Vintage photos show how deep sea diving and exploration has evolved over the years
James Pasley
![Vintage photos show how deep sea diving and exploration has evolved over the years](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaticbiassets.in%2Fthumb%2Fmsid-100900312%2Cwidth-700%2Cheight-525%2Cimgsize-392748%2Fvintage-photos-show-how-deep-sea-diving-and-exploration-has-evolved-over-the-years.jpg&w=3840&q=75)
- Exploring the world's oceans has been one of humankind's most difficult endeavours.
- Over centuries, diving technology has developed from diving bells to clunky diving suits to "air-lungs."
There's just something about the unknown.
For the last few centuries, inventors, researchers and naval forces have worked to improve human's ability to dive deep.
Things have come a long way since the diving bell. Humans have gone down more than 1,000 feet with no vessel around them, and tens of thousands of feet to the very bottom of the ocean inside vessels. One of those people was the film director James Cameron.
But still much about the deep sea remains uncertain. Tens of thousands of robots are now being used for deep sea exploration and drilling.
Here's how deep sea exploration has helped make our oceans a little less opaque.
About 140 million square miles—more than 50%—of the earth is covered by ocean. Yet scientists know more about the moon's surface than what's below the surface.
![About 140 million square miles—more than 50%—of the earth is covered by ocean. Yet scientists know more about the moon](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900786,width-700,height-525,imgsize-739854/about-140-million-square-milesx2014more-than-50x2014of-the-earth-is-covered-by-ocean-yet-scientists-know-more-about-the-moonaposs-surface-than-whataposs-below-the-surface-.jpg)
Sources: DUJS, New York Times, New York Times
One of the issues is that oceans are deep, and the deeper you go the more intense the pressure gets. At some points, the ocean floor is 35,000 feet below the surface.
![One of the issues is that oceans are deep, and the deeper you go the more intense the pressure gets. At some points, the ocean floor is 35,000 feet below the surface.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900782,width-700,height-525,imgsize-251182/one-of-the-issues-is-that-oceans-are-deep-and-the-deeper-you-go-the-more-intense-the-pressure-gets-at-some-points-the-ocean-floor-is-35000-feet-below-the-surface-.jpg)
For comparison, that's about the same distance as a commercial aircraft's altitude above land.
The ocean gets dark too—from 3,280 feet onwards light disappears completely.
Sources: New York Times, New York Times, Travel and Leisure
For centuries, there were good reasons for wanting to go deep—to explore shipwrecks, gather food, or find precious substances like pearl and sponge. But without the technology, people were restricted to shallow diving.
![For centuries, there were good reasons for wanting to go deep—to explore shipwrecks, gather food, or find precious substances like pearl and sponge. But without the technology, people were restricted to shallow diving.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900777,width-700,height-525,imgsize-691716/for-centuries-there-were-good-reasons-for-wanting-to-go-deepx2014to-explore-shipwrecks-gather-food-or-find-precious-substances-like-pearl-and-sponge-but-without-the-technology-people-were-restricted-to-shallow-diving-.jpg)
Sources: Atlantic
The diving bell–basically a solid chamber that was dropped into the sea where a person could sit and breathe, swim out and return to when they needed more air—changed everything. For the first time people could stay underwater.
![The diving bell–basically a solid chamber that was dropped into the sea where a person could sit and breathe, swim out and return to when they needed more air—changed everything. For the first time people could stay underwater.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900770,width-700,height-525,imgsize-4165136/the-diving-bellx2013basically-a-solid-chamber-that-was-dropped-into-the-sea-where-a-person-could-sit-and-breathe-swim-out-and-return-to-when-they-needed-more-airx2014changed-everything-for-the-first-time-people-could-stay-underwater-.jpg)
Since as far back as Aristotle in 400 BC, there have been references to diving bells, but it wasn't until 1690 that a man named Edmund Halley patented a diving bell with a pipe which guided air to the diver.
Sources: NZ Geographic, DUJS, Atlantic
Then, in 1827, the first functioning diving suit was invented. Augustus Siebe, a British engineer, took a patented firefighters' copper smoke helmet and attached it to a diver's head with weights.
![Then, in 1827, the first functioning diving suit was invented. Augustus Siebe, a British engineer, took a patented firefighters](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900762,width-700,height-525,imgsize-816516/then-in-1827-the-first-functioning-diving-suit-was-invented-augustus-siebe-a-british-engineer-took-a-patented-firefightersapos-copper-smoke-helmet-and-attached-it-to-a-diveraposs-head-with-weights-.jpg)
His first version was precarious—if the diver moved the wrong way while underwater the helmet would fill with water and the diver could drown.
But he later created a waterproof version sealed into the diver's suit.
Sources: NZ Geographic, DUJS
The diver was connected to the surface by tubes. From above, a team would pump air down to them. When the diver was done, they could close a valve in the suit and the air that was being pumped in would fill their suit and float them back up.
![The diver was connected to the surface by tubes. From above, a team would pump air down to them. When the diver was done, they could close a valve in the suit and the air that was being pumped in would fill their suit and float them back up.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900747,width-700,height-525,imgsize-456432/the-diver-was-connected-to-the-surface-by-tubes-from-above-a-team-would-pump-air-down-to-them-when-the-diver-was-done-they-could-close-a-valve-in-the-suit-and-the-air-that-was-being-pumped-in-would-fill-their-suit-and-float-them-back-up-.jpg)
This suit marked the beginning of a new period of diving.
Sources: NZ Geographic, DUJS
For decades afterwards, divers wore bulky suits made of heavy materials like canvas, with massive metal helmets, lead belts weighing around 60 pounds and shoes with lead soles weighing about 18 pounds.
![For decades afterwards, divers wore bulky suits made of heavy materials like canvas, with massive metal helmets, lead belts weighing around 60 pounds and shoes with lead soles weighing about 18 pounds.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900738,width-700,height-525,imgsize-567242/for-decades-afterwards-divers-wore-bulky-suits-made-of-heavy-materials-like-canvas-with-massive-metal-helmets-lead-belts-weighing-around-60-pounds-and-shoes-with-lead-soles-weighing-about-18-pounds-.jpg)
Sources: NZ Geographic
They had to stagger to a point where they could drop into the water, but once they were under it was all go—air was unlimited, and divers could salvage and explore wrecks, as well as search deeper parts of the ocean that were still unknown.
![They had to stagger to a point where they could drop into the water, but once they were under it was all go—air was unlimited, and divers could salvage and explore wrecks, as well as search deeper parts of the ocean that were still unknown.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900733,width-700,height-525,imgsize-606970/they-had-to-stagger-to-a-point-where-they-could-drop-into-the-water-but-once-they-were-under-it-was-all-gox2014air-was-unlimited-and-divers-could-salvage-and-explore-wrecks-as-well-as-search-deeper-parts-of-the-ocean-that-were-still-unknown-.jpg)
Sources: NY Books, NZ Geographic
Although divers were still restricted by how deep they could go. In 1878, experts first began to understand the bends, a potentially deadly condition where nitrogen bubbles enlarge in the diver's blood if they return to the surface too quickly.
![Although divers were still restricted by how deep they could go. In 1878, experts first began to understand the bends, a potentially deadly condition where nitrogen bubbles enlarge in the diver](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900728,width-700,height-525,imgsize-995580/although-divers-were-still-restricted-by-how-deep-they-could-go-in-1878-experts-first-began-to-understand-the-bends-a-potentially-deadly-condition-where-nitrogen-bubbles-enlarge-in-the-diveraposs-blood-if-they-return-to-the-surface-too-quickly-.jpg)
Another issue that would become well known was nitrogen narcosis or the "Martini Effect."
This kicked in when a diver went below 100 feet, and began to feel slightly drunk or untethered.
Sources: NY Books, NZ Geographic
In the early 20th century, armed forces around the world began training up their divers. In particular, beginning in 1912, with the looming threat of German military submarines, the US Navy launched a program to improve its methods.
![In the early 20th century, armed forces around the world began training up their divers. In particular, beginning in 1912, with the looming threat of German military submarines, the US Navy launched a program to improve its methods.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900724,width-700,height-525,imgsize-348728/in-the-early-20th-century-armed-forces-around-the-world-began-training-up-their-divers-in-particular-beginning-in-1912-with-the-looming-threat-of-german-military-submarines-the-us-navy-launched-a-program-to-improve-its-methods-.jpg)
Sources: Naval History and Heritage Command
From 1912 to 1915, navy divers increased the depth they could to go from about 60 feet up to 274 feet.
![From 1912 to 1915, navy divers increased the depth they could to go from about 60 feet up to 274 feet.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900718,width-700,height-525,imgsize-659326/from-1912-to-1915-navy-divers-increased-the-depth-they-could-to-go-from-about-60-feet-up-to-274-feet-.jpg)
They used their new expertise in 1915 to recover the USS F-4, a sunk submarine off the coast of Hawaii, going down 304 feet.
This set a record for deep sea diving using standard dive dress and the divers all noted afterwards that they had struggled to concentrate. This was due to nitrogen narcosis.
Sources: Naval History and Heritage Command
This experience alerted the navy to the problem of breathing normal air during a deep sea dive, and it started experimenting with a helium-oxygen mix.
![This experience alerted the navy to the problem of breathing normal air during a deep sea dive, and it started experimenting with a helium-oxygen mix.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900714,width-700,height-525,imgsize-307394/this-experience-alerted-the-navy-to-the-problem-of-breathing-normal-air-during-a-deep-sea-dive-and-it-started-experimenting-with-a-helium-oxygen-mix-.jpg)
Sources: Naval History and Heritage Command
In 1930, the world's first deep sea dive in a vessel took place off the coast of an island called Nonsuch. The divers went down in a contraption called the bathysphere, which was basically a large steel ball with three quartz windows to look through.
![In 1930, the world](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900706,width-700,height-525,imgsize-477974/in-1930-the-worldaposs-first-deep-sea-dive-in-a-vessel-took-place-off-the-coast-of-an-island-called-nonsuch-the-divers-went-down-in-a-contraption-called-the-bathysphere-which-was-basically-a-large-steel-ball-with-three-quartz-windows-to-look-through-.jpg)
Sources: Smithsonian Magazine
The aim was to record what was going on below. Two skinny men (they had to be skinny to get in and out of the bathysphere) an engineer named Otis Barton and a marine biologist William Beebe went down, taking notes.
![The aim was to record what was going on below. Two skinny men (they had to be skinny to get in and out of the bathysphere) an engineer named Otis Barton and a marine biologist William Beebe went down, taking notes.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900703,width-700,height-525,imgsize-263658/the-aim-was-to-record-what-was-going-on-below-two-skinny-men-they-had-to-be-skinny-to-get-in-and-out-of-the-bathysphere-an-engineer-named-otis-barton-and-a-marine-biologist-william-beebe-went-down-taking-notes-.jpg)
Sources: Smithsonian Magazine
The dive was a success and when they returned to the surface Beebe was forever changed. He later wrote that the yellow of the sun, "can never hereafter be as wonderful as blue can be."
![The dive was a success and when they returned to the surface Beebe was forever changed. He later wrote that the yellow of the sun, "can never hereafter be as wonderful as blue can be."](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900696,width-700,height-525,imgsize-695052/the-dive-was-a-success-and-when-they-returned-to-the-surface-beebe-was-forever-changed-he-later-wrote-that-the-yellow-of-the-sun-quotcan-never-hereafter-be-as-wonderful-as-blue-can-be-quot.jpg)
The bathysphere was used 40 more times over the next four years, and it went as deep as 3,028 feet.
They discovered more than a dozen new species of fish, but they had to be illustrated since it was difficult to photograph through the quartz windows.
Sources: Smithsonian Magazine
Throughout this period, individual diving suits were also being modified. Here's a heavy-looking one that weighed 1,400 pounds from 1931. Attached to its shoulders are two 1,000 watt lamps to see in the dark down below.
![Throughout this period, individual diving suits were also being modified. Here](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900688,width-700,height-525,imgsize-931072/throughout-this-period-individual-diving-suits-were-also-being-modified-hereaposs-a-heavy-looking-one-that-weighed-1400-pounds-from-1931-attached-to-its-shoulders-are-two-1000-watt-lamps-to-see-in-the-dark-down-below-.jpg)
The all-metal suit was patented in 1914 by the inventor H. L. Bowdoin.
He wanted divers to be able to execute difficult tasks in deep water so he designed a stronger, armoured suit.
It's unclear if he ever made any money out of his invention.
Sources: Snopes
It wasn't until 1942, when Jacques-Yves Cousteau, a French Naval officer, created the "aqua lung," that deep sea diving took a leap forward.
![It wasn](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900687,width-700,height-525,imgsize-440306/it-wasnapost-until-1942-when-jacques-yves-cousteau-a-french-naval-officer-created-the-quotaqua-lungquot-that-deep-sea-diving-took-a-leap-forward-.jpg)
An earlier air tank had been created in 1933, which worked like a tap, where once it was opened air came billowing out.
Whereas Cousteau's invention was based on a car regulator and only released air when the diver tried to breath.
Sources: DUJS
The air lung was revolutionary, because it let divers control their own breathing. By the 1950s, regulators were widespread.
![The air lung was revolutionary, because it let divers control their own breathing. By the 1950s, regulators were widespread.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900682,width-700,height-525,imgsize-884130/the-air-lung-was-revolutionary-because-it-let-divers-control-their-own-breathing-by-the-1950s-regulators-were-widespread-.jpg)
Sources: NZ Geographic, DUJS
As technology developed, divers kept going deeper. In 1956, a Royal Navy diver managed to get down to 600 feet. Because of the depth his ascent back up took 12 hours.
![As technology developed, divers kept going deeper. In 1956, a Royal Navy diver managed to get down to 600 feet. Because of the depth his ascent back up took 12 hours.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900678,width-700,height-525,imgsize-325444/as-technology-developed-divers-kept-going-deeper-in-1956-a-royal-navy-diver-managed-to-get-down-to-600-feet-because-of-the-depth-his-ascent-back-up-took-12-hours-.jpg)
Sources: NYBooks
The record was broken again in 1962, by a 28-year-old Swiss mathematician named Hannes Keller and his partner journalist Peter Small. The pair descended 1,000 feet to the floor of the Pacific Ocean in a diving chamber called "Atlantis."
![The record was broken again in 1962, by a 28-year-old Swiss mathematician named Hannes Keller and his partner journalist Peter Small. The pair descended 1,000 feet to the floor of the Pacific Ocean in a diving chamber called "Atlantis."](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900676,width-700,height-525,imgsize-295140/the-record-was-broken-again-in-1962-by-a-28-year-old-swiss-mathematician-named-hannes-keller-and-his-partner-journalist-peter-small-the-pair-descended-1000-feet-to-the-floor-of-the-pacific-ocean-in-a-diving-chamber-called-quotatlantis-quot.jpg)
Shell, the oil company, had provided financial backing and equipment. The company was interested in Keller's secret mixture of oxygen and helium that he'd used on previous successful deep dives.
Unfortunately, this time tragedy struck. When Keller left Atlantis his breathing hoses became tangled with the flags he had planned on planting in the sea floor.
He managed to get back inside, but failed to close the door. Both divers lost consciousness.
The team above saw both men were in a bad way and sent divers down to help.
Sources: New York Times, NY Books
The divers managed to close the door, which eased pressure, but Small ended up dying of decompression sickness while one of the rescue divers named Chris Whittaker went missing under water. His body was never discovered.
![The divers managed to close the door, which eased pressure, but Small ended up dying of decompression sickness while one of the rescue divers named Chris Whittaker went missing under water. His body was never discovered.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900673,width-700,height-525,imgsize-272504/the-divers-managed-to-close-the-door-which-eased-pressure-but-small-ended-up-dying-of-decompression-sickness-while-one-of-the-rescue-divers-named-chris-whittaker-went-missing-under-water-his-body-was-never-discovered-.jpg)
Ben Hellwarth, who wrote a book titled, "Sealab: America's Forgotten Quest to Live and Work on the Ocean Floor," told the New York Times, "His thousand-foot dive turned into a Houdini-like spectacle, unfortunately with disastrous consequences."
Sources: New York Times, NY Books
Despite the dive's tragic end, Keller continued experimenting and Shell profited from his discoveries. In the following 20 years, Shell's divers went down even deeper.
![Despite the dive](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900670,width-700,height-525,imgsize-252778/despite-the-diveaposs-tragic-end-keller-continued-experimenting-and-shell-profited-from-his-discoveries-in-the-following-20-years-shellaposs-divers-went-down-even-deeper-.jpg)
Sources: NY Books
It became normal for oil companies like Shell to contract deep sea divers—mostly men between 25 and 40 who had worked in high-stakes environments—to spend months at a time in the deep sea doing maintenance and repair work.
![It became normal for oil companies like Shell to contract deep sea divers—mostly men between 25 and 40 who had worked in high-stakes environments—to spend months at a time in the deep sea doing maintenance and repair work.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900664,width-700,height-525,imgsize-577670/it-became-normal-for-oil-companies-like-shell-to-contract-deep-sea-diversx2014mostly-men-between-25-and-40-who-had-worked-in-high-stakes-environmentsx2014to-spend-months-at-a-time-in-the-deep-sea-doing-maintenance-and-repair-work-.jpg)
This was especially true after storms damaged pipelines, including in the Gulf of Mexico, where underwater repairs were urgently needed.
The deep sea workers live in what's called a saturation complex, where air pressure is adapted to the depth and the air is a mixture of gases including helium.
Food is delivered down to the workers, but due to the pressure it doesn't always survive. Fizzy drinks lose their fizz, while Rice Krispies fall to pieces.
It's the third most dangerous in the US after logging and fishing.
In 1998, a report by the CDC stated the fatality rate was 40 times the US average.
Sources: NY Books
While commercial deep diving developed, scientific research continued too. One leader in his field was the marine botanist Sylvia Earle. In 1970, Earle and a team of women scientists spent two weeks living underwater, studying a reef off the coast of St John Island.
![While commercial deep diving developed, scientific research continued too. One leader in his field was the marine botanist Sylvia Earle. In 1970, Earle and a team of women scientists spent two weeks living underwater, studying a reef off the coast of St John Island.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900661,width-700,height-525,imgsize-371650/while-commercial-deep-diving-developed-scientific-research-continued-too-one-leader-in-his-field-was-the-marine-botanist-sylvia-earle-in-1970-earle-and-a-team-of-women-scientists-spent-two-weeks-living-underwater-studying-a-reef-off-the-coast-of-st-john-island-.jpg)
Sources: New York Times
Earle made headlines in 1979, when she broke the record for deepest untethered walk along the sea floor, at 1,250 feet below the surface. She did it 10 years after Neil Armstrong walked on the moon, and like Armstrong, she planted a flag.
![Earle made headlines in 1979, when she broke the record for deepest untethered walk along the sea floor, at 1,250 feet below the surface. She did it 10 years after Neil Armstrong walked on the moon, and like Armstrong, she planted a flag.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900658,width-700,height-525,imgsize-829914/earle-made-headlines-in-1979-when-she-broke-the-record-for-deepest-untethered-walk-along-the-sea-floor-at-1250-feet-below-the-surface-she-did-it-10-years-after-neil-armstrong-walked-on-the-moon-and-like-armstrong-she-planted-a-flag-.jpg)
She had strapped herself to the front of a submarine.
Once she was at the bottom she untied herself and walked across the bottom of the sea floor for around two hours.
Sources: New York Times, CNN, Guinness World Records
But eventually humans appeared to reach their limits. The deepest a person has gone without being in a vessel was achieved back in 1988 when six divers went down 1,752 feet.
![But eventually humans appeared to reach their limits. The deepest a person has gone without being in a vessel was achieved back in 1988 when six divers went down 1,752 feet.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900654,width-700,height-525,imgsize-392358/but-eventually-humans-appeared-to-reach-their-limits-the-deepest-a-person-has-gone-without-being-in-a-vessel-was-achieved-back-in-1988-when-six-divers-went-down-1752-feet-.jpg)
They were part of a French engineering company called Compagnie Maritime d'Expertises.
The company was founded by French diver Henri-Germain Delauze.
Sources: Popular Mechanics, Washington Post
By then, the shift toward using technology had already begun. According to Oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard, it started in the late 1970s. He himself only realized while he was aboard a vessel 8,000 feet below the surface.
![By then, the shift toward using technology had already begun. According to Oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard, it started in the late 1970s. He himself only realized while he was aboard a vessel 8,000 feet below the surface.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900652,width-700,height-525,imgsize-799834/by-then-the-shift-toward-using-technology-had-already-begun-according-to-oceanographer-dr-robert-ballard-it-started-in-the-late-1970s-he-himself-only-realized-while-he-was-aboard-a-vessel-8000-feet-below-the-surface-.jpg)
It came to him when he saw that his colleague was more focused on what was on a monitor rather than what he could see out the window.
Sources: New York Times
The moment stuck with him and he realized a few things, according to the New York Times: "It's cold and scary, time in the deep is limited, and robotic vehicles might do the same work for less money."
![The moment stuck with him and he realized a few things, according to the New York Times: "It](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900649,width-700,height-525,imgsize-524596/the-moment-stuck-with-him-and-he-realized-a-few-things-according-to-the-new-york-times-quotitaposs-cold-and-scary-time-in-the-deep-is-limited-and-robotic-vehicles-might-do-the-same-work-for-less-money-quot.jpg)
Sources: New York Times
In 1985, a deep sea robot filmed the Titanic wreck for the first time. From then on, the use of deep sea robots boomed. Thirty years later, there were an estimated 10,000 of them, being used for research and for oil drilling.
![In 1985, a deep sea robot filmed the Titanic wreck for the first time. From then on, the use of deep sea robots boomed. Thirty years later, there were an estimated 10,000 of them, being used for research and for oil drilling.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900645,width-700,height-525,imgsize-942586/in-1985-a-deep-sea-robot-filmed-the-titanic-wreck-for-the-first-time-from-then-on-the-use-of-deep-sea-robots-boomed-thirty-years-later-there-were-an-estimated-10000-of-them-being-used-for-research-and-for-oil-drilling-.jpg)
Sources: New York Times
It makes sense. Compared to humans, robots can stay below for longer, go deeper, and send their information back instantly.
![It makes sense. Compared to humans, robots can stay below for longer, go deeper, and send their information back instantly.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900639,width-700,height-525,imgsize-486334/it-makes-sense-compared-to-humans-robots-can-stay-below-for-longer-go-deeper-and-send-their-information-back-instantly-.jpg)
Sources: New York Times, Popular Mechanics, New York Times
Robotic vessels have also taken a number people down to the bottom of the sea—at 35,858 feet—including two US navy men in 1960, film director James Cameron in 2012, and investor Victor Vescovo in 2019.
![Robotic vessels have also taken a number people down to the bottom of the sea—at 35,858 feet—including two US navy men in 1960, film director James Cameron in 2012, and investor Victor Vescovo in 2019.](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900630,width-700,height-525,imgsize-459056/robotic-vessels-have-also-taken-a-number-people-down-to-the-bottom-of-the-seax2014at-35858-feetx2014including-two-us-navy-men-in-1960-film-director-james-cameron-in-2012-and-investor-victor-vescovo-in-2019-.jpg)
Sources: New York Times, Popular Mechanics, New York Times
According to the New York Times, the robots "have clearly won the deep-sea war."
![According to the New York Times, the robots "have clearly won the deep-sea war."](https://staticbiassets.in/thumb/msid-100900624,width-700,height-525,imgsize-13372/according-to-the-new-york-times-the-robots-quothave-clearly-won-the-deep-sea-war-quot.jpg)
Sources: New York Times
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