already raised its Selic rate seven consecutive times to 10.5% to clamp down on inflation.
"The Brazilian response has been very classic - tightening policy, using foreign reserves as buffers," Tombini told the Financial Times. "Other countries will have to follow suit . . . some may be reluctant."
Brazil will see presidential, general and local elections in the fourth quarter of 2013.
Indian rupee
The rupee is down some 14% against the USD in the past year. India has a current account deficit of 4.37% of GDP.
India's wholesale price inflation has been cooling but the slowdown in food prices could be temporary. Meanwhile, consumer prices are still high at 9.87%. WPI doesn't factor in the cost of services and because it accounts for prices at the wholesale level it doesn't measure prices as they trickle down to the consumer.
But the downward trend in inflation does give the Reserve Bank of India room to keep interest rates on hold, even as the government tries to curb expenditures, in an election year, as it tries to rein in its fiscal deficit.
"With external demand showing signs of petering out and domestic demand remaining highly fragile, the economy is clearly on a weak footing," writes Kunal Kundu of Societe Generale.
India sees general elections in May. There is some concern that no matter which party is voted into power, it will have to form a coalition with smaller parties and some states will continue to be controlled by opposition parties and that too could stall reform.
Indonesian rupiah
The rupiah was the worst performing emerging market currency in 2013 and is down 21% against the USD in the past year. Indonesia has a current account deficit of 3.71% of GDP.
Some expect that the rupiah will strengthen in the second half of this year after its presidential elections on July 9. The country has seen some unrest following fuel price hikes.
The central bank kept its key rate unchanged in January after raising it 175 basis points since early June. While Indonesia is worried about its current account deficit, it is unlikely to raise rates on account of inflation which it expects will ease to its target range this year.
Turkish lira
The lira is down 24% against the USD in the past year. Turkey has a current account deficit of 7.22% of GDP.
The lira has been getting punished on the back of a corruption scandal threatening prime minister Tayyip Erdogan and the ruling AKP party. But Turkey also has a current account deficit and unsustainable construction fueled economic growth.
The central bank has called for an emergency meeting and some are anticipating that it will raise rates to help bolster the currency. But economists warn that any reprieve could be temporary.
Turkey sees municipal elections in March and a presidential election in August.
South African rand
The rand is down over 19% against the USD in the past year. South Africa has a current account deficit of 6.8% of GDP.
Like the other countries on this list the rand is weighed down by South Africa's current account deficit (CAD) and a rising real effective exchange rate (REER) which is expected to worsen CAD concerns.
The rand is also more vulnerable to a slowdown in China and the impact that it could have on commodity prices, specifically industrial metals. In South Africa, we saw wildcat protests to raise the wages of the lowest-paid miners so they were growing faster than inflation.
South Africa has notoriously kept its interest rate unchanged since July 2012.
Note all CAD figures are as of September 30, 2013.