The coolest high and low tech at the Tour de France

The International Cycling Union conducted 3,773 tests for technological fraud — aka motor doping — at his year's Tour using magnetic-resistance technology via a tablet app. There were zero positives. It all goes back to February 2016 when a Dutch rider was caught at the cyclocross world championships with a bike that had a motor hidden in the frame. 

A thermal camera was used for the first time without warning at the Tour this year, in a bid to detect hidden motors in riders' bikes, AFP reported. The camera was developed by the French Atomic Energy Commission and used alongside magnetic-resonance testing. "No one saw it, no one knew," French secretary of state for sports Thierry Braillard told AFP. 

The American Cannondale-Drapac team rode these Veloflex tubular tires, which were handmade in Italy. The tires were aged for two years in a cool, dark basement before being glued on. Aging hardens the manufacturer's threading meshes and makes the rubber suppler, and that helps increase puncture resistance.

Peter Sagan, the world road champion, used two bikes, one being this Specialized Tarmac. The tastefully done custom paint job celebrates Sagan's rainbow colors and Slovakian heritage.

This was Sagan's other ride, a Specialized S-Works Venge, which he rode on sprint stages. As with Cavendish's Cervélo, Sagan's Venge is all black save for the white lettering. That's been the dominant color for bikes for the past several years — especially the matte variety. And like Cavendish's bike, Sagan's Venge is an aero road bike, so in addition to the wind-cheating frame design, the "hidden" brakes, behind the fork and seat tube, also help Sagan go faster. It is claimed to be one of the fastest aero road bikes ever tested in a wind tunnel. Sagan's mechanics added his world-champion colors to his deep-section aero wheels from Roval.

Fabian Cancellara, the Swiss rider who says he will retire at the end of this season, rode a special-edition Trek Madone, its custom colors being a tribute to all the teams he has raced with. And where the down tube would normally say Trek, this bike honors the rider they call Spartacus, one of the top cyclists of the past decade.

We found one of the coolest personal touches on Cancellara's oversize stem: a fantastic design showing an image of Spartacus and a pair of dice with his lucky number seven set against cobblestones in honor of Cancellara's many victories in Europe's cobbled classics.

This might be the most minute too: Sagan's team had "Terminator," his nickname, printed on a rear-derailleur pulley wheel.

Related: The most swoonworthy bike at the Tour was this understated $12,000 custom job

Related: The fastest chain at the Tour de France

Vincenzo Nibali's Specialized S-Works Tarmac had a cool paint job with little maps of France, Italy, and Spain indicating his grand-tour victories. There were images of sharks — Nibali's nickname is the Shark of Messina — but strangely no mention of his 2016 Giro d'Italia win.

It's the rider who wins the race, but the bicycle manufacturer that sponsors him wins too. Chris Froome handily won this Tour, making it three wins in four years, and he did it on a Pinarello Dogma F8. Bradley Wiggins, Froome's former teammate, also won the Tour on a Pinarello.

The inventor claims the special non-round rings help a rider generate more power and save watts. Read about Froome's Osymetric chainrings here.

"Technology has the ability to unleash innovation and allow businesses to transform — including professional sports such as cycling," the company says.

"We’re applying our technology skills in areas such as data analytics, hybrid cloud, workspaces for tomorrow, and cybersecurity to bring a richer viewing experience to the greatest cycling race in the world: the Tour de France."

Watch how the technology works in the video below:

Froome's Pinarello Dogma F8 is itself a marvel of engineering. It's light, fast, and handles beautifully, so we're told by Max Levchin, who revealed that the F8 is his new favorite ride.

I searched for the most extreme bike-fit position I could find at the Tour, and I kept coming back to Adam Hansen's. That negatively sloped long stem, the super-low drops, and the maxed-forward high saddle. Hansen is the world's most consistent stage racer, having now ridden 15 grand tours in a row, a record that may never be broken. It's good he's into yoga.

Hansen has an engineering background and designs his own carbon-fiber shoes. He wasn't thrilled with the ones on the market, so he made his own. He eventually started a company called Hanseeno, which makes cycling shoes and apparel.

"If you want to improve 1% on the climbs, it's extremely difficult," he told Peloton. "To improve your power-to-weight ratio by 3% means a lot of hard training. But if you have a lighter bike and lose a few kilos it's much easier. This is why I want a light bike and light shoes."

If you look down at a pair of his Hanseenos, you might wonder how he adjusts them. But as Hansen himself showed Business Insider, all the action takes place underneath the shoe, where you turn a dial to tighten or loosen the wire system.

On his website, Hansen claims the shoe — which weighs under 95 grams — is the lightest in the pro peloton by a whopping 50%.

Every bike raced in the Tour must weigh at least 6.8 kilos, or 14.99 pounds, according to the rules of the International Cycling Union. The UCI came up with the rule long ago in an effort to make bikes safer, but observers argue it is an outdated regulation that needs to go. Still, teams put their digital scales to work daily to ensure their bikes make the cut.

The minimum-weight rule of 6.8 kilos/14.99 pounds presents a challenge because many carbon-fiber bikes today go below that minimum. The Cannondale-Drapac mechanics had a few tricks up their sleeves to make bikes heavier and therefore legal, including mounting a heavy steel rod with a screw inside the bottom-bracket axle. "We have different weights to get it as close as possible," one mechanic told Business Insider. "We also use car-wheel balancing weights for small increases."

Technology is still playing catch-up to the world's fastest bike racers. One of many examples is seen when cyclists slip up and down and around their saddles as they try to generate more power to the pedals. As such, Lotto-Soudal mechanics put grippy Lizard Skins tape onto one rider's saddle. This beats sandpaper, which can leave you with shredded shorts:

Sometimes presta valves make a distracting rattling noise in deep-section carbon rims. One team simply put a piece of electrical tape over the valve ...

On hot days, riders wore a cooling ice vest as they warmed up for their time trial. By keeping their core temperature down they avoid overheating, and that improves performance.

Many riders will tell you it gets harder to sleep as the Tour rolls on, especially if the hotel you're staying in has no air-conditioning. 

ChiliPads cool to as low as 55 degrees F and warm up to 110, the company claims.

Related: How teams at the Tour de France keep riders cool when hotels don't have AC

If other teams take germs as seriously as the American Cannondale-Drapac team, then a simple bottle of hand sanitizer might be the single most important piece of equipment, second only to the bicycle perhaps. When I traveled with the team, there was always a bottle close at hand, whether at the dinner table, on the bus when you hopped on or off, and everywhere in between. At the Tour, riders' immune systems are so depressed that it becomes incredibly easy for them to catch a cold, and if that happens, it could be game over for their participation in the race. That's also why a lot of riders don't like to shake hands.

The Cannondale-Drapac team didn't just make the extra effort to get riders refreshing drinks on the hard climbs where there were no formal feed zones; it also attached energy and caffeine gels to the bottles in case the riders needed extra fuel for the finish — which was especially critical if they were bonking.

Source: Kinesio Taping

We saw just one handlebar of this kind get a full tape job. Mechanics typically will wrap these flat-top aero bars only past the brake hoods.

World champ Peter Sagan wore custom gold-colored Specialized shoes. He also had green pedals to go with his lead in the green-jersey competition for most consistent daily finisher.

When Alberto Contador crashed heavily on the opening stage, his team sprang into action. His teammates waited for him and then rode for him, and his support staff in the cars provided him with a spare bike and a clutch spare shoe to replace the one he'd shredded.

Source: Specialized

At the time we took this shot, Sagan had won five Tour stages during his career, but that number stood at seven before the race finished.

Pro cycling as we know it and safety pins were invented around the same time, over 100 years ago, and to this day riders pin their numbers. And while pinning your number does not make for the most aerodynamic design, the safety pin shows no sign of being replaced any time soon, even if there is one company, Nopinz, trying to do just that.

Tour mechanics are incredibly resourceful, finding lots of different ways to fix and improve things. Here James Griffin of the Cannondale-Drapac team showed us how he used a discarded spoke to pick debris out of tires to prevent punctures. He did this after every stage. The team told Business Insider that at the Giro d'Italia in May, its riders had zero flats during the three-week stage race.

Cannondale-Drapac mechanic James Griffin rubbed vinegar on all the riders' tires before the start of rainy stages. He told Business Insider that the vinegar makes the rubber suppler, which means better traction on rain-slicked roads. The vinegar also helps prevent flats because a suppler tire absorbs bits of road debris better, debris that might otherwise puncture the tire.

Team cars have GPS navigation devices with each race route preloaded into the system. This way whoever is driving during the race just follows the directions on the screen. Team directors have a lot of valuable information — including which way the wind is blowing and when the racecourse will change direction — and related it to the riders by two-way radio.