Russia's Prison Colonies Resemble The Old Soviet Camps
Ms Tolokonnikova (pictured above) is serving her two-year sentence in a penal colony in Mordovia, a republic 500km (310 miles) south-east of Moscow. In their geography, architecture and internal organisation, today's prison colonies resemble the gulag archipelago. Throughout history, Russia's expansive territory and the decision to locate colonies far from urban centres has meant that a prison sentence was as much exile as imprisonment.
Inmates are mostly housed in barracks in open camps unlike the closed prisons in America or western Europe. This system, going back to tsarist times, is conducive to industrial-scale production--as well as the formation of prison gangs. Under Stalin, prison labour was used to speed industrialisation and factored into five-year plans. Nothing was holier than a prisoner's labour quota, says Steve Barnes of George Mason University in Washington. But labour often had a punitive, if not pointless, quality, such as digging trenches in frozen ground in winter, according to Mr Barnes. In 1941 the gulag system's boss admitted that prison labour was only half as effective as normal labour.
Today roughly 43% of men and 60% of women incarcerated in Russia work some or all the time. Ilya Shablinksy, a member of the presidential human-rights council, visited Ms Tolokonnikova's colony. He says he saw evidence of women working up to 14 hours a day and having just one day off a month. Conditions at the colony approached those of "slave labour".
Also echoing the days of the gulag, when camp authorities relied on criminals to watch over the "politicals," some inmates are given the job of instilling fear and maintaining order. In effect, says Laura Piacentini of Strathclyde University in Scotland, certain classes of prisoners are "involved in the administration of their own punishment." Although the justice ministry nominally disbanded prisoner-discipline brigades as part of reforms in 2009, the practice continues. In her letter, Ms Tolokonnikova wrote of a woman allegedly beaten to death by a group of prisoners in a neighbouring barracks.
The process of reform, championed by the then president, Dmitry Medvedev, was meant to improve conditions by imposing lower sentences and bringing down the prison population. It worked in part: since 2010 the country's prison population has fallen by 17.5%. (Russia keeps 475 in every 100,000 people locked up, the world's tenth-highest share.) But prisons are still divided between the "red", run by prison authorities, and the "black", de facto administered by inmates.
Out of habit, prison bosses often think such informal mechanisms maintain order in a neglected and underfunded system. Svetlana Bakhmina, a lawyer who spent three years in the colony where Ms Tolokonnikova is now held, remembers that when she first arrived, the prison authorities sent her straight to a solitary punishment cell for ten days. They wanted to "put me in my place, tell me who is boss here," she says. "I understood that I had few possibilities to argue."
Information about prison conditions rarely reaches the public. Most prisoners re-enter society as marginalised citizens. Anna Karetnikova, a member of a public commission monitoring prisons, says Ms Tolokonnikova's letter broke a taboo and "stirred up the swamp". When Ms Karetnikova visited Moscow jails recently, the letter was the main topic of conversation among both inmates and guards.
At least on the surface, the state has been forced to respond. Prison officials have announced they will raise inmates' wages and lower working hours. Deeper change would require reform of the police and the courts, which is unlikely to happen in the near future.
Click here to subscribe to The Economist
