Black-Scholes Model: Applies theoretical physics when pricing options.
Duration With Convexity Adjustment: Duration is the average time until all cash flows from a bond are delivered. The convexity adjustment helps determine the change in price that is not explained by duration.
Put-Call Parity: Refers to the static price relationship between the prices of put and call options of an asset with the same strike price and expiration date.
Variance of a Two Asset Portfolio: Measures the fluctuation of the returns of a portfolio with two assets.
Jensen's Alpha: One way of measuring alpha, or the risk-adjusted return.
BONUS: The Herfindahl Index measures market concentration, and is used by regulators to determine whether a company has a monopoly on a market.