The weightlifting rep-range rule is a myth - here's how you should work out to build muscle and strength

• Gym lore says that rep range determines whether you'll build strength, muscle, or endurance.
• However, load, speed, and "time under tension" are actually more important than the number of reps.
• Your body reacts best to what's new, so it's worth employing various training styles.

Lifting weights is, as endless research shows, an incredible way to get stronger, build muscle, burn fat, increase endurance, relieve stress, and improve a variety of health markers.

But the term "lifting weights" covers all manner of sins - there are many ways to do it.

Fitness lore dictates that the rep range you choose determines the outcome for your body: Working in sets of three to seven reps is how to build strength, eight to 12 is the ballpark for hypertrophy (muscle growth), and 12 or more is endurance training or "toning."

Of course, the rep range you choose requires scaling your weights: You can lift heavier weights if you're doing fewer reps.

Rep ranges aren't as clear-cut as many people think

According to Adam Bishop, the UK's strongest man, the rep-range rule "is just not true."

"If you're training with intensity, it doesn't matter," he told Insider. "You're going to be getting some kind of hypertrophic effects whether it's training high reps or low reps."

In terms of volume, performing three sets of five squats with 80 pounds is the same as three sets of 10 squats with 40 pounds.

But do both have the same effect on the body?

Some people argue that it doesn't matter which training style you choose as long as you're training to near failure to induce muscle adaptation.

"Whilst rep ranges are a useful guide, we have to keep in mind that training our bodies is a physiological process that relies on adapting to a specific stress," Luke Worthington, a personal trainer and human-movement specialist, told Insider. "It is the quantity and quality of that stressor, and subsequent recovery, that determines progress, rather than a specific number of repetitions."

Rep range isn't as important as people think

Load (the weight you're lifting), speed, and "time under tension" are more important than the number of reps, Worthington said.

For building strength, the weight you're lifting is most important, and there's some logic to say three to six reps is correct, provided the load is adequate.

For building muscle, it's time under tension - how long you're working for - that matters most.

"Training for hypertrophy requires causing 'metabolic damage' to muscle cells and then refueling them with a surplus of amino acids [through protein] and calories to lay down new muscle tissue," Worthington said. "Metabolic damage is more closely correlated with time under tension than number of repetitions."

Ideally, you should be working for 60 to 90 seconds per set, and the number of reps you perform in that time depends on your tempo. Worthington recommends 12 to 15 reps to hit that time-under-tension mark.

Lifting heavier weights for fewer reps doesn't provide as much time under tension so is less ideal for muscle growth.

It's often said that 12 to 15 reps is the "toning" range, but "toning" doesn't exist - you cannot "tone" a muscle. Worthington said that performing 12 to 15 reps with a moderate weight is likely to provide the sweet spot for hypertrophy.

As for the "endurance" claim of higher-rep training, this is something of a misnomer.

"Endurance for runners or cyclists, etc., is built by running and cycling," Worthington said. "A runner will take tens of thousands of steps in an event, so a weight-training set of 15 reps will be relatively insignificant to them. For building endurance, I would be saying focus on strength to give you the robustness to build your endurance in your actual event."

Your body reacts best to whatever is new

If you're an experienced weightlifter, you may look back longingly at your early days in the gym and dream of having those so-called newbie gains again. When you're new to resistance training, your body responds well, and you can make impressive progress in strength and muscle growth quickly.

"You remember when you first went into the gym and you lifted, and then the next session you could lift more? That's a neural adaptation, your body getting used to being able to use those motor units," Bishop said.

While this does slow down, you can mimic the effect, to an extent, by changing your usual rep range.

If strength is your goal, Bishop recommends training in the classic strength and hypertrophy rep ranges.

"You definitely should be doing some higher-rep training periodically to make sure the muscle actually gets bigger," he said, adding that performing reps focused on stability and form is also important.

"With the low reps, you actually can improve your form a lot more if the load is right. So I advocate a mix of the two. That's the whole point of what we call 'periodization of training,' which is training different things at different times to be able to focus on that end goal. People should be training through a lot of the rep schemes."