- Reopening the trade on rhinoceros and tiger parts is looking more and more like a betrayal across two continents.
- China has defended its move to allow such trade for the first time in 25 years, but conservationists are appalled.
- According to a South African wildlife photographer and investigator, the fix is in between China and South Africa's Wildlife Department - the professionals who are supposed to be protecting the endangered animals.
China has quickly found itself on the defensive after copping a flurry of global hate mail over its remarkable decision to betray a long-standing ban on the rhinoceros horn and tiger bone trade.
In an audacious reversal, the state Council - the cabinet of the Chinese government and the power base of Premier Li Keqiang - made public a decision to permit the controlled sale of rhino and tiger products, tossing out a 25-year ban and seemingly walking back on China's recent commitments to wildlife protection.
Only last year China finally banned the trade in ivory, extending a much-needed lifeline to endangered species.
It seemed like a landmark moment after years of being kicked about for running amok with animal welfare, here was an example of China adopting a path of engagement on universal values through multinational consensus.
And then, the legislative body on Monday quietly announced that limited trade in body parts obtained from "farmed rhinos and tigers" would be OK to use for scientific, medical, and cultural requirements, according to Agence France Presse.
The Council announced:
"Rhinos, tigers and their related products used in scientific research, including collecting genetic resource materials, will be reported to and approved by authorities. Specimens of skin and other tissues and organs of rhinos and tigers can only be used for public exhibitions."
"Rhino horns and tiger bones used in medical research or in healing can only be obtained from farmed rhinos and tigers, not including those raised in zoos. Powdered forms of rhino horn and bones from dead tigers can only be used in qualified hospitals by qualified doctors recognized by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine."
Needless to say this is bad news if you are a rhino or a tiger.
A few years back, the price for rhino horn peaked at around $65,000 per kilogram. That makes it more valuable than gold and many times more valuable than elephant ivory.
It does not take a leap of imagination to see that opening trade and creating a demand will most likely place pressure on supply. The move from farmed animals to the remaining endangered populations, already being decimated, will be swift.
While the council did not specify what those medical, cultural or scientific requirements might be, it is widely understood the high restorative value Chinese-medicine practitioners place in the powdered or condensed forms of exotic animal parts. The rhino horn and tiger parts have obvious connections to virility and strength and have been used without Western scientific basis on ailments from back pain to arthritis.
The horn is made of keratin, like human hair and fingernails, but has been associated with a salve for fever, a miracle cancer compound and a very costly and roundly ineffective hangover cure.
Of course, what drives its ongoing value and desirability is its potency as a status symbol.
The foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang said on Tuesday, that China's 1993 ban on rhino horn and tiger bone products did not take into account the "reasonable needs of reality," adding that China has improved its "law enforcement mechanism."
Those comments have been edited out of Kang's.
Unsurprisingly, animal advocates have been stupefied by the decision to open trade up for scientific research, education, and medical grounds.
"The resumption of a legal market for these products is an enormous setback to efforts to protect tigers and rhinos in the wild," Margaret Kinnaird, of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), said in a statement on Monday.
And Iris Ho, a senior program specialist at the International Humane Society said the Chinese government "has signed a death warrant" for imperiled rhinos and tigers.
"This is a devastating blow to our ongoing work to save species from cruel exploitation and extinction, and we implore the Chinese government to reconsider."
Brown envelopes?
But perhaps the most deflating critique came out of Africa where the South African writer, investigative journalist, and photographer Don Pinnock connected the timing of China's lifting of the ban with a desire in South Africa's Department of Environmental Affairs to eke out some wiggle room for itself on wildlife trade.
"Could it be synchronicity or careful planning that this week saw China announce that it would legalize domestic trade in antique tiger bone and rhino horn - reversing a 25-year-old ban?"
By opening to the trade on bone and horn products from captive-bred animals, Pinnock reckons the very officials in place to protect animals at the source, are eyeing potential profits out of China.
"The department's approach is what it calls "demand management.' It sounds smart but it's nuts."
While there are a seeming handful of rhinos left in the wild, South Africa and other African governments have encouraged the private farming of animals like the rhino and tiger.
The World Wildlife Fund says there are fewer than 4,000 tigers living in the wild, but there are some 6,000 captive tigers, farmed in about 200 government-sanctioned locations across China.
"Selling legal horn will signal that it's ethically okay to buy it, boosting sales. The stocks of the few rhino farmers and sale of state stockpiles would soon be overwhelmed and poaching of wild rhinos - already shockingly high - would rise."
The only sensible approach to this problem is to reduce demand in every way possible.
Without detailing how it intends to do so, the department told South Africa's parliament it would instead attempt to manipulate Asian consumer behaviour to choose legal horn over poached horn. Plans for this mammoth PR task were not in evidence, but maybe the department knew China planned to legalise bone and horn sales - we also sell China lion bones," Pinnock added.
What appears to be happening at the other end of China's trade link, is the South African wildlife department is angling to increase the sale of rhino horn with one hand while coming down on poaching with the other - eliminate illegal trade, but at the same time, stimulate a parallel legal market.
In simple terms, stop the bad guys so the good guys can make a profit, Pinnock says.
These are the killer questions he asks:
- Was the court case which opened the sale of rhino horn a serious attempt by the department to prevent sales, or a cover story to allow it to permit sales without taking responsibility?
- Why is the department prepared to brook international criticism for what is blatantly market-driven and not conservation - fanned, it seems, by a few wealthy rhino farmers?
- What is the current size of the government horn stockpile from confiscations and natural deaths? Right now it's worthless unless international sales are permitted. Is this part of departmental strategy?
- Who is benefiting from the military and technological escalation of the war on poachers?
- Are brown envelopes involved?