As COP29 approaches, global attention is turning to the pressing issues that will dominate the climate talks in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11-22. The stakes are high, as the world grapples with the undeniable consequences of climate change. But while the event draws global leaders, scientists, and activists together, its true impact will hinge on whether tangible actions can be taken to address both the causes and effects of the climate crisis.
One of the major themes of COP29 will be financing. Climate change is expensive, with many of the world’s poorest nations, which have contributed the least to global warming, are facing the worst impacts. Rising seas, devastating storms, and intense heatwaves threaten their existence. At the same time, the resources required to deal with these disasters, and to pivot away from fossil fuels, are vast. While wealthy countries have committed to providing $100 billion per year in climate finance, the reality is that these funds are still insufficient. Nations in the Global South are calling for more robust financial support to adapt to these challenges and build a greener future.
Another key focus at COP29 will be the ongoing challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This issue isn’t just about reaching agreements — we have to meet the promises that have been made in previous conferences, such as those made under the Paris Agreement. Countries must ramp up their efforts to reduce carbon emissions, but the question remains: how quickly can the world transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy without hurting economic growth? It’s a difficult balance, especially for countries that rely on oil, gas, and coal exports. Yet, there is growing consensus that an equitable transition, one that brings both economic development and environmental protection, is the only way forward.
In addition to mitigation, COP29 will delve deeply into adaptation strategies. Even if the world successfully limits future warming, the reality is that some changes — such as more frequent extreme weather events — are already locked in. The focus here will be on how nations, particularly those most vulnerable, can adapt to these changes. This may involve improving infrastructure to withstand flooding or heatwaves, or it might mean finding new ways to ensure food and water security in the face of shifting weather patterns. For many of the world’s island nations and low-lying countries, this issue is not theoretical — it's a matter of survival.
Yet, perhaps the most contentious issue on the table at COP29 will be loss and damage. This is a relatively new area of focus — first brought up mere two COPs ago — and one that has emerged from the climate movement’s call for justice. Loss and damage refers to the destruction caused by climate change that can’t be avoided or adapted to. It’s about compensation for the irreversible harm suffered by countries that are disproportionately affected by climate change. These nations are demanding financial support to help rebuild and recover from the effects of climate disasters. The establishment of a loss and damage fund at COP27 was a significant step, but as COP29 approaches, questions about its structure, funding, and effectiveness remain unanswered.
In addition to these global negotiations, COP29 is also expected to grapple with the role of carbon markets, which allow countries and companies to buy and sell carbon credits to meet emission reduction goals. While they offer a potential pathway for reducing emissions cost-effectively, critics argue that carbon markets can be easily manipulated or used as a cover for inaction. Ensuring that these markets are transparent, equitable, and truly beneficial to the planet will be a key issue.
As always, the dynamics of geopolitics — especially the positions of major powers like the United States and China — will shape the outcome. The US, under its current leadership, has recommitted to the Paris Agreement, but there are concerns that any future political shifts, such as a return to office by former President Trump, could derail global climate action efforts.
Ultimately, COP29 will be a critical moment for global climate policy. Will world leaders rise to the occasion and take bold action, or will their promises remain just that — empty promises? As the effects of climate change worsen, the world can only hope that COP29 marks a turning point in the battle against global warming, where countries finally find the will and the way to secure a livable planet for future generations.
Sustainability