8 TED talks that will change how you think about human psychology

Psychologist Daniel Kahneman spoke in 2010 about the two ways we find happiness: in the moment and in our memories. People must keep each in mind when trying to create happiness, he says.

For example, according to Kahneman's research, the experiencing self is twice as happy on a two-week vacation over a one-week vacation, but the remembering self isn't, since no new memories are being formed.

Humans aren't motivated by money or power alone.

As behavioral economist Dan Ariely explained in his 2012 talk, people need to feel like their work is valued and that they're making progress toward a goal.

Ariely recounted an experiment in which people stopped working far earlier when the researchers destroyed their work before assigning a new task. The takeaway: People are motivated when they feel appreciated.

UPenn psychologist Adam Grant remarked in 2016 that some of history's most original thinkers organized their time in interesting ways to achieve maximum creativity.

Specifically, Grant says people should put off their projects for a bit so they can let disparate ideas congeal into something original. It's not quite procrastination since it's intentional, but it comes close.

In other words, waiting until the 11th hour really might help you work better.

People are really good at remembering the past, but pretty lousy at imagining the future, psychologist Dan Gilbert remarked in his 2014 talk.

As a result, we tend to underestimate how much we'll change in the coming years. We succumb to what Gilbert calls the "end of history illusion," in which we constantly assume now is when we're our most authentic selves.

Except, now is always a different time, and we do change whether we imagined it or not.

We say some people are "mentally tough" or "gritty" as if they were mere personality traits. But UPenn psychologist Angela Duckworth has found that stick-with-it- quality to be vitally important in accomplishing our goals.

In her 2013 talk, Duckworth highlights how repeatedly getting up after failing cements what the psychologist Carol Dweck has called a "growth mindset." People see themselves as fluid creatures, capable of adaptation and progress.

MIT neuroscientist Rebecca Saxe explains in her 2009 talk the concept of "theory of mind."

As the brain forms, kids develop the skill of placing themselves in other people's heads around age 5. It's a key skill for developing empathy, because it allows people to imagine what life would be like in someone else's shoes.

Adults rely on this mind-reading ability all the time; it's how we know when to ask if everything is alright and when to stay quiet, just to listen.

Harvard professor Michael Norton shared in his 2011 talk the findings from research on giving.

While we may want the newest toys as kids, Norton's research has shown the quickest way to boost your happiness is to give, not receive.

No matter the size of the gift, his studies have shown much larger increases in wellbeing when people spend on others instead of treating themselves.