33 Ways To Make Yourself Happier

People who have the positive attitude of optimists paired with the rational outlook of realists tend to be more successful and happy, according to psychology researcher Sophia Chou.

That's because so-called "realistic optimists" have the perfect blend of personality types to succeed. Unlike idealists, they are willing to face challenging situations with a clear view of reality, but will use creativity and a positive outlook to try to work their way out of the problem.

Breathing in the smell of dirt may lift your spirits, according to a study which found that a bacteria commonly found in soil produces effects similar to antidepressant drugs.

The harmless bacteria, Mycobacterium vaccae, stimulated the release of serotonin in the brain after it was injected into mice. Having low levels of serotonin is what causes depression in people.

In a human test, cancer patients reported increases in their quality of life when they were treated with the bacteria.

“The findings "leave us wondering if we shouldn’t all be spending more time playing in the dirt,” lead author Chris Lowry of the University of Bristol in England said in a statement.

Maybe it has something to do with those magical soil microbes, but florists and gardeners are the happiest with their careers, according to a survey by vocational training organization City and Guilds.

Of those surveyed, more than 80% of florists and gardeners said they feel their work is worthwhile and useful, they feel recognized and appreciated, and they get to use their skills every day.

It's well known that sex makes people happy. According to a 2004 study among 1,000 women published in the journal American Economic Review, sex produced the single largest amount of happiness out of a list of 19 activities.

But sleeping with one person can be even more satisfying. A 2011 study published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology found that people who had one partner were happier than people who had several partners throughout the year. "A bi-weekly ride on a merry-go-round may be better than an annual ride on a roller coaster," the authors write.

The same 2011 study found that frequent small pleasures, like double lattes, pedicures, or soft socks provides more happiness than infrequent large ones like sports cars or vacations.

Happiness"is more strongly associated with the frequency than the intensity of people's positive affective experiences," the study said.

Research shows that breaking up enjoyable experiences into brief events — such as two 20-minute massages at different times rather than one 40-minute massage — gives people more pleasure.

Eating lunch at your desk can be a real downer, report scientists from the University of Sussex who measured the happiness of employees after they ate lunch in different locations.

The results showed that workers were happiest about their work when they ate lunch on the beach and least happy about work when they ate at their desk.

Getting outside in the sun was key to staving off misery — people who ate in parks had a more positive attitude about their jobs than those who chowed down at a restaurant or at home.

Making the bed is "one of the quickest, easiest steps to cultivate a sense of order," according to Gretchin Rubin, creator of the The Happiness Project.

Why does order matter?

"Outer order contributes to inner calm," she says. And regaining a sense a control, especially when one feels overwhelmed, cheers people up.

Graham Hill, the founder of TreeHugger.com, makes a similar case for de-cluttering your bedroom. He argues in a TedTalk that less stuff in your room leads to more happiness.

Are you thinking about something other than what you’re currently doing? If the answer is "yes" then you are less happy than people who don't have a wandering mind, according to research from Harvard University.

About 46% of people spend their waking hours thinking about something other than what they’re doing, say Harvard psychologists Matthew Killingsworth and Daniel Gilbert.

"The ability to think about what is not happening is a cognitive achievement that comes at an emotional cost," the study, published in the journal Science, concluded.

For the second year in a row, Australia was ranked in 2013 as the world's happiest country by the Organization for Economic Cooperation (OECD).

Eighty-four percent of Aussies are content with their lives, attributable to good health, high levels of employment, and strong civic participation.

"Australia performs exceptionally well in measures of well-being, as shown by the fact that it ranks among the top countries in a large number of topics in the Better Life Index," the OECD writes on its website.

Fruits and vegetables are good for the body and soul. A study from the National Bureau of Economic Research found that people who eat at least seven servings of fruits and vegetables each day are happier than those who eat very few fruits and vegetables.

"When comparing small and large levels of fruit and vegetable consumption per day, the effect corresponds to between 0.25 and 0.33 life-satisfaction points. To put that in perspective, the known (huge) effect of being unemployed corresponds to a loss of 0.90 of a life-satisfaction point," the authors explain.

People with power, either at work, with friends, or in a relationship, lead happier lives, according a study from Tel Aviv University. In a survey of 350 people, researchers found that those who felt more powerful were more satisfied with their lives, especially in their jobs.

The study concludes: "By leading people to be true to their desires and inclinations — to be authentic — power leads individuals to experience greater happiness."

Working hard to improve a skill or ability, such as learning how to drive or solving a math problem, may increase stress in the short-term, but makes people feel happy and more content with their lives in the long run, a 2009 study published in the Journal of Happiness Studies reported.

"People often give up their goals because they are stressful, but we found that there is benefit at the end of the day from learning to do something well. And what's striking is that you don't have to reach your goal to see the benefits to your happiness and well-being," co-author Ryan Howell said in a statement.

One study found that sealing materials related to a bad experience in an envelope, improved their feelings toward that negative event.

"What works is when people enclose materials that are relevant to the negative memories they have. It works because people aren't trying to explicitly control their emotions," says co-author Dilip Soman from the University of Tornonto.

Emotions are like germs. As people observe others in specific emotional states, those emotions spread from one person to the next like an "emotional contagion," explain researchers who investigated the spread of happiness among nearly 5,000 individuals over a 20-year period.

As a result, people "who are surrounded by many happy people and those who are central in the network are more likely to become happy in the future," the researchers conclude.

Doing good for others increases personal happiness, a 2008 study published in the journal Social Science and Medicine confirmed. People who volunteer for religious groups and organizations report higher levels of happiness than those who do not volunteer, regardless of socio-economic factors.

Interestingly, the researchers learned that other types of altruistic behavior, like giving money to charity or donating blood did not have the same effect on happiness. They believe that volunteering increases empathy by making people more aware of others' needs. Volunteers come to appreciate what they have rather than focusing on what they don't have.

Researchers at Birkbeck University in London measured the brainwaves of 80 people who participated in different activities. Although finding a stray £10 note generated the highest level of pleasure, playing with puppies also scored well on the happiness index.

Stroking pets "showed increased activity in the left-hand side of the brain — a sign of happiness," PhD student Mervyn Etienne said in a statement.

Several studies have shown that owning a pet relieves anxiety, loneliness, and depression by providing comfort and physical contact.

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a professor at Claremont Graduate University, says that the secret to happiness is finding your "flow" — the creative moment when a person achieves an "effortless state of concentration and enjoyment."

These exceptional moments are unqiue to each person, and generally occur when a person is doing his or her favorite activity — cooking, singing, or playing chess, for example.

Writing in Psychology Today, Cikszentmihaly provides the example of someone who experiences "flow" while skiing:

Imaging that you are skiing down a slope and your full attention is focused on the movements of your body and your full attention is focused on the movements of your body, the position of the skis, the air whistling past your face, and the snow-shrouded trees running by. There is no room in your awareness for conflicts or contradictions; you know that a distracting thought or emotion might get you buried face down in the snow. The run is so perfect that you want it to last forever.

We engage in these activities for our own sake, and "the happiness that follows flow is of our own making," Cikszentmihaly says.

Research from Clark University found that smiling activates memories associated with happiness.

In the study, published in 2003 in the journal Cognition and Emotion, subjects were divided into three groups: One group was told to smile, another group was told to make an angry expression, and the last group was supposed to look sad. All groups were then shown cards with neutral words on them, like "tree" or "house." The group of smilers had more positive responses to the cards than the angry and sad groups.

"Pretend that you are happy, and you will feel happy, pretend that you are angry, and you will feel angry," the authors wrote.

Happiness is maximized at 13.9°C (about 57° F), says Oska University's Yoshiro Tsutsui, who described the effect of temperature on mood in a paper published in the journal Weather, Climate, and Society.

"The effects of other meteorological variables — humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and sunshine — are not significant," Tsutsui wrote.

That makes sense when one considers that cooler locations like Norway, Sweden, and Denmark often top lists of the world's happiest countries.

Martin Seligman, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, suggests writing down three things that went well each day and the reasons they went well, every night for one week. In a study of nearly 600 people, he found that this technique, based on positive psychology, "increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms for six months."

"The three things need not be earthshaking in importance ('My husband picked up my favorite ice cream for dessert on the way home from work today'), but they can be important ('My sister just gave birth to a healthy baby boy')," Seligman explains in his book, "Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being."

In the "Myths of Happiness," University of California psychology professor Sonja Lyubomirsky says we should spend our money on things that, in turn, give us more free time to participate in meaningful activities that lead to happiness — like hanging out with friends, listening to music, or volunteering.

"If we spend our money to open up more 'free' hours in the day — for example, by reducing our work hours (because we already make enough) or paying others to perform time-consuming chores (e.g., fix the plumbing, stand in line at the post office, fill in tedious documents, call airlines) — we can spend our time enjoying those things in life that both empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests make us happy," she writes.

Unhappy people are consumed by peer comparison, an experiment conducted by professor Lyubomirsky showed.

In another study, Columbia University economics professor Enrichetta Ravina and her co-author Karen Dynan, a vice president and senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, warned that being envious of the rich — specifically members of the middle class wanting to do financially better than their neighbors — can cause individuals to go into debt.

Several studies have found that long commutes to work increase stress and boredom, especially when driving in traffic.

"Commuting not only takes time, but also generates out of-pocket costs, causes stress and intervenes in the relationship between work and family," two Swiss economists write in a 2008 study published in the Journal of Economics.

Commuting to work in the morning is particularly unpleasant, according to research published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives in 2006.

This is a no-brainer. Countless studies show that exercise makes us happy by releasing feel-good chemicals known as endorphins.

One study out of Penn State University showed that people who are more physically active report greater levels of excitement and enthusiasm compared to those who are not active.

"You don't have to be the fittest person who is exercising every day to receive the feel-good benefits of exercise," researcher David Conroy, a professor of kinesiology, said in a statement. "It's a matter of taking it one day at a time, of trying to get your activity in, and then there's this feel-good reward afterwards."

People often reach for comfort foods to make them feel better, but that could be harmful to your mental state in the long-term.

Research published in 2012 in the journal Public Health Nutrition showed that people who regularly ate processed baked goods, like donuts and croissants, or fast food, like pizza, hamburgers, and sausages, were 51% more likely to develop depression than those who ate less of these high-calorie foods. The six-year study followed almost 9,000 people, none of whom had been diagnosed with depression at the start. Nearly 500 cases of depression were reported by the end of the study.

The researchers can't say for sure whether depressed people eat more junk food, or if these foods lead to depression, but the two are definitely linked. Either way, moderating your junk food intake is important for pursuing a healthy lifestyle.

One key predictor of a happy life (at least for men) is the warmth of their relationship with their mom during childhood. That's George Vaillant's conclusion of the famous Grand Study, which spent 75 years tracking the development and habits of more than 200 Harvard men.

Other research supports the claim that parental bonding creates happy, stable children. A study from the University of Iowa found that infants who form a strong attachment to one parent "are less likely to be troubled, aggressive or experience other emotional and behavioral problems when they reach school age."

Having children brings us joy, but stopping at one may be the best strategy for maximizing a mother's happiness, says Susan Newman in Psychology Today.

Newman cites a study by University of Pennsylvania sociology professor Hans-Peter Kohler who found that the happiness produced from having the first child, disappears with the second or third. The drop in happiness was only in apparent in mothers, not fathers.

Happiness is linked to the strength of our bonds with other people — watching TV limits the amount of time we have to engage in social activities that develop these relationships, according to a 2007 study in the Journal of Economic Psychology.

Heavy TV-viewers reported lower life satisfaction and higher levels of anxiety, the report said.

What's the cost of daily happiness? A study from Princeton University says its $75,000 a year.

The research rests on the idea that there are two kinds of happiness: Daily emotions (i.e. the frequency and intensity of experiences of joy, sadness, anger, stress, or affection) and life evaluation (the thoughts that people have about their life when they reflect on it as a whole).

Emotional well-being rises with income, but stops at a mark of $75,000. Below $75,000, the emotional pain associated wih life's misfortunes, like illness, divorce, or being alone, is exacerbated.

According to sociology professor Norbert Schwarz: "Making $60,000 more in annual income has less of an effect on your daily happiness than getting one extra hour of sleep a night."

The finding comes from a study published in the journal Science that looked at how factors like poor sleep impact how people feel during daily activities, such as socializing, eating, praying, and doing housework.

The study reported that "sleep quality has a greater influence on the ability to enjoy one’s day than household income and even marital status."

A simple act of gratitude can have a big impact on individual happiness.

Researchers asked more than 200 people to write "thank you" notes over a span of three weeks. The investigation revealed that letter-writers experienced increased levels of happiness (measured by feelings of gladness and satisfaction) and decreased symptoms of depression, compared to non-letter writers.

Listening to happy, upbeat music can really lift your mood, according to a study published in the Journal of Positive Psychology in October 2012.

Participants who listened to the spirited music of composer Aaron Copland compared to the more mellow music of composer Igor Stravinsky showed higher levels of dopamine, a feel-good neurotransmitter, in the region of the brain associated with reward.

Importantly, researchers found this method only worked if listeners were consciously trying to improve their mood.

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