The wildest scientific discoveries of 2017

Living creatures have two kinds of amino acid pairs: A-T (adenine – thymine) and G-C (guanine – cytosine). This alphabet of four letters writes our DNA, and forms the basis for all genetic information in the natural world.

But scientists say they've just invented two new letters, an unnatural pair of X-Y bases.

In November, they demonstrated how these synthetic cell parts can function seamlessly alongside natural bases in the DNA of E. coli.

Floyd Romesburg, who led the research at The Scripps Research Institute in California, told Business Insider that his new invention could improve the way we treat diseases. For example, it could change the way proteins degrade inside the body, helping drugs stay in your system longer. Romesburg says the team is investigating how the finding might help cancer treatments and drugs for autoimmune diseases.

The formation of a cool $100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 of gold happened when two super-small, super-dense stars smashed into each other 130 million light years away from Earth, researchers discovered.

The crash also produced huge stores of silver and platinum.

The finding, reported by a group of 4,000 very excited astronomers in October, came from scientists' first-ever sighting of two neutron stars colliding.

The two massive, exploded stars hit each other at one-third the speed of light, and created gravitational waves. Scientific instruments on Earth picked up the waves from that crash, an event astronomers say only happens once every 100,000 years.

Researchers found a 100-foot-long cavern using an innovative imaging technique that depends on high-speed particles called muons. The particles are made when cosmic rays from supernovas, merging neutron stars, black holes, and other high-energy objects reach Earth and interact with air molecules.

Researchers used these cosmic rays to penetrate millions of tons of rock in the pyramids and reveal the hidden void via particle detectors.

They say they're "99.9999%" certain that the big space exists, but don't think it's necessarily a special tomb or chamber.

The treatment, called CAR T-cell therapy, treats cancer in a completely new way by removing a patient's cells, re-engineering them, and then re-inserting them into the body to go after cancer cells.

In August the FDA approved Novartis' Kymriah, a treatment that uses the body's immune system to attack pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Novartis said the approach costs $475,000 per person.

In October, another kind of CAR-T treatment, Yescarta, was approved for adults to treat the blood cancer known as aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

In July, a Delaware-sized hunk of ice broke off the Larsen C ice shelf in Antarctica and began sailing away. It's the third largest iceberg ever recorded.

Scientists are also worried about the icy tundra at the other pole: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said in December that "the Arctic shows no sign of returning to the reliably frozen region it was decades ago."

The seven globes orbit a star in a neighboring solar system, known as TRAPPIST-1. At least six of them are rocky planets like our own.

Scientists say these exoplanets are in what's known as the 'Goldilocks Zone' — not too hot, not too cold, but just right for life to thrive. And they're just down the block, universally speaking: only 40 light years from Earth.

NASA scientists were pretty pumped about the find, because they say these planets are close enough for further study.

Before the Cassini probe plunged to its death on September 15, it beamed back amazing photos of Saturn as we'd never seen the planet before.

After 13 years orbiting Saturn, Cassini's 'grand finale' mission began with a flyby of the planet's moon, Titan. Then Cassini jetted through a 1,200-mile opening between Saturn and its rings of ice, a new feat.

The spacecraft ultimately headed down into the planet's clouds and burned up — a move scientists had planned to avoid the chance that the probe would run out of fuel and crash into one of Saturn's moons.

The Embrace neo-natal MRI system is the first one approved as safe enough to put in the same room as premature babies who are being treated in the hospital.

Before the babies are imaged, they're swaddled in a special suit and get MRI earplugs. Then the newborns are laid inside a tube so doctors can gather information about their condition.

The scanner looks kind of like the pneumatic tube systems at a drive-thru bank. It's fully enclosed, which means the other tiny humans in the hospital ward don't have to worry about exposure to powerful magnets or radiation.

Boosters are usually the most expensive part of a multi-stage rocket launch, and traditionally, they end up at the bottom of the ocean after a single use.

But SpaceX CEO Elon Musk is banking on the reusable Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy booster systems, which can be re-used relatively quickly and cheaply, saving $18 million a launch. (What a bargain.)

The first time Musk managed to salvage one of these reusable rockets was on March 30th, when a Falcon 9 delivered a satellite into orbit, and then its first-stage booster fell back into the atmosphere and landed itself on a drone ship in the Atlantic Ocean.

"Right in the bull's-eye," Musk said.

If successful, the process of implanting some pig organs into people could be a big win for the more than 118,000 patients on the waiting list for transplants in the US.

In August, Cambridge-based biotech startup eGenesis announced that the company used the CRISPR gene editing tool to engineer pigs that won't transmit key viruses into humans, a major hurdle in the effort to safely use pig parts in people.

In another CRISPR move this year, biologists in Oregon successfully edited the DNA of viable human embryos. That could be a first step toward one day editing out genetic diseases and correcting mutations in unborn humans. But some fear that if approved, the edits could alter the course of our species' evolution, or lead to "designer babies."

Star Trek fans, rejoice: a teleportation machine is here. Sort of.

Scientists in China teleported properties of light particles called photons from the ground into outer space for the first time this year, using mirrors and lasers. It was a huge success for quantum physicists, who say the finding could completely change how we move energy and information around the world.

But the technique is more exciting for our screens than ourselves — it could lead to a whole new kind of quantum computing that would work in ways that defy our imagination. This kind of super-speed quantum internet would be a safer, faster, virtually hack-proof kind of communication.